重型颅脑损伤并多系统器官衰竭13例

1990年 10月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月我院共收治小儿颅脑损伤2 87例 ,其中 13例并多系统器官衰竭 (占 4 .5 % ) ,现报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料　男 8例 ,女 5例 ;年龄 2～ 13岁 ,平均 7.5岁。受伤后至入院时间 0 .5～ 2ｈ。二、受伤情况　交通事故伤 9例 ,坠落伤 3例 ,打击伤 1例。三、临床表现　入院时ＧＣＳ评分 3～ 4分 3例 ,～ 6分 6例 ,～ 8分 4例。头颅ＣＴ示弥散性脑挫裂伤、脑水肿 5例 ,硬膜下、硬膜外血肿 4例 ,颅内多发血肿、原发脑干损伤各 2例。并失血性休克 3例 ,四肢骨折 5例 ,血气胸 8例 ,肝、肾损伤各 2例。四、治疗方法　所…     

去骨瓣减压术在儿童重型颅脑损伤中的应用及研究进展

儿童颅脑损伤是引起儿童创伤死亡和致残的首位危险因素.多数颅脑损伤为轻中度损伤,预后相对良好.重型颅脑损伤(severe TBI,sTBI)是指心肺复苏后格拉斯哥昏迷指数(glasgow coma scale,GCS)评分≤8分的颅脑外伤,常常会导致患儿死亡或残疾.外科常采用去颅瓣减压术(decompressive craniectomy,DC)治疗TBI患儿,通过去除部分颅骨,使脑实质不再受限于骨腔,通过增加脑容积来降低颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP),从而改善脑灌注压力(cerebral perfusion pressure,CPP),并降低发生大脑中线移位、脑干压缩和脑疝的概率:然而DC通常不是首选策略而是作为辅助治疗手段用于临床.本文就DC的优缺点及其在儿童重症颅脑外伤中的应用和研究进展进行探讨.     

小儿危重病例评分法在婴幼儿重症肺炎中的应用

目的正确评估婴幼儿重症肺炎的严重程度,指导重症肺炎的诊治。方法应用小儿危重病例评分法对218例婴幼儿重症肺炎进行评分。结果0~70分属极危重病例,共33例,占15.1%;70~80分属危重病例,共59例,占27.0%;80~100分属非危重病例,共126例,占57.9%;评分值越低病情越重,患儿病死率越高;住院期间共进行4次评分,病情好转,评分上升,高分值病例数的百分比不断增加;并进行器官功能衰竭的评估,其评分越低,发生多器官功能衰竭的病例越多,累及器官数越多。结论小儿危重病例评分法可准确判断婴幼儿重症肺炎病情轻重,并对动态观察病情,指导治疗,预测预后有非常重要的作用。     

小儿危重病例评分法在婴幼儿重症肺炎中的应用

目的正确评估婴幼儿重症肺炎的严重程度，指导重症肺炎的诊治。方法应用小儿危重病例评分法对218例婴幼儿重症肺炎进行评分。结果0～70分属极危重病例，共33例，占15．1％；70～80分属危重病例，共59例，占27．0％；80～100分属非危重病例。共126例，占57．9％；评分值越低病情越重，患儿病死率越高；住院期间共进行4次评分，病情好转，评分上升，高分值病例数的百分比不断增加；并进行器官功能衰竭的评估，其评分越低，发生多器官功能衰竭的病例越多，累及器官数越多。结论小儿危重病例评分法可准确判断婴幼儿重症肺炎病情轻重，并对动态观察病情，指导治疗，预测预后有非常重要的作用。     

新生儿急性生理学评分与危重病例评分在新生儿疾病诊治中的应用

目的探讨新生儿急性生理学评分(SNAP)与危重病例评分在新生儿疾病诊治中的应用。方法选择2007年入住我科的新生儿,于住院24h内同时应用两种评分系统进行评分,对不同疾病患儿根据得分情况分为非危重、危重、极危重,比较两种评分结果中危重与极危重所占比例,分析两种评分方法在判断住院新生儿不同疾病的危重程度是否存在差异。结果研究期间共收治3768例新生儿。SNAP评出危重患儿1960例,极危重患儿414例,共58.1%;危重评分评出危重患儿1978例,极危重患儿406例,共58.3%,两种方法差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在对各器官系统功能判定方面差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论两种评分系统均能准确判断新生儿疾病的危重程度。     

异丙酚在婴幼儿唇裂修复术麻醉中的应用

异丙酚是一种短效静脉麻醉药 ,因其起效快 ,消除迅速 ,可控性强 ,麻醉恢复速度快 ,且清醒质量高 ,术后恶心呕吐少 ,近年来广泛地用于全麻诱导和维持。近年我们将异丙酚用于婴幼儿唇裂修补术麻醉 14例 ,疗效满意 ,现报道如下。资料与方法一、一般资料　本组 14例 ,3～ 6个月 6例 ,7～ 11个月 8例 ,男 3例 ,女 11例。体重 4.6～ 12ｋｇ ,单侧唇裂 8例 ( 2例腭裂 ) ,双侧唇裂 6例 ( 4例腭裂 )。唇裂程度Ⅱ度 9例 ,Ⅲ度5例 ,均为择期手术 ,修复采用Ｔｅｎｎｉｓ方法。手术时间 90～180ｍｉｎ ,平均 13 0ｍｉｎ ,异丙酚 45～ 3 5 0ｍｇ。二、麻醉…     

