肝局灶性结节增生与肝血管瘤的超声鉴别诊断分析

收集2010年2月～2012年2月收治的肝局灶性结节增生与肝血管瘤患者的超声诊断资料,对二维和三维超声诊断结果进行对比分析,分别记录灰阶图像、彩色多普勒特点及PSV、RI、VI,为临床鉴别诊断肝局灶性结节增生和肝血管瘤提供依据.     

二维及三维超声鉴别诊断肝小血管瘤与小肝癌

目的：研究二维及三维超声在肝内小血管瘤与肝癌鉴别诊断中的作用。方法：选择经手术病理证实、肝组织病理活检或增强CT/MRI检查最长径＆lt;3cm的肝内小占位性病变,66例共87个病灶;其中肝小血管瘤26例33个病灶,小肝癌40例54个病灶（原发性肝癌27例27个病灶、肝转移癌13例27个病灶）患者,行二维及三维超声检查。分别记录PSV、RI、VI。结果：典型的小肝癌及肝小血管瘤二维图像有特征性的改变,血流速度小肝癌高于肝小血管瘤,三维超声的血流指数原发性和转移性小肝癌均高于肝小血管瘤,但原发性和转移性小肝癌之间的血流指数无差异。结论：三维超声可以定量研究肝脏小占位性病变的血流指数,肝小血管瘤及小肝癌的血流指数特点在协助二维及彩色多普勒超声鉴别诊断方面有一定的作用,二维和三维相结合可以更好地定性诊断肝内小病变。     

超声造影与彩色多普勒诊断肝肿瘤的临床应用

目的比较实时超声造影和彩色多普勒超声在肝肿瘤诊断中的临床应用价值。方法应用超声造影技术及彩色多普勒超声对常规二维超声难以定性的30例患者31个肝占位灶进行检查,并与病理结果相对照。结果31个病灶中肝恶性肿瘤24个,肝血管瘤3个,肝硬化增生结节1个,肝脓肿2个,肝包虫1个。除1例肝包虫外,其余30个病灶超声造影均在不同时相出现不同程度强化现象。彩色多普勒超声在病灶内部或周边能检测到动脉血流频谱者共19例20个病灶;以增强早期呈高回声而增强晚期呈低回声为恶性肿块的诊断标准,则超声造影对肝癌诊断的准确性为93%;以病灶内部检测到动脉样血流频谱为诊断恶性肿块的诊断标准,则彩色多普勒超声诊断肝恶性肿瘤的准确性为74%,二者差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论实时超声造影能提高肝肿瘤诊断的准确性,对肝肿瘤良、恶性的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的临床应用价值。     

超声造影与彩色多普勒超声诊断肝实质性肿块对照研究

 目的 比较彩色多普勒超声和实时超声造影对肝实质性肿块的诊断价值.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声及超声造影技术对常规二维超声难以定性的27例共31个肝实质性肿块进行检查,结果与手术及病理结果相对照.结果 31个肿块中原发性肝细胞性肝癌24个,肝血管瘤3个,肝脏局灶性结节增生3个,肝孤立性坏死结节1个.彩色多普勒超声在肿块内部或肿块周边能检测到动脉血流频谱者共19例21个肿块;超声造影除一例肝孤立性坏死结节外,其余30个病灶均在不同时相出现不同程度强化现象.如以动脉相呈高回声而门脉相及延迟相呈低回声为恶性肿块的诊断标准,则超声造影对肝癌诊断的准确率为91.67%;如以肿块内部检测到动脉样血流频谱为诊断恶性肿块的诊断标准,则彩色多谱勒超声诊断肝癌的准确率为75%.超声造影诊断肝实质性肿块准确率为93.54%,彩色多普勒超声诊断肝实质性肿块准确率为64.52%.二者差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 实时超声造影显著提高肝内实质性肿块的诊断准确性,对肝脏实质性肿块良、恶性的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

