醒脑静注射液对实验性脑缺血-再灌注损伤中一氧化氮和内皮素水平的影响

目的 :探讨醒脑静注射液 (XNJI)对脑缺血再灌注损伤 (CIRI)家兔一氧化氮 (NO)和内皮素 (ET)水平的影响。方法 :采用“四动脉闭塞法”制备家兔 CIRI模型 ,随机分为假手术对照组 (A组 )、脑缺血再灌注组(B组 )和脑缺血再灌注加 XNJI治疗组 (C组 )。分别在脑缺血前、缺血 30分钟及再灌注 30、6 0和 12 0分钟不同时间点 ,检测血浆及脑组织 NO浓度和 ET含量。结果 :脑缺血再灌注期间 ,血浆和脑组织 NO水平明显下降 ,血浆为 (43.80± 10 .4 0 )μmol/ L、(43.6 0± 8.96 )μm ol/ L、(37.5 0± 13.6 0 )μmol/ L、(39.80± 8.2 2 )μmol/ L、(40 .70± 7.86 )μmol/ L (P<0 .0 5和 P<0 .0 1) ,脑组织为 (319.0 0± 70 .70 )μmol/ g(P>0 .0 5 ) ;ET水平显著升高 ,血浆为 (73.80± 34.70 ) ng/ L、(81.30± 32 .5 0 ) ng/ L、(78.2 0± 36 .80 ) ng/ L、(10 4 .0 0± 4 2 .0 0 ) ng/ L、(111.0 0± 5 0 .70 ) ng/ L(P<0 .0 5和 P<0 .0 1) ,脑组织为 (93.10± 4 2 .30 ) ng/ g(P<0 .0 5 ) ;使用 XNJI后 ,上述各指标的异常变化明显减轻 ,与对照组相比有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5和 P<0 .0 1)。结论 :XNJI可提高机体 NO水平、降低 ET水平而抗 CIRI     

老年糖尿病患者血浆一氧化氮、内皮素水平变化及意义

目的 :探讨老年糖尿病患者血浆 ET- 1、NO水平变化及其临床意义。方法 :采用放免分析法、硝酸还原酶法分别测定 38例老年糖尿病患者和 30例正常老年人的血浆 ET- 1、NO水平。结果 :无血管并发症老年糖尿病患者的血浆ET- 1水平 (5 7.2 1± 2 9.5 4) ng/ L较正常老年人 (4 1.71± 11.33) ng/ L显著升高 ,有血管并发症 (137.70± 5 3.72 ) ng/ L 较无并发症者显著升高 (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。无血管并发症的老年糖尿病患者血浆 NO水平 (12 4.18± 5 1.15 ) μmol/ L较正常老年人 (6 9.36± 2 5 .44 ) μmol/ L 显著升高 ,有血管并发症的老年糖尿病患者血浆 NO水平 (4 7.19± 16 .93) μmol/ L较无并发症者和正常人显著降低 (P<0 .0 0 1)。结论 :ET与 NO在老年糖尿病血管并发症的发生、发展中起了重要作用     

急性缺血性脑血管病循环血小板生成素和血管活性肽类的动态变化

目的　研究急性缺血性脑血管病早期循环血小板生成素 (TPO)、内皮素 (ET)和降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)水平的动态改变及与血小板PL计数的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法及血常规检查检测 13例患者治疗前、治疗 4h、第 2天及第 3天的循环血液TPO、ET、CGRP及PL。治疗分别采用尿激酶溶栓和 /或常规治疗。结果　①患者血液TPO、ET、CGRP水平均较正常明显升高 ,差异显著。其中TPO、ET升高持续至来诊后第 3天TPO分别为 (12 4 70± 12 6 2 )ng/L、(12 1 5 6± 13 31)ng/L、(12 5 6 5± 16 98)ng/L、(117 0 0± 7 0 5 )ng/L对比 (90 0 0± 5 0 0 )ng/L ,P <0 0 1;②比较不同类型缺血性脑血管病或 /和不同治疗方法各时间点的血液TPO、ET、CGRP水平无显著差异 ;③TPO、ET、CGRP、PL之间均无相关性 ;而患者年龄与CGRP呈显著性负相关 (r=- 0 4 5 5 ,P =0 0 0 2 )。结论　急性缺血性脑血管病早期血清TPO升高 ,其升高受到血小板以外的因素调节 ;溶栓治疗对TPO水平无影响。血浆CGRP水平随年龄增长而降低可能是老年人易发生脑血管痉挛的原因之一     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血浆及诱导痰中炎性因子水平变化