大剂量维生素C在新生儿再灌注损伤中的应用

观察了大剂量维生素Ｃ（ＶｉｔＣ）用于新生儿再灌注损伤的疗效。结果ＶｉｔＣ１ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）的疗效明显优于０．５ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）。前者首次用药后患儿血清丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）明显减少，总超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）明显增加（Ｐ＜０．００１），血液酸度无明显变化（ｐＨ：Ｐ＞０．１，ＨＣＯ３－：Ｐ＞０．０５，ＢＥ；Ｐ＞０．１）。而后者首次用药后患儿血清ＭＤＡ无明显减少（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＳＯＤ虽明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），但增加的幅度明显低于前者，提示ＶｉｔＣ作为自由基清除剂治疗新生儿再灌注损伤时，剂量以１ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）为宜。     

损伤控制外科技术在小儿严重胸部创伤急救中的应用

目的 探讨损伤控制外科技术(damage control surgery,DCS)在小儿严重胸部创伤急救中的应用疗效.方法 回顾性分析我科应用损伤控制外科技术救治的10例严重胸部创伤的小儿患者与常规外科手术治疗的5例胸部外伤小儿患者临床资料,分为DCS组和对照组.比较两组患者术前创伤严重程度评分(ISS)及复苏期患者体温、血pH值、PT值和血氧饱和度值变化情况.结果 术前DCS组和对照组ISS评分分别为24.28±6.43和23.54±5.96,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);复苏期体温变化两组分别为(37.04±0.62)℃和(36.46±0.94)℃,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),DCS组体温变化更趋于平稳;DCS组和对照组复苏期血pH值分别为7.38±0.10和7.26±0.07、PT值分别为21.34±5.20和29.82±6.25和血氧饱和度值分别为(96.43±4.38)％和(90.18±3.25)％,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患儿术后康复情况比较,DCS组明显优于对照组.结论 对于严重胸部创伤的小儿患者采用损伤控制外科手术处理效果明显优于传统常规手术,在挽救生命的同时对促进术后患儿康复亦起着重要作用.     

腹膜透析在婴幼儿急性肾功能衰竭中的应用

<正>腹膜透析是抢救儿童急性肾功能衰竭(简称急性肾衰)的重要方法之一,相对于血液透析,腹膜透析有着对血容量影响小、无需常规抗凝等优势,故在婴幼儿急性肾衰治疗中成为首选方法[1]。我院对15例婴幼儿急性肾衰采用了腹膜透析治疗,现总结如下。     

急性脑损伤患儿下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子水平的变化

目的 探讨急性脑损伤患儿下丘脑神经元促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)分泌水平的变化.方法 选择我院儿科监护病房51例颅内感染和11例非颅内感染脑损伤患儿为研究对象,用Glasgow评分对其脑损伤严重程度进行评估,用放射免疫法测定脑脊液中CRF水平与血清中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和白细胞介素(IL)-6水平.结果 颅内感染组和非颅内感染组患儿的Glasgow评分差异无统计学意义(P=0.302 6),颅内感染组患儿的脑脊液中CRF浓度低于非颅内感染组(P＜0.01),TNF-α、IL-6水平高于非颅内感染组(P＜0.01,P＜0.001).与Glasgow评分为6～7分的患儿相比,Glasgow评分为4～5分的患儿脑脊液CRF及血清TNF-x和IL-6水平显著增加(P＜0.05,P＜0.001).结论 颅内感染组和非颅内感染组患儿脑脊液中CRF水平是变化的,这可能与TNF-α、IL-6和低氧应激刺激脑损伤患儿下丘脑CRF神经元分泌有关.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the changes of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) levels secreted by hypothalamus neuron in children with acute brain injury. Methods Fifty-one intracranial-infection children with brain injury and 11 intracranial-noninfection children with brain injury were chosen from pediatric intensive care unit of our hospital. Severities of their brain damage were evaluated by Glasgow score,and CRF level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results There was no significant difference of Glasgow scores between the intracranial infection group and intracranial-noninfection group ( P = 0. 302 6 ), CSF CRF level of intracranial infection group was significantly lower than that of intracranial-noninfection group ( P ＜ 0. 01 ), serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels of intracranial infection group were significantly higher than those of intracranial-noninfection group ( P ＜ 0. 01,P ＜0. 001 ). As comparing to the children with Glasgow score of 6 ～ 7, the levels of CSF CRF and serum TNF-α and IL-6 in children with Glasgow score of 4 ～ 5 were significantly increased ( P ＜ 0. 05, P ＜ 0. 001 ).Conclusion CSF CRF level of the children with acute brain injury is changing, which may be concerned with the secretion of hypothalamus CRF neuron stimulated by TNF-α, IL-6 and hypoxia stress in children with brain injury.     

