海洛因海绵状白质脑病的病理学改变

目的 研究海洛因海绵状白质脑病(HSLE)的病理学改变.方法 应用常规染色和免疫组化染色(MBP、GFAP、NF、CD45、CD54、CD20)方法对3例HSLE死亡患者的脑组织进行病理检查.结果 HSLE的病理改变以脑白质海绵状变性为主,灰质很少受累.脑组织受累程度依次为小脑半球白质、内囊后肢、胼胝体压部、脑干、顶枕叶深部白质以及额颢叶深部白质,皮质以及皮质下弓状纤维不受累或仅轻微受累.HSLE白质损害以粗大的有髓神经纤维为主,髓鞘的损害重于轴突损害;脑组织无炎症细胞浸润,血管内亦无炎症介质沉积.结论 脑白质广泛海绵状白质变性是HSLE显著的病理学特点,不同部位脑白质损害程度与临床和影像学表现一致,轴突损害可能继发于髓鞘损害,HSLE脑组织中无血管炎性改变.     

海洛因海绵状白质脑病的影像学特征

目的　探讨海洛因海绵状白质脑病 (HSL E)的 CT、MRI和 PET特点。方法　对 2 9例患者的CT、MRI以及 4例患者的 PET资料进行分析。结果　 (1) CT和 MRI显示病变位于双侧小脑、内囊后肢、枕顶叶深部等部位白质 ,病灶广泛且对称 ;(2 ) CT示界限清楚的低密度病灶 ,MRI呈长 T1 WI、长 T2 WI异常信号 ,无水肿 ,快速反转恢复序列 (FL AIR)和增强扫描提示血脑屏障无破坏 ,PET显示为低代谢或无代谢病灶 ;(3)未治疗患者内囊后肢、枕叶和小脑白质无代谢 ,康复期患者代谢明显减低 ;(4 )临床症状改善者和未治疗者小脑皮质代谢降低 ,临床症状明显改善者代谢正常。结论　 HSL E患者的 CT和 MRI改变多局限于白质 ,极为相似。 PET显示病变部位低代谢或无代谢 ,小脑皮质和白质代谢的恢复对 HSL E患者的临床转归非常重要 ,故判断 HSL E患者的转归 ,PET较之 MRI更有价值     

海洛因海绵状白质脑病(附2例报道)

目的了解海洛因海绵状白质脑病的临床特征、治疗及预后.方法观察2例海洛因海绵状白质脑病患者的临床、影像学表现及治疗转归,并结合文献进行分析.结果 2例均为中年男性,有烫吸海洛因病史,其中1例尚有静脉注射史.1例以反应迟钝、行为异常为首发症状;1例以小脑症状为突出表现.头颅MRI均表现为脑白质广泛病变,其中1例影像学显示小脑中线两旁、边界清楚的对称性类圆形或蝴蝶样病灶及内囊后肢对称性受损等特征性改变.经促进脑细胞代谢药物等治疗后,随访2年均恢复良好.结论海洛因海绵状白质脑病是一种少见的与海洛因相关的特征性脑部病变,及时诊治,预后较好.     

吸食海洛因致海绵状白质脑病的CT及MRI诊断

目的评价海洛因中毒所致的海绵状白质脑病的CT、MRI表现及诊断价值.方法搜集6例海洛因海绵状白质脑病的CT及MRI资料,全部患者均进行MRI检查,检查序列包括T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR序列,其中2例同时行颅脑CT扫描. 结果全部患者MRI显示对称性双侧小脑半球、大脑半球后部、内囊后肢、胼胝体压部、脑干等皮质下白质为主的多发性大片状长T1、长T2信号,加强后病灶无强化;2例行头颅CT检查显示两大脑半球皮质下白质、基底节及两侧小脑呈对称性广泛低密度灶,无占位效应.结论海洛因中毒所致的海绵状白质脑病具有特征性的MRI表现,MRI对本病的诊断具有重要价值.     

