门静脉血栓形成的TIPS治疗和临床结果

目的 研究和评价经皮治疗门静脉及其属支血栓的技术可行性和临床效果。方法 16例有门静脉及其属支闭塞症状的患，门静脉及其属支血栓均为非海绵状血管变性所致。通过建立经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流通道(TIPS)、带膜支架旁路术和经皮抽吸取栓法清除门静脉及其属支血栓提高门静脉的血流输出量。结果 13例采用经皮技术治疗获得成功。门静脉及其属支血栓所致的门脉高压均得到纠正，静脉曲张破裂出血立即停止；顽固性腹水和黄疸症状得到缓解。结论 经颈静脉门腔静脉分流术、门静脉内带膜支架旁路术和经皮门静脉及其属支抽吸取栓法对于治疗非海绵状血管变性和非瘤栓所致的门静脉闭塞是安全有效的。     

经股静脉锁骨下静脉血栓清除术的临床应用价值

目的探讨经股静脉锁骨下静脉血栓清除术的有效性。方法急性锁骨下静脉血栓16例经右股静脉置入上腔静脉滤器;然后送入9～12 F长鞘和球囊导管抽吸和拖拉血栓;残存狭窄者采用经皮血管腔内成形术或静脉内支架置入术。术后行抗凝及溶栓治疗。结果16例经股静脉锁骨下静脉血栓清除术治疗均获得成功,其中置入支架2枚。表现为锁骨下静脉通畅,患肢肿胀消退。随访3.5～30.0个月,未见症状性复发。未发生严重并发症。结论 经股静脉锁骨下静脉血栓清除术是治疗锁骨下静脉血栓的安全、有效的方法。     

经皮脾静脉途径联合TIPS治疗伴海绵样变性的门静脉血栓

目的 探讨经皮脾静脉途径联合TIPS治疗伴海绵样变性的门静脉血栓的可行性、安全性和疗效.方法 对3例门静脉血栓伴门脉海绵样变性患者行经皮脾穿脾静脉途径开通门静脉,联合TIPS重建门静脉分流道.随访22～40个月,观察治疗效果、支架通畅情况、肝功能变化和并发症.结果 3例均成功.其中1例支架经由显著扩张的海绵样变性的侧支放置,术后7个月内出现2次肝性脑病前期症状,药物治疗后症状消失.1例患者于术后6个月内出现持续性的胆红素增高,最高总胆红素为88.2μmoL/L,直接胆红素68.7 μmoL/L.予以保肝、降黄治疗后总胆红素维持在(44.4±11.6)μmol/L,直接胆红素(29.7±12.8)μmol/L.较术前无显著变化.第3例术后恢复良好.3例无术中并发症,术后随访22～40个月,支架血流通畅,未再发静脉曲张出血.结论 在有限的治疗伴有海绵样变性的门静脉血栓的方法选择中,经皮脾穿刺脾静脉途径开通门静脉,联合TIPS是安全可行和有效的,虽然技术要求上更困难和更具挑战性.     

经颈静脉途径介入治疗门静脉血栓

目的 评价经颈静脉途径治疗门静脉血栓的疗效.方法 经颈静脉途径治疗21例门静脉血栓患者,包括门静脉内置管药物溶栓和(或)机械性碎栓抽吸清除血栓,对残存狭窄进行球囊扩张并植入内支架.对于合并肝硬化上消化道出血者血栓清除后建立肝内门体分流道.结果 18例患者门静脉得到开通,患者消化道出血、腹水及腹痛、腹胀等症状消失,2例建立了门体分流道的患者术后发生肝性脑病,经药物治疗得到控制.治疗失败的3例患者,其中1例住院期间因消化道出血死亡,另2例给予药物治疗.结论 经颈静脉途径介入治疗门静脉血栓是安全、微创、有效的方法.     