高频超声对乳腺小肿块鉴别诊断的价值

目的:评价高频超声二维征象及彩色多普勒血流指标在乳腺小肿块鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:使用高频超声诊断仪观察196个长径小于2 cm的乳腺肿块的二维超声特征(包括病灶形态,病灶内部,病灶后方有无衰减及有无微小钙化灶),然后使用彩色多普勒对病变进行多普勒血流参数测定(包括血流丰富度、PSV、RI、PI)。比较二维超声征象及彩色多普勒血流参数在乳腺良、恶性肿块中的差异并对其诊断敏感性、特异性加以分析。结果:病灶形态、病灶内部、病灶后方及有无微小钙化灶良、恶性病变间均有显著性差异。恶性肿块PSV、RI、PI值均明显高于良性肿块。结论:彩色多普勒超声血流参数测定对乳腺良、恶肿块的鉴别诊断具有重要的参考价值,与肿块的二维声像图征象相结合可提高乳腺肿块的超声诊断准确率。     

肝脏局灶性结节样增生的CT增强扫描表现与CDFI对比研究

目的:对比研究肝脏局灶性结节样增生(focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH)的CT增强扫描与CDFI表现,以提高FNH的诊断率。方法:回顾性对比分析经手术及病理证实的10例FNH患者(共12个病灶)的CT增强扫描与彩色多普勒检查结果。结果:12个病灶平扫均呈低密度,病灶实质部分CT动态增强扫描显示动脉期显著均匀性强化,门静脉期和平衡期略高于或等于肝实质密度,瘢痕部分延迟期密度等或稍高于肝实质。12个病灶中,彩色多普勒超声检查均显示轮辐状血流信号,最大血流速度为(0.61±0.12)m/s,RI为0.44±0.21。结论:CT增强扫描表现与彩色多普勒超声均很好反映了FNH的病理及病灶血管血流状态。     

肝局灶性结节性增生的影像诊断及病理对照研究

目的探讨肝局灶性结节性增生(focal nodu lar hyperp lasia,FNH)的影像学表现特点。方法经手术切除病理证实为肝局灶性结节性增生17例病例,术前均行螺旋CT平扫及动态增强扫描,其中10例又行MR平扫及动态增强扫描,分别进行影像学及病理学对照分析。结果17例FNH病灶均呈孤立结节或分叶状肿块,多数直径2~5 cm。平扫呈等或略低密度及信号,T2W I为略高信号。动态增强扫描,动脉期病灶均为明显的均质的强化,静脉期及延迟期12例仍略高于肝实质,6例略低于或等于肝实质。11例病灶内显示瘢痕,其中8例呈延迟强化。4例静脉期出现包膜样强化。病理观察:17例FNH均无包膜,增生的肝细胞形成肝板被纤维间隔分割呈结节状,瘢痕区域由纤维结缔组织及厚壁畸形血管组成。结论典型的FNH影像学可明确诊断,不典型的FNH应与肝细胞腺瘤、肝细胞癌、肝血管瘤相鉴别。     

多普勒超声和超声造影对肝脏局灶性结节样增生的诊断价值

目的:探讨多普勒超声(DUS)和造影增强超声(CEUS)对肝脏局灶性结节样增生(FNH)的诊断价值和影像表现。方法:应用低机械指数超声造影技术(CPS和CPI)对16例FNH的多时相造影增强表现进行分析,并与DUS表现进行对比,来评价它们对FNH的诊断价值。结果:尽管16例FNH多普勒超声均可显示内部血流信号,但与二维超声相比,二者对病灶良、恶性判断的差异并无显著性意义(P>0.05)。16例FNH的超声造影表现:增强自病灶中央开始呈星状或辐射状(81%);门脉和延迟相可见中央瘢痕(69%),除中央瘢痕外,病灶呈均匀增强(100%);延迟相病灶呈等增强或稍高增强(93%)。CEUS对FNH诊断的准确符合率为87.5%,诊断为良性病变的准确符合率达100%,与DUS比较差异有显著意义(P<0.01)。结论:造影增强超声可显著提高FNH诊断的准确性。     