海洛因海绵状白质脑病的临床特点及治疗分析

海洛因海绵状白质脑病（heroin-induced spongiform leucoencephalopathy，HSLE）是指通过烫吸或静脉注射海洛因而引起的中枢神经系统器质性疾病，以脑白质发生空泡海绵状变性为特点。此病罕见，于1982年在阿姆斯特丹由Woltes等首次报道。国内陆兵勋等于2000年总结了28例患者的相关资料，提出本病的诊断要点，这是中国大陆首次发现的HSLE。现将我院从1999年12月至2005年1月所收集及跟踪随访的3例患者的病例情况报道如下。     

海洛因海绵状白质脑病的临床及MRI(附3例报告)

目的 :研究海洛因中毒所致的海绵状白质脑病临床与磁共振成像特点。方法 :本文报告 3例并结合文献分析海洛因海绵状白质脑病临床和 MRI资料。结果 :本病的主要临床表现 ,起病前有明确的吸服海洛因病史 ,急性或亚急性起病 ,早期以构音障碍、步态不稳、小脑性共济失调等小脑损害症状和体征为突出表现。 MRI检查显示对称性双侧小脑半球、大脑半球后部、内囊后肢、胼胝体压部、脑干等皮质为主的多发性大片状长 T1、长 T2信号 ,加强后病灶无强化。脑病理特点是脑白质呈对称性海绵样脱髓鞘改变。结论 :本病的诊断主要依靠其临床特点、影像学及脑病理学检查 ,MRI对本病的诊断具有重要价值。     

海洛因中毒神经系统损害的影像研究

目的探讨海洛因中毒引起中毒性脑病脑部影像学特点。方法对37例海洛因中毒患者进行头颅CT/MRI检查分析。结果海洛因中毒脑病的脑部影像改变呈多样性,可表现为正常、轻度脑萎缩,对称性大脑半球的脑白质、内囊后肢、小脑齿状核病变。结论海洛因中毒性脑病可因不同机制而脑部影像表现而不同。     

烫吸海洛因致白质脑病2例报告及文献复习

目的 研究烫吸海洛因蒸汽引起海绵状白质脑病的临床表现及影像学特征，探讨吸毒方式与病理改变的关系。方法 对2例烫吸海洛因引起的海绵状白质脑病的患者进行了临床和MRI观察，复习中外文献，对该病的临床表现、影像学特征、病理组织改变、吸毒方式与病理机制之间的关系进行了总结与讨论。结果 2例患者均采用烫吸的方式摄入海洛因，时间为1．5年、8年，均在戒毒数日后发病，以小脑性共济失调、智力减退为主要临床表现。MRI显示对称性小脑齿状核、双大脑半球半卵圆中心、胼胝体压部、内囊后肢、内侧丘系、红核、黑质、脑桥长T1T2信号改变，给予地塞米松、脑多肽、胞二磷胆碱、B族维生素、高压氧、低激光血疗等治疗有近期疗效。结合文献资料显示本病可能与海洛因的烫吸方式有关，提出突然戒断与发病的可能关系。结论 烫吸海洛因引起海绵状白质脑病临床表现、影像学改变具有特征性，从而使本病能够得到早期确诊。     

海洛因中毒神经系统损害的影像研究

目的 探讨海洛因中毒引起中毒性脑病脑部影像学特点.方法 对37例海洛因中毒患者进行头颅CT/MRI检查分析.结果 海洛因中毒脑病的脑部影像改变呈多样性,可表现为正常、轻度脑萎缩、对称性大脑半球的脑白质、内囊后肢、小脑齿状核病变.结论 海洛因中毒性脑病可因不同机理而出现脑部影像表现也不同.     

海洛因白质脑病脑部CT影像分析

目的分析海洛因白质脑病的脑部CT影像特征,提高对海洛因白质脑病的认知和诊断水平。方法报告13例海洛因脑白质病的临床及CT影像表现并进行文献复习。结果 13例患者均有吸食海洛因病史,脑部CT表现为双侧小脑半球、双侧大脑半球脑白质区对称性、弥漫性分布低密度灶,增强扫描无强化改变。结论海洛因白质脑病的CT影像具有特征性改变,CT检查对海洛因白质脑病的诊断有重要价值。     

海洛因中毒性脑病的临床与影像学观察

目的：研究海洛因中毒性脑病的临床特点及影像学（CT和MRI）特征，方法：对13例海洛因中毒性脑病患者的临床和影像学资料进行观察和分析。结果：13例为男性，均以烫吸海洛因为吸毒方式，9例是在毒品戒断过程中发病，主要临床表现为亚急性起病的弥漫性脑扣害，尤为精神症状和小脑性共济失计为突出表现。13例CT表现为脑内多发，广泛且明显对称性的低密度灶，累及双额，顶、颞、枕叶白质区及小脑半球齿状核和脑干，一般无占位征象，6例周期MRI检查显示病灶的部位，范围与CT所见大致相同。结论：本病的诊断依靠明确烫吸海洛因史及具有特征性的临床表现和影像学征象。CT与MRI一样，对本病的诊断具有重要价值。激素对本病治疗效果差。     

