特殊类型呼吸道异物取出术的围手术期护理

目的探讨特殊类型呼吸道异物取出术的围手术期护理特点。方法分析69例特殊类型呼吸道异物患者的临床资料,总结特殊类型呼吸道异物围手术期的病情观察与护理要点。结果45例在全麻下经支气管镜通过声门取出异物,24例经气管切开取出异物。经支气管镜取出异物的45例患者中43例治愈,另有2例在通过声门时异物滑脱,发生异物变位,因呼吸衰竭死亡。经气管切开取出异物的24例患者经治疗和护理后全部治愈。总治愈率为97.1%。结论做好心理护理,严密观察病情动态变化,完善术前准备,保持气道通畅,注意并发症的发生,是特殊类型呼吸道异物治疗成功的重要保证。     

小儿呼吸道异物支气管镜取出术的围术期护理

【目的】探讨小儿呼吸道异物支气管镜取出术的围手术期护理。【方法】372例呼吸道异物患者,312例在全麻下经支气管镜通过声门取出异物,60例经气管切开取出异物,对围术期护理分析总结。【结果】所有患者经治疗和护理后全部治愈,术后并发症36例（9．68％）。【结论】严密观察病情动态变化,完善术前准备,保持气道通畅,注意并发症的发生,是呼吸道异物治疗成功的重要保证。     

气管支气管异物的围手术期护理

目的总结支气管镜探查异物取出术围手术期护理经验。方法 2006年2008年,对76例气管、支气管异物患者做好术前护理,术后密切观察病情,加强体位护理,饮食护理及健康宣教。行支气管镜异物取出术。结果 76例患者均经支气管镜顺利取出异物,无并发症发生。结论支气管镜探查异物取出是治疗气管、支气管异物的有效方法 ,高质量的护理是手术成功的重要保证。     

鼻内镜经气管切开呼吸道异物取出术

目的 报告鼻内镜在罕见气管异物取出术及抢救中的临床应用价值.方法 常规支气管镜或纤维支气管镜、潜窥镜下无法取出的气管支气管异物,经气管切开径路鼻内镜下顺利取出,并成功抢救窒息患者.结果 13例特殊气管异物经气管切开鼻内镜下成功取出异物,患者无并发症发生.结论 果断及时气管切开应用鼻内镜技术可成功抢救呼吸道异物患者.     

经支气管镜小儿呼吸道异物取出术的术中配合及护理体会

目的总结经支气管镜小儿呼吸道异物取出术的护理体会。方法对27例呼吸道异物患儿在支气管镜下行呼吸道异物取出,术前做好患儿的心理护理和术前准备,术中做到密切配合,术后注意观察病情。结果27例患儿在静脉麻醉下经支气管镜均成功从呼吸道内取出异物,效果满意。结论及时细致的护理措施可以使患儿平稳度过麻醉手术期,提高手术成功率,减少并发症的发生。     

1例塑料笔帽气管异物紧急气管切开取出术中护理配合

气管、支气管异物是危及儿童生命的急重症之一,异物种类多以花生、葵花子、黄豆等植物性异物居多,而如塑料笔帽等较大的特殊气管异物仅占5%[1]。异物体积大常不易钳夹,通过声门易滑脱,反复钳取易致声门水肿、缺氧,甚至窒息死亡,或声带创伤遗留声音嘶哑,故需紧急行气管切开术,经气管切开处钳出异物使患儿转危为安。2015年7月我院收治1例塑料笔帽气管异物伴呼吸困难患儿,紧急行全麻硬性支气管镜下辅助气管切开异物取出,无并发症发生。现将围术期的护理配合报道如下。     

硬支气管镜下儿童气管异物取出术的围手术期护理

目的：探讨硬支气管镜下儿童气管异物取出术的围手术期护理方法。方法：对285例全身麻醉硬支气管镜下取异物的患儿实施心理护理、病情观察、并发症护理、出院指导。结果：所有患儿均顺利出院。结论：整体、系统的围手术期护理是硬支气管镜下儿童异物取出术成功的保证,提高了患儿的生活质量。     

小儿气管支气管异物取出术的护理

总结了小儿气管支气管异物取出术的护理要点。认为全麻下支气管镜检异物取出是治疗呼吸道异物的安全、有效的方法;做好围手术期心理护理,术后加强病情观察可以提高手术成功率,减少并发症的发生。     

16例儿童可弯曲支气管镜下异物取出术患儿围术期护理

总结16例可弯曲支气管镜下支气管异物取出术患儿围手术期的护理要点,主要包括术前密切观察病情,了解异物滞留的位置、异物大小、气管堵塞的程度,及时做好应急处理,术中配合取物,术后早期识别并发症以及加强健康教育。16例支气管异物患儿均成功取出异物。     

儿童气管或支气管异物的临床处理--附56例报告

目的:探讨儿童气管、支气管异物的临床处理方法,以提高治疗成功率.方法:56例气管或支气管异物患儿,在全身麻醉下,根据异物种类分别行不同的手术处理方法.结果:53例经支气管镜直接取出异物,2例经气管切开取出,1例经开胸取出,56例患儿术后均痊愈,治疗成功率100%.结论:对气管、支气管异物患儿,须针对不同种类异物行不同的手术处理方法,并重视围手术期的综合治疗,方可明显提高治疗的成功率.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.