肝移植术后血管与胆管并发症介入治疗初探

目的：评价血管造影和胆管造影诊治肝移植术后血管及胆管并发症的价值。方法：46例原位肝移植术后B超提示血流速度不畅或频谱异常，下肢水肿或黄疸的患者16例，进行腹腔动脉造影10例次，下腔静脉造影并球囊扩张或支架置入6例次，经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影并支架置入2例次，经皮肝穿刺胆管造影并引流4例次。结果：肝动脉血栓形成2例，1例经溶栓治疗后部分开通；肝动脉狭窄4例，1例球囊扩张后狭窄减轻；所有下腔静脉和门静脉阻塞或狭窄行球囊扩张及置放支撑架后临床症状好转，4例胆管狭窄和吻合口瘘者行经皮肝穿刺胆管造影引流（PTCD）治疗后黄疸减轻。结论；对肝移植术后出现的血管和胆管并发症，血管造影和胆管造影不仅可明确诊断，而且能同时工取得较好的近期疗效。     

可回收腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓导管抽吸去栓术治疗中的应用

目的：探讨国产可回收腔静脉滤器在急性下肢深静脉血栓形成经皮导管抽吸去栓术中的应用价值。方法：29例左侧急性下肢深静脉血栓形成,预先置入可回收腔静脉滤器,随后行导管抽吸去栓,最后对左侧髂总静脉行血管成形术。结果：29例中27例回收,19例截获大块血栓,所有病例均未发生肺栓塞及与滤器相关的并发症。结论：行经皮导管抽吸去栓术预先置入可回收性滤器,是一种安全有效的必要措施。     

经皮血栓旋切抽吸术加内支架植入术在下肢动脉闭塞性病变中的应用

目的探讨经皮血栓旋切抽吸术加内支架植入术治疗下肢动脉闭塞性病变的疗效。方法1例右股浅动脉中下段闭塞17d,溶栓3d无效,行经皮血栓旋切抽吸术,开通后残留狭窄70％。术后26h血栓形成,立即溶栓后,再植入内支架。结果通过上述方法,患者右股浅动脉、胭动脉及其以远动脉开放。随访6个月后仍正常。结论经皮血栓旋切抽吸术加内支架植入术对下肢动脉闭塞性病变治疗效果确切。     

经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术

目的介绍一种经皮治疗门静脉高压症的新方法,评价其安全性和可行性,探讨其潜在的临床意义。方法19例门静脉高压患者行经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术(PTPS)。其中食管胃底静脉曲张出血16例,难治性腹水2例,肝肺综合征1例;Child’sB级4例、C级15例。经皮经肝穿刺门静脉左支再穿刺肝段下腔静脉,经皮经肝方向植入PTFE覆膜支架于门静脉左支与腔静脉之间。结果19例经肝段下腔静脉PTPS分流术均获成功,技术成功率100%,未出现术中技术相关并发症,术后门腔静脉压力梯度平均下降13cmH2O,平均随访216d,所有患者未发生再出血,难治性腹水得到有效控制。1年内初步开通率94.8%,明显高于传统TIPS。结论经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流是安全可行的,1年内支架初步开通率明显高于传统TIPS。     

覆膜支架成形术治疗癌栓性门静脉狭窄的临床应用

目的初步探讨覆膜支架成形术治疗癌栓性门静脉狭窄的技术要点及早期疗效。方法5例原发性肝癌和1例胆总管癌患者，增强CT显示门静脉癌栓形成致门静脉主干狭窄超过75％（2例闭塞）。采用经皮、经肝与经皮、经脾途径介入治疗，在狭窄部位放置直径10mm FLUENCY^TM覆膜支架，术后以氰基丙烯酸正丁酯（NBCA）胶栓塞曲张胃冠状静脉及穿刺通道。支架置入前、后测量门静脉压力。结果6例患者手术全部成功，支架成形前门静脉压力平均50．7cmH2O（1cm H2O=0．098kPa），术后平均41．3cm H2O，平均降低9．4cm H2O。1个月后复查，2例支架内栓子形成，再狭窄，出现呕血、大量腹水症状，其余4例患者未发生门静脉高压导致的严重症状。结论覆膜支架成形术治疗癌栓性门静脉狭窄安全可行，选择合适的适应证能有效控制门静脉高压的症状。     

颅内血管栓塞取栓术前持续抽吸取栓在急性前循环大血管闭塞治疗中的应用

【摘要】 目的 比较颅内血管栓塞取栓术前持续抽吸（CAPTIVE）取栓和单纯支架取栓治疗急性缺血性前循环大血管闭塞的临床效果。 方法 回顾性分析2016 年 10 月至2017年12月在郑州大学附属洛阳中心医院接受介入取栓治疗的62例急性前循环大血管闭塞患者临床资料。根据取栓术式不同,分为CAPTIVE组（n=34）和单纯支架取栓组（n=28）。分析比较两组基线资料、手术开通效果与手术相关并发症,评估两种技术临床疗效。 结果 单因素比较结果显示,CAPTIVE组患者取栓次数、穿刺-开通时间、术后24 h NIHSS评分较术前差、术后mTICI分级、术后3个月mRS评分均优于单纯支架取栓组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;栓子逃逸显著低于单纯支架取栓组（P=0.025）,颅内出血、症状性颅内出血、蛛网膜下腔出血和死亡差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论 CAPTIVE取栓与单纯支架取栓相比,可有效提高血管开通成功率,缩短开通时间,减少栓子逃逸概率,且不增加症状性颅内出血等并发症,改善患者临床预后。     