海络因白质脑病的临床特征及影像学观察

目的　分析和探讨海络因白质脑病 (heroin leukoencephalopathy,HLE)的临床特点、诊断规律、发病机制及防治经验。方法　对 2例男性 HLE患者的临床症候进行观察 ,均行头颅 CT及磁共振 (MRI)检查 ,其中 1例行弥散加权成像 (DWI)。结果　 2病例均为急性起病 ,以言语含糊、行走不稳等小脑共济运动障碍表现为主 ,反应迟钝 ,锥体束征阳性。头颅 CT及 MRI可见双侧小脑、内囊后肢、枕顶叶深部白质、胼胝体、脑干等白质区域异常信号 ,CT示低信号 ,MRI呈长 T1、长 T2信号影 ,DWI为高信号影。结论　 HLE可根据有吸毒史 ,并结合临床及影像学特点进行诊断 ,对于戒毒者戒毒时应在神经保护的前提下进行 ,或许能减少或避免 HLE的发生。     

海洛因海绵状白质脑病的脑脊液和血清髓鞘碱性蛋白及其抗体检测及意义

目的　通过对海洛因海绵状白质脑病 (HeroinSpongiformLeukoencephalopathy ,HSLE)患者血清和脑脊液髓鞘碱性蛋白 (myelinbasicprotein ,MBP)及其抗体 (Anti MBP)检测 ,探讨MBP与HSLE的关系。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)检测 1 8例HSLE患者、2 3例Heroin成瘾者 (吸毒但无HSLE临床症状者 ) ,1 7例多发性硬化患者(MS组 )、对照组 2 0例 (NC组 )的血清以及脑脊液 (CSF)中MBP及Anti MBP水平。结果　HSLE组、MS组CSF和血清MBP均值明显高于NC组和Heroin成瘾组 (P <0 .0 5) ,HSLE组与MS组CSF、血清MBP均值无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5) ,Heroin成瘾组血清和CSFMBP均值与NC组间无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5) ,4组血清和CSF的Anti MBP含量差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5)。结论　HSLE患者CSF及血清中MBP含量增高 ,MBP上升水平与髓鞘损伤程度有关 ,该病的髓鞘存在病理性损害 ,以及血脑屏障 (blood brainbarrier,BBB)的通透性改变。MBP检测可作为HSLE诊断及与海洛因成瘾者鉴别诊断的重要参数 ,它在HSLE病理过程中的作用机制有待进一步研究     

Fatal toxic leukoencephalopathy: clinical, radiological, and necropsy findings in two patients

BACKGROUND: Toxic leukoencephalopathy has been described with inhalation and intravenous consumption of heroin and cocaine. The clinical picture varies widely but the imaging and histological features are characteristic. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) typically reveals diffuse bihemispheric white matter lesions. Histologically there is extensive spongiform degeneration of the cerebral white matter. OBJECTIVE: To report two cases of fatal toxin associated leukoencephalopathy, along with detailed imaging and neuropathological studies. RESULTS: MRI revealed diffuse white matter changes. Histologically there was widespread confluent vacuolar degeneration of the deep white matter. In both cases, there was sparing of the brain stem and cerebellar white matter. There was evidence of severe and extensive axonal injury. CONCLUSIONS: This pattern of radiological involvement and histological findings has not previously been reported and may reflect the presence of a yet unidentified impurity.     

Focal Cerebral Lesions Found by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cryptogenic Nonrefractory Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was studied in patients with mild-to-moderate temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), well controlled by pharmacotherapy, and with normal computed tomographic (CT) scans. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were found in 19 patients; of these, nine had abnormalities in temporomesial regions and four in temporobasal regions. Six patients had white matter MRI lesions of nonspecific significance. The temporomesial MRI lesions were compatible with sclerosis of Ammonis cornu. Patients with this MRI finding had more severe and longer lasting TLE than those without MRI abnormalities. The temporobasal lesions were interpreted as potentially developing brain lesions. Correlation between EEG and MRI findings was good. We conclude that MRI is more useful than CT for diagnosis of patients with mild-to-moderate TLE.     