影响小儿重型颅脑损伤预后的危险因素分析

目的分析各种危险因素对小儿重型颅脑损伤预后的影响。方法用寿命表分析，单变量和多变量分析等统计学方法分析年龄、损伤类型、颅骨骨折、颅内血肿、反射消失、癫痫、脑肿胀／脑水肿、格拉斯哥昏迷计分（GCS）、低血压、低氧血症等因素对预后的影响。结果91例患儿，死亡31例（34．1％），死亡大多发生在伤后1周以内，预后与原发性损伤的严重程度有关，GCS记分是影响预后的最主要因素，GCS记分5～8分者88．9％存活，而GCS小于5分者仅14．3％存活；伤后6个月时的致残率为23．1％。单变量分析发现癫痫大发作（P〈0．0001）、多发性损伤（P=0．0112）、反射消失（P〈0．0001）、外伤后急性弥漫性脑水肿／脑肿胀（P〈0．0001）是影响预后的因素，年龄、颅骨骨折和颅内血肿对预后的影响无统计学意义。用Cox模型进一步分析发现治疗前的反射消失、外伤后急性弥漫性脑水肿／脑肿胀是影响预后的最主要因素（P〈0．0009），年龄、颅骨骨折、颅内血肿对预后无影响。结论原发性反射消失、GCS记分是预测预后的最好指标，脑水肿／脑肿胀是影响预后的最主要因素。所以，为了改善患儿的预后，应将颅脑损伤患儿的治疗重点放在预防和减低脑肿胀／脑水肿上。     

脑电图背景在早产儿脑损伤中的应用及评价

目的探讨脑电图(EEG)背景活动在早产儿脑损伤中的应用价值。方法选择2008年11月至2010年10月我院新生儿重症监护病房诊断为脑损伤的早产儿为病例组,分为轻度脑损伤组(包括脑室内出血Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,脑室周围白质软化Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级)和重度脑损伤组(包括脑室内出血Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,脑室周围白质软化Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级),同期选择无脑损伤的早产儿为对照组,各组早产儿均于生后3～28天进行EEG测试,比较各组脑电图结果以及脑损伤程度与EEG结果的相关性。结果重度脑损伤组(11例)和轻度脑损伤组(56例)最大背景抑制间期、非连续背景活动暴发间隔时间、交替性背景活动期最长暴发间隔时间和暴发段振幅均值、静态睡眠期持续慢波睡眠振幅、清醒期振幅等均高于对照组(93例),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且重度脑损伤组高于轻度脑损伤组(P<0.05)。生后4周内EEG异常程度与脑损伤程度正相关(r=0.727,P<0.05)。病例组随访53例,轻度脑损伤组EEG恢复率明显高于重度脑损伤组(88.4%比50.0%,P<0.05)。结论脑损伤程度越重的早产儿EEG背景改变越明显,脑电图背景活动应用于早产儿脑损伤,能客观评价脑功能发育状态。     

急性脑损伤患儿下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子水平的变化

Objective To explore the changes of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) levels secreted by hypothalamus neuron in children with acute brain injury. Methods Fifty-one intracranial-infection children with brain injury and 11 intracranial-noninfection children with brain injury were chosen from pediatric intensive care unit of our hospital. Severities of their brain damage were evaluated by Glasgow score,and CRF level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results There was no significant difference of Glasgow scores between the intracranial infection group and intracranial-noninfection group ( P = 0. 302 6 ), CSF CRF level of intracranial infection group was significantly lower than that of intracranial-noninfection group ( P ＜ 0. 01 ), serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels of intracranial infection group were significantly higher than those of intracranial-noninfection group ( P ＜ 0. 01,P ＜0. 001 ). As comparing to the children with Glasgow score of 6 ～ 7, the levels of CSF CRF and serum TNF-α and IL-6 in children with Glasgow score of 4 ～ 5 were significantly increased ( P ＜ 0. 05, P ＜ 0. 001 ).Conclusion CSF CRF level of the children with acute brain injury is changing, which may be concerned with the secretion of hypothalamus CRF neuron stimulated by TNF-α, IL-6 and hypoxia stress in children with brain injury.     

Effect of an early intervention programme on low birthweight infants with cerebral injuries

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of an early intervention programme (EIP) on low birthweight infants with cerebral injuries. METHODS: Subjects were 23 high-risk low birthweight infants (periventricular leukomalacia 15, intraventricular haemorrhage 5, both 3) receiving care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Nagasaki University Hospital. Subjects were randomly assigned to the EIP group (n = 12) or the control group (n = 11). Participants in the EIP group received a Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale (NBAS)-based intervention combined with developmental support designed to enhance the infants