肝移植术后并发症与介入治疗四、门静脉并发症

肝移植术后门静脉供血障碍性并发症主要为门静脉狭窄和门静脉血栓形成,虽然发生率不高,但临床危害大,一经确诊,需积极处理。彩色多普勒血流显像可作为检测门静脉血流的首选方法,对确诊有功能意义的狭窄还需依赖血管造影。对于门静脉狭窄行球囊扩张术以及支架置入术可有效降低门脉压力,而门静脉血栓形成的病例可用药物溶栓、机械碎栓和支架置放术相结合进行治疗,必要时可行TIPS降低门脉压力。     

Applications of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and portal vein thrombosis

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is an uncommon cause for presinusoidal portal hypertension. PVT can be caused by one of three broad mechanisms: (1) spontaneous thrombosis when thrombosis develops in the absence of mechanical obstruction, usually in the presence of inherited or acquired hypercoagulable states; (2) intrinsic mechanical obstruction because of vascular injury and scarring or invasion by an intrahepatic or adjacent tumor; or (3) extrinsic constriction by adjacent tumor, lymphadenopathy or inflammatory process. Usually, several combined factors are necessary to result in PVT. The consequences of portal vein thrombosis are mostly related to the extension of the clot within the vein. Gastrointestinal bleeding from gastroesophageal varices is the most frequent presentation. Noninvasive imaging techniques are currently used for the screening of patients and the initial diagnosis of PVT. The invasive techniques are reserved for cases when noninvasive techniques are inconclusive, before percutaneous interventional treatment, or in preoperative assessment of patients who are candidates for surgery. Recanalization of the portal vein with anticoagulation alone may not be consistent or appropriate in highly symptomatic patients. Catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is helpful for diagnosis as well as for therapy by allowing the intra-arterial infusion of thrombolytic drugs in the same setting. Direct transhepatic portography allows precise determination of the degree of stenosis and extension within the portal vein, as well as pressure measurements. Thrombotic occlusions of the portal, mesenteric, and splenic veins can be managed by mechanical thrombectomy (MT) or pharmacologic thrombolysis. Underlying occlusions because of organized or refractory thrombus or fixed venous stenosis are best corrected by balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Access into the portal venous system can also be established through creating a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Creating a TIPS is also important in the setting of PVT associated with cirrhosis to decompress portal hypertension and improve portal venous flow. PVT involving the portal, splenic, and/or mesenteric veins can also complicate a preexisting TIPS in which case the shunt can be readily used as therapy access. Several techniques may be used to recanalize the shunt and portal venous system, including thrombolytic therapy, balloon angioplasty/embolectomy, suction embolectomy, basket extraction of clots, and mechanical thrombectomy with a variety of devices. Advantages of MT include the potential to rapidly remove thrombus without the need for prolonged thrombolytic infusions, and reducing the potential life-threatening complications of thrombolytic therapy. Possible drawbacks include the risk of intimal or vascular trauma to the portal vein, which may promote recurrent thrombosis.     

经TIPS途径治疗急性、亚急性门静脉血栓临床疗效

目的 探讨经TIPs途径治疗急性、亚急性门静脉血栓的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月-2008年6月我科经TIPS途径治疗的12例急性、亚急性门静脉血栓患者.观察术后门静脉复通情况,随访8～42个月,观察支架通畅情况及症状恢复.结果 1例患者溶栓第2天发生腹腔大出血死亡.11例患者溶检术后门静脉主干血流得到复通,其中1例3个月随访时门静脉血栓复发,支架堵塞,其余10例患者门静脉主干及分流道支架均保持通畅.结论 经TIPS途径溶栓技术是治疗急性、亚急性门静脉血栓的有效方法.     