Leukoencephalopathy and raised brain lactate from heroin vapor inhalation ("chasing the dragon")

BACKGROUND: Inhalation of heated heroin vapor ("chasing the dragon"), which is gaining popularity among drug users seeking to avoid the risks of parenteral drug administration, can produce progressive spongiform leukoencephalopathy. METHODS: We studied the clinical phenotype and course, MRI, MRS, and brain pathology in the first American patients described with this syndrome. RESULTS: Two of the three heroin users studied inhaled heroin pyrolysate together daily over the course of 2 weeks. They developed ataxia, dysmetria, and dysarthria. Patient 1 progressed to an akinetic mute state with decorticate posture and subsequent spastic quadriparesis. Patient 2 developed a mild spastic quadriparesis and gait freezing. Patient 3 was asymptomatic following less heroin exposure. Brain MRI showed diffuse, symmetrical white matter hyperintensities in the cerebellum, posterior cerebrum, posterior limbs of the internal capsule, splenium of the corpus callosum, medial lemniscus, and lateral brainstem. MRS showed elevated lactate. Brain biopsy (Patient 1) showed white matter spongiform degeneration with relative sparing of U-fibers; electron microscopy revealed intramyelinic vacuolation with splitting of intraperiod lines. Progressive deterioration occurred in Patients 1 and 2 over 4 weeks. Both were treated with antioxidants including oral coenzyme Q, and clinical improvement occurred. Patient 1 recovered nearly completely over 24 months. Patient 2 improved, but developed a delayed-onset cerebellar hand tremor. Both still have white matter abnormalities on MRI and MRS. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated lactate in white matter and the possible response to antioxidants suggests mitochondrial dysfunction in progressive spongiform leukoencephalopathy following inhalation of heated heroin vapor.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in central nervous system sarcoidosis

We performed brain MRIs on 21 patients with CNS sarcoidosis. Brain CTs were performed in 18 of these. Parenchymal lesions were seen in 17 of 21 with MRI, compared with 9 of 18 with CT. MRI detected a greater number of parenchymal lesions in cases where both CT and MRI were positive, and some lesions appeared more extensive with MRI than with CT. The most common MRI pattern was one of periventricular and multifocal white matter lesions (14 cases). Such a pattern is not specific, and other recognized causes for it were identified in four cases. It is likely, however, that sarcoid tissue causes this pattern in some cases, and confirmation was obtained from cerebral biopsy in one. In six patients, the white matter changes were indistinguishable from those seen in multiple sclerosis. Contrast-enhanced CT in two patients showed diffuse meningeal involvement not seen with MRI. MRI is the investigation of choice in detecting parenchymal changes in the brain of patients with CNS sarcoidosis and may prove useful in monitoring treatment in such cases.     

伴钙化与囊变的脑白质病二例临床、影像学表现及相关病理学分析

目的 探讨伴钙化与囊变的脑白质病(LCC)的临床、影像学表现以及相关病理学特点,以进一步增强对该病的认识和诊断能力.方法 2例患者均行CT和(或)MRI平扫,例2另加MRI增强扫描.2例均行实验室血清生化及钙、磷和甲状旁腺素等检查,例2行腰椎穿刺及脑脊液检查;均经手术切除相关囊性病灶并行组织病理学检查.结果 CT平扫2例均见脑内广泛钙化并伴囊性灶(例1位于右额叶、右尾状核旁;例2位于左顶叶、左丘脑).MRI增强扫描囊性灶边缘示轻度环状强化.组织病理学示囊壁小血管变形呈血管瘤样改变,伴玻璃样变性、钙化及含铁血黄素沉积;周围脑组织血管见纤维素样坏死伴腔内血栓形成,呈小动脉炎改变;脑组织部分变性伴胶质增生、Rosenthal纤维形成及出血.实验室生化检查各指标均正常.例2腰穿示颅内压增高(350 mm H_2O,1 mm H_2O=0.0098 kPa).结论 LCC的首发年龄及症状各异,其影像学上的钙化形态及分布不对称.脱髓鞘及血管源性水肿可能共同参与了脑白质异常信号的改变.