目的探讨稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者血浆及诱导痰中炎性因子水平的变化及意义。方法稳定期COPD患者201例为COPD组,根据改良呼吸困难指数(modified British Medical Research Council,mMRC)评分、COPD评估测试(COPD assessment test,CAT)评分、急性加重发作次数分为4个亚组,A组11例(mMRC评分为0～1级,CAT评分10分,急性加重发作次数0～1次),B组33例(mMRC≥2级,CAT评分≥10分,急性加重发作次数0～1次),C组32例(mMRC评分为0～1级,CAT评分10分,急性加重发作次数≥2次),D组125例(mMRC评分≥2级,CAT评分≥10分,急性加重发作次数≥2次);同期体检健康者50例为对照组。比较各组一般资料,检测各组血浆及诱导痰中白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、高敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平。结果 COPD组血浆IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平均高于对照组(P0.05);D组血浆IL-6[(2.61±1.16)ng/L]、IL-8[(16.56±5.52)ng/L]、hs-CPR[(1 862.26±578.39)mg/L]、TNF-α[(373.39±136.24)nmol/L]水平高于C组[(2.07±0.83)ng/L、(14.06±7.26)ng/L、(1 736.19±548.37)mg/L、(380.01±128.65)nmol/L]、B组[(1.87±0.62)ng/L、(12.13±4.70)ng/L、(1 636.54±449.45)mg/L、(301.17±134.60)nmol/L]和A组[(1.69±0.43)ng/L、(9.09±2.57)ng/L、(1 602.34±390.26)mg/L、(258.14±49.48)nmol/L](P0.05),C组高于B组和A组(P0.05);COPD组诱导痰IL-6、IL-8、hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-1β水平均高于对照组(P0.05);D组诱导痰IL-6[(289.46±131.25)ng/L]、IL-8[(1 409.29±446.95)ng/L]、hs-CRP[(3 614.89±723.25)mg/L]、TNF-α[(1 212.25±247.37)nmol/L]高于C组[(209.39±131.38)ng/L、(921.72±359.77)ng/L、(3 291.68±630.75)mg/L、(779.77±213.75)nmol/L]、B组[(194.29±77.29)ng/L、(966.63±318.65)ng/L、(3 219.12±762.31)、(1 191.50±362.56)nmol/L]和A组[(147.16±32.68)、(894.78±278.33)、(3 139.95±605.17)、(780.20±396.38)nmol/L](P0.05);A、B、C、D组诱导痰IL-1β水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论稳定期COPD患者血浆及诱导痰炎性因子水平随mMRC、CAT评分增加相应增高。     

糖尿病患者的非糖尿病一级亲属血浆降钙素基因相关肽水平的研究

目的观察降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)与内皮素(ET)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者及非糖尿病的T2DM一级亲属(FDRs)中的变化,并探讨其在T2DM发生中的作用。方法采用放免法分别测定28例正常人,35例T2DM患者(T2DM组A,T2DM组B)及30例非糖尿病的T2DM一级亲属血浆ET,CGRP含量。结果T2DM A、B组患者血浆ET值较正常对照组显著增高,(64.67±7.92)ng/L,(79.91±8.33)ng/L,vs(5.07±6.24)ng/L(P<0.01),CGRP值显著降低,(144.18±24.16)ng/L,(121.32±23.29)ng/L vs(180.36±21.73)ng/L(P<0.01),FDRs组血浆ET值较正常对照组显著增高,(60.79±7.50)ng/L vs(50.07±6.24)ng/L(P<0.05),CGRP值显著降低,(157.87±18.22)ng/L vs(180.36±21.73)ng/L(P<0.05),有糖尿病家族史比无糖尿病家族史者ET显著升高(P<0.05)、CGRP显著降低(P<0.05);CGRP与胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈负相关(r=-0.19,P=0.049),ET与HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.286,P=0.029)。结论T2DM患者及非糖尿病的T2DM一级亲属ET增高,CGRP降低,提示遗传因素可能参与了糖尿病的发病机制。     

尿毒症和肾移植患者血清透明质酸的变化

目的　测定血浆中透明质酸 (HA)与尿毒症和肾移植患者病情变化的关系。方法　采用竞争性酶联免疫吸附试验测定尿毒症组 (A组 )、肾移植组 (B组 )、正常对照组 (C组 )血浆HA水平 ,同时测定血清肌酐 (SCr)。结果　血清HA水平A组 ( 414 2 5± 2 0 8 6 5ng/ml)高于B组 [( 6 9 5 7±46 2 8)ng/ml]和C组 [( 6 0 85± 2 5 5 5 )ng/ml](P <0 0 5 ) ;B组和C组比较差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,与血肌酐呈正相关 (r=0 87)。同时A组患者血肌酐透析前后比较差异有显著意义 [分别是透前 ( 810 48± 2 14 72 ) μmol/L透后 ( 2 2 5 2 8± 16 6 32 ) μmol/L ,(P <0 0 5 ) ];而血浆HA透析前后无变化[分别是透前 ( 414 2 5± 15 7 83)ng/ml]透后 ( 40 2 34± 12 5 6 7)ng/ml,(P >0 0 5 ) ]。结论　血HA可作为评估尿毒症和肾移植患者病情变化的一个指标。     