彩色多普勒超声对小乳腺癌与乳腺增生的诊断价值研究

目的研究彩色多普勒超声对小乳腺癌与乳腺增生的诊断价值。方法收集我院经手术和病理活检确诊的乳腺增生与小乳腺癌患者各73例,比较分析其病灶形态的彩色多普勒超声二维声像图特征及血流信号图特征。对各指标率的变化进行统计分析。结果小乳腺癌和乳腺增生病灶形态的二维声像图特征及彩色血流图的比较,具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论彩色多普勒超声检查可以根据病灶形态及血流信号的二维声像图特征对乳腺疾病进行有效的鉴别检查。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断小结节甲状腺癌的价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对小结节甲状腺癌的诊断价值.材料和方法:分析 60例经手术病理证实的小结节甲状腺癌(结节直径7～23mm,平均15.98±3.71mm),二维灰阶超声、彩色多普勒显像及频谱多普勒图像特点.结果:60例小结节甲状腺癌中,超声明确诊断45例(75%).声像图最多见的表现为结节内微钙化灶,占75%.与多发结节相比较,超声对单发结节的诊断更为准确(P＜0.05).54例(90%)彩色多普勒图像显示病灶内部血流信号增多,频谱呈高速高阻型.颈部淋巴结转移27例,其中24例转移淋巴结内含有微钙化.结论:灰阶超声结合彩色多普勒血流显像对小结节甲状腺癌具有重要的诊断价值.     

超声造影诊断肝脏局灶性结节状增生的价值

目的：探讨超声造影诊断肝脏局灶性结节状增生的价值。材料和方法：回顾分析了11例肝脏局灶性结节状增生的超声造影表现。9例于造影后经超声引导穿刺确诊,2例经手术确诊。结果：11例病灶动脉期均快速显著增强。9例病灶动脉早期呈轮辐状增强,造影三期回声强于周边肝实质,实质期可见轮辐状低回声；2例病灶动脉早期快速增强,动脉期及门脉期回声强于周边肝实质,实质期回声与肝实质等同,未见轮辐状低回声。结论：超声造影所显示的肝脏局灶性结节状增生的增强特征,有助于临床诊断。部分病灶超声造影表现缺乏特异性,确诊仍需要结合其他影像学方法和穿刺活检。     

MSCT和MRI对肝脏局灶性结节增生的诊断价值

目的：探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生（FNH）CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析11例FNH患者的影像学表现。所有患者均行16层螺旋CT及MRI平扫和动态增强扫描检查。结果：CT平扫显示病灶均呈稍低密度灶,1例在脂肪肝背景下呈相对高密度。增强扫描动脉期示病灶均呈明显均匀强化,2例可见扭曲扩张的供血动脉,8例病灶中央可见瘢痕区无明显强化;门静脉期及延时期示病灶稍高于、等于或低于周围肝实质,中心瘢痕灶延时期强化。MRI检查示病变呈等信号或稍低T1信号及稍高T2信号,增强扫描动脉期示病灶明显强化,门脉期和延时期呈稍高信号或等信号,11例显示病灶中央疤痕呈延迟强化。1例行MRS检查提示Cho峰明显升高。4例行DWI检查,病灶呈等信号或稍高信号,ADC图上呈等信号或稍低信号。结论：MRI较CT能更全面地显示FNH的病理特征,DWI和MRS检查有重要辅助诊断价值。     

MRI诊断含脂质肝脏肿瘤的价值

目的:评估MRI诊断含脂质肝脏肿瘤的价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析34例含脂质肝脏肿瘤的MRI表现和术前或穿刺前诊断,并与病理对照.结果:T1WI 32例呈高信号、2例低信号,T2WI 32例呈高信号、1例等信号、1例低信号.用脂肪抑制后,15例肝细胞癌(HCC)、7例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(HAML)、1例肝腺瘤和1个局灶结节性增生(FNH)T1WI的高信号完全消失,1例不典型腺瘤样增生结节局灶癌变和1例HAML出血囊变T1WI 高信号大部分消失,6例肝腺瘤和1个FNH病灶T1WI高信号无变化 .26例血供丰富,4例血供不丰富.14例HCC、2例腺瘤、7例HAML和1例FNH诊断正确,2例HAML诊断为良性肿瘤.结论:MRI能显示含脂质肝脏肿瘤的特征性表现,并正确诊断多数这类肿瘤.     