Percutaneous Transhepatic Portography for the Treatment of Early Portal Vein Thrombosis After Surgery

We treated three cases of early portal vein thrombosis (PVT) by minimally invasive percutaneous transhepatic portography. All patients developed PVT within 30 days of major hepatic surgery (one case each of orthotopic liver transplantation, splenectomy in a previous liver transplant recipient, and right extended hepatectomy with resection and reconstruction of the left branch of the portal vein for tumor infiltration). In all cases minimally invasive percutaneous transhepatic portography was adopted to treat this complication by mechanical fragmentation and pharmacological lysis of the thrombus. A vascular stent was also positioned in the two cases in which the thrombosis was related to a surgical technical problem. Mechanical fragmentation of the thrombus with contemporaneous local urokinase administration resulted in complete removal of the clot and allowed restoration of normal blood flow to the liver after a median follow-up of 37 months. PVT is an uncommon but severe complication after major surgery or liver transplantation. Surgical thrombectomy, with or without reconstruction of the portal vein, and retransplantation are characterized by important surgical morbidity and mortality. Based on our experience, minimally invasive percutaneous transhepatic portography should be considered an option toward successful recanalization of early PVT after major liver surgery including transplantation. Balloon dilatation and placement of a vascular stent could help to decrease the risk of recurrent thrombosis when a defective surgical technique is the reason for the thrombosis.     

门脉系静脉血栓形成的流变溶栓序贯治疗效果分析

目的评价流变溶栓序贯治疗门脉系静脉血栓形成的临床疗效。方法11例门脉系静脉血栓形成病例经流变溶栓序贯治疗,包括血管腔内成形术、内支架植入术进行门静脉开通治疗,观察门静脉再通、临床症状缓解和并发症发生情况。结果10例开通成功,开通率90.9%。整个流变溶栓过程所需时间<30 m in,5例溶栓后对基础狭窄行经皮血管腔内成形术,2例行内支架治疗,无并发症发生,随访5~14个月,均生存无复发。结论流变溶栓治疗门静脉系血栓形成具有损伤小、溶栓能力强的特点;结合序贯治疗方案,则更加合理,治疗效果更明确、持久。     

Limitations of percutaneous techniques in the treatment of portal vein thrombosis

New therapeutic alternatives to portal vein thrombosis (PVT) include the percutaneous, transhepatic infusion of fibrinolytic agents, balloon dilatation, and stenting. These maneuvers have proven to be effective in some cases with acute, recent PVT. We have treated two patients with acute PVT via transhepatic or transjugular approaches and by using pharmacologic and mechanical thrombolysis and thrombectomy. Although both patients clinically improved, morphologic results were only fair and partial rethrombosis was observed. The limitations of percutaneous procedures in the recanalization of acute PVT in noncirrhotic patients are discussed.     

Percutaneous hydrodynamic thrombectomy of acute thrombosis in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): A feasibility study in five patients

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous hydrodynamic thrombectomy in restoring patency of acutely thrombosed stent-shunts after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Methods Percutaneous hydrodynamic thrombectomy was performed in five consecutive patients with angiographically documented complete thrombosis of the stent-shunt which developed within 2 weeks after the TIPS procedure. Thrombectomy was performed with a hydrolytic suction thrombectomy catheter, introduced via a transjugular approach. Results In all patients, immediate restoration of patency of the stent-shunt was achieved after deploying additional stent(s) to cover residual adherent mural thrombus. In two patients early reocclusion occurred. Conclusion Percutaneous hydrolytic suction thrombectomy in acutely thrombosed intrahepatic portosystemic shunts is technically feasible.     

门静脉金属内支架置入治疗门静脉海绵样变

目的：探讨经皮肝穿刺和经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)途径门静脉内支架置入治疗门静脉海绵样变(CTPV)的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析于本科治疗的8例 CTPV 患者的临床及影像学资料。所有患者均行门静脉金属内支架置入治疗,其中3例经 TIPS 途径放置,5例经经皮肝穿刺途径放置。结果所有患者支架置入均一次性成功,无腹腔内出血等严重并发症发生。术中即刻复查造影显示支架内血流通畅,术后1 d~2周患者腹痛及消化道出血症状均明显减轻或消失。术后所有患者均获得完整随访,随访1个月~3年,1例患者术后1 年复查支架闭塞,再次置入1枚支架后血流通畅,其余患者彩超提示支架内血流通畅,未再发消化道出血或腹痛。结论经皮肝穿刺或经 TIPS 途径门静脉金属内支架置入治疗 CTPV 是一种安全有效方法。