急性心肌梗死患者早期血管活性物质的变化及意义

目的观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者静脉溶栓前后早期血浆降钙素基因相关肽(cGRP)、内皮素(ET)和血清一氧化氮(NO)水平的变化。方法采用放射免疫法和比色分析法分别对静脉溶栓前后血管再通组(30例),与未通组(22例)的AMI患者及20例正常人上述3种血管活性物质进行检测。结果AMI时患者cGRP再通组(38.64±7.14)ng/L,未通组(32.98±10.07)ng/L;NO再通组(18.71±3.56)μmol/L,未通组(14.85±4.04)μmol/L;ET再通组(132.62±31.63）ng/L,未通组(167.33±30.61）ng/L;对照组分别为(52.94±14.17）ng/L、(21.17±6.34）μmol/L和(66.65±10.63）ng/L,未通组较再通组变化更为明显。溶栓后12小时,各组cGRP、NO有所回升,但未通组cGRP仍显著低于再通组(P<0.05);再通组ET继续升高,未通组则开始下降。溶栓后24小时,2组cGRP和NO继续升高,再通组ET下降,未通组则略有升高。结论血浆cGRP、ET和血清NO参与了AMI早期的病理生理过程,AMI发病24小时内血浆ET升高和cGRP、NO降低可能对静脉溶栓的疗效产生不良的影响。     

不同血尿酸水平对代谢综合征患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的 研究不同血尿酸水平对代谢综合征患者血管内皮功能的影响.方法 将90例代谢综合征患者分为低血尿酸水平组30例(A组)、正常血尿酸水平组30例(B组)和高血尿酸水平组30例(C组),分别测定血浆髓过氧化物酶(MPO)和内皮素(ET)水平.结果 ①自A组至C组,随血尿酸水平逐渐升高,MPO水平也逐渐升高,分别为(42.7±10.3)μg/L、(91.4±15.3)μg/L和(101.9±10.3)μg/L(P＜0.05).同时,ET水平也有逐渐升高趋势,分别为(80.3±29.6)ng/L、(84.9±16.9)ng/L和(144.0±57.9)ng/L,ET水平C组显著高于A组和B组(均P＜0.01),但A组与B组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),②血尿酸与MPO和ET水平均呈正相关(r=0.787,0.301,均P＜0.01).结论 在代谢综合征患者中,随血尿酸水平的增高,血MP0和ET水平均呈显著增高趋势,提示血尿酸水平是代谢综合征患者血管内皮功能的重要影响因素.     

重度妊高征子宫胎盘血流与血浆内皮素、一氧化氮及新生儿体重的关系研究

目的　探讨重度妊高征子宫胎盘血流与血浆内皮素 (ET 1)、一氧化氮 (NO)及新生儿体重的关系。方法　选取孕晚期重度妊高征 4 0例 ,于产前采取静脉血分别测定ET 1、NO的含量 ,利用彩色多普勒超声测定子宫胎盘血流动力学变化 ,记录新生儿体重 ,并与正常妊娠组进行比较分析。结果　重度妊高征组ET 1较正常妊娠组明显升高 [(2 87.6 2± 2 8.90 ) μmol/L与 (6 2 .86± 4 .0 3) μmol/L) ],NO明显降低[(5 3.6 1± 2 .6 9) μmol/L与 (170 .6 8± 17.0 6 ) μmol/L];子宫动脉内径较正常孕妇缩小 [(6 .2 2± 0 .6 7)mm与(7.5 8± 0 .96 )mm],子宫 胎盘收缩期与舒张期平均血流速度减慢 ,血流灌注减少 ;新生儿平均体重降低[(2 0 36± 2 .34)g与 (2 5 86± 1.78)g];胎儿宫内发育迟缓 (FGR) 4 2 .5 %。结论　重度妊高征者血清ET 1明显升高 ,NO明显降低 ;子宫胎盘血流受二者调节 ,异常血流导致新生儿体重降低 ,使胎儿宫内发育受限 (FGR)发生率增加。     

急性重症胰腺炎血液一氧化氮、内毒素水平与胃黏膜损伤的关系

目的 研究急性重症胰腺炎血液一氧化氮(NO)、内毒素(ET)水平与胃黏膜损伤的关系.方法 急性重症胰腺炎(SAP)35例,急性轻型胰腺炎(MAP)40例,治疗前抽取静脉血分离血清或血浆置-20℃待测NO和ET水平,并做胃镜检查.结果 血清中NO含量:MAP组 55.8±18.5 μmol/L,SAP组90.5±16.7 μmol/L.血浆中ET含量:MAP组0.0359±0.018 Eu/ml,SAP组0.175±0.035 Eu/ml.SAP组的NO,ET水平均明显高于MAP组(P<0.05),且并发胃黏膜损伤的发病率分别为:MAP组50.5%,SAP组100%.结论 急性重症胰腺炎血液NO,ET水平明显升高,且与胃黏膜的损伤有相关性.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.