Hepatic focal lesions: role of color Doppler ultrasonography with contrast media

INTRODUCTION: The differential diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions is still studied by diagnostic imaging operators. A big step forward in the field of ultrasound (US) has come from the color Doppler mode permitting accurate studies of the vascularization of focal hepatic lesions. Echocontrast agents have further improved color Doppler sensitivity to slow flows and have permitted to visualize intralesional vascular signals which were missed at B-mode US. New data have thus been acquired which can be integrated with flowmetric findings to help make the correct differential diagnosis with a fair safety margin. We studied the pathognomonic US pattern for each type of lesion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 55 patients with single hepatic lesions which had already been typified: they were 10 hepatic angiomas, 3 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH), 2 hepatic adenomas, 20 hepatocarcinomas and 20 hepatic metastases. Color Doppler investigations were performed on each patient before and after the intravenous (i.v.) administration of an echocontrast agent (Levovist, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany). For each lesion we studied the morphological characteristics, the resistance index (RI) of intralesional arterial vessels, the hepatic perfusion index and the maximum speed in intralesional vessels. RESULTS: Contrast-enhanced US showed no intralesional signals or afferent branches in 8 hepatic angiomas, which however exhibited some peripheral vascularization; weak intralesional vascular signals were demonstrated in 2 cavernous angiomas. Intralesional signals, as well as peripheral vascularization, were detected in the 3 FNH cases, which also exhibited a centripetal afferent branch; the hepatic perfusion index in these lesions never exceeded .25. The two hepatic adenomas had similar color flowmetry to FNH also after i.v. contrast agent administration, except for the contripetal afferent vessel which was not seen. In the 20 hepatocarcinomas, contrast-enhanced images showed numerous intralesional signals and afferent branches which, with the peripheral vascularization, resulted in a basket-like pattern. Flowmetry of intralesional arterial vessels showed an irregular systodiastolic range, with RI = .32 +/- .5 in 12 lesions and high in the remaining 8 lesions (RI = .82 +/- 10). The hepatic perfusion index was .65 +/- 10 in all patients. In 14 of the 20 hepatic metastases, B-mode US showed no intralesional signals except for 6 metastases from colorectal carcinoma, and contrast-enhanced findings were about the same. The hepatic perfusion index at flowmetry ranged .30 to .45 in all patients.     

肝局灶性结节增生的CT表现与病理对照分析

目的：总结分析肝脏局灶性结节增生（FNH）的平扫和多期增强扫描的CT表现,探讨其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析18例（21个病灶）经病理证实的FNH的平扫及三期增强CT表现。结果：CT平扫21个病灶中7个病灶呈均匀低密度,14个呈不均匀低密度。增强扫描动脉期除中央疤痕外,19个病灶有明显均匀强化、1个中等不均匀强化、1个轻度不均匀强化,6个病灶还可见病灶中心或周边增粗、扭曲的动脉影;门脉期和延迟期扫描显示10个病灶呈略高密度,6个病灶呈等密度,5个病灶呈略低密度。平扫显示7个病灶伴有中央星状疤痕者,多期增强CT显示15个病灶有中央疤痕并于平衡期出现延迟强化。结论：CT检查能较全面显示FNH的病理特征和血供特点,FNHCT平扫为低密度,增强扫描以＂快进慢出＂为主要特征。     

Sonographic evaluation of focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH) of the liver with a transpulmonary galactose-based contrast agent (Levovist)

Focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH) are hypervascular, benign focal liver lesions. Differentiation of FNH from other focal liver lesions is of clinical importance. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a new, transpulmonary echo-enhancing agent SHU 508A (Levovist) and recent Doppler techniques in the sonographic evaluation of FNH. 43 patients with 61 focal nodular hyperplasias of the liver were examined with grey scale ultrasound and power Doppler ultrasound. Levovist, a galactose-air-microbubble suspension was administered intravenously in all patients, either by bolus injection (400 mg ml-1) or continuous pump-infusion (300 mg ml-1). Visualization of the feeding vessels and vascularity of the lesions were evaluated. The resistance indexes (RI) in the feeding vessel and the hepatic artery were assessed and compared with the diameters of the FNH. The mean diameter of FNH was 4.3 cm (+/- 1.0). Echo enhanced power Doppler ultrasound was superior to unenhanced power Doppler ultrasound in the detection of the feeding artery (85% vs. 98%) in FNH and depicted the internal vascular architecture more clearly, especially in lesions located in the left lobe of the liver. Lesions smaller than 3 cm did not show a characteristic vascular architecture with echo enhanced Doppler ultrasound. The resistance index of the feeding artery (mean: 0.51 +/- 0.08) is significantly (p < 0.0001) lower than that of the hepatic artery (mean 0.65 +/- 0.06) with a mean difference of -0.14 +/- 0.01 in the same patient. The RI of the feeding artery significantly decreased as the size of the FNH increased, whereas RI differences between the hepatic artery and the feeding artery increased with lesion size. Intravenous (i.v.) bolus injection of the contrast agent will depict the hypervascular nature of FNH more clearly than i.v. infusion, although the latter will significantly prolong the diagnostic window. In conclusion, i.v. infusion of Levovist improves the visualization of the feeding artery and the radiating vascular architecture in FNH located in the left lobe of the liver due to improved signal-to-noise ratio and results in more effective suppression of motion artefacts. Although echo enhanced Doppler ultrasound improves the detection of the low resistance arterial feeding vessel in small FNH, it will not, however, reveal a specific vascular pattern in these lesions.     

小肝癌的碘油CT研究

目的：探讨碘油CT对小肝癌诊断及鉴别诊断和临床应用价值。材料和方法：临床诊断肝癌或肝癌术后复发、超声，平扫及增强CT检查肝内病灶最大径≤3cm患者56例。经股动脉插管肝动脉造影后注入碘油4～12ml．1—4周后作CT扫描．根据CT检查结果作出前瞻性诊断并和手术病理结果对照。结果：56例共发现131个病灶。其中肝癌病灶109个，血管瘤12个．其它10个。在109个小肝癌病灶中四种影像方法检出率分别为超声70．6%，CT61．5%，血管造影61．5%，碘油CT85．3%。诊断特异性分别为68．8%．83.5?．1%和92．5%．碘油CT均明显为优．结论 本研究显示碘油CT是目前诊断小肝癌最敏感和准确的影像方法之一。     

肝动脉造影螺旋CT扫描在小肝癌诊断中的应用研究

目的:探讨肝动脉造影螺旋CT扫描技术(CTA)对小肝癌的检出能力及定性诊断价值。方法:对92例经B超、CT、血管造影检查发现肝内占位性病灶而不能定性诊断的患者实施CTA检查,应用导管技术将5F导管插至肝动脉后,以2ml/s的速率注射造影剂5 s后进行螺旋CT扫描。结果:CTA检出小肝癌48例,共74个病灶。动脉期病灶呈高密度强化,可分为均匀强化及不均匀强化两种类型,动态扫描观察病灶呈快进快出强化表现,供血动脉的显示及门脉期环状强化则是定性诊断的重要依据,CTA能够较好地反映出病灶的强化特点及供血特征。结论:通过与B超、血管造影、普通CT等常规影像技术相比较,CTA对肝内直径≤3 cm的小肝癌的检出能力及定性诊断价值明显提高,对小肝癌患者的早期手术治疗具有重要意义。     

肝脏占位性病变的磁共振成像研究：超顺磁性氧化铁与钆喷替酸葡甲胺的比较

通过与常用造影剂钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Gd-DTPA）的配对实验来评价新型造影剂超磁性氧化铁（SPIO）对有肝占位的检出率和定性诊断能力。材料和方法：53个病例132个肝占位首日行平扫及Gd-DTPA的动态增强扫描,次日行SPIO增强扫描,对照病理及临床随访证实结果,探讨各种占位SPIO增强扫描的强化特点,比较平扫联合Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描与平扫联合SPIO增强扫描的病灶检出率和定性诊断率。结果：SPIO增强扫描良性肝占位的信号随肝实质降低,而恶性肝占位的信号保持不变。平扫联合SPIO增强扫描的病灶检出率和定性诊断率较平扫联合Gd-DTPA增强扫描的略高,但统计学上相差不显著。结论：SPIO强化的原理、强化方式直至临床应用方法、特点与Gd-DTPA均完全不同,两者可相互补充和印证,当Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描定性诊断困难时应积极行SPIO增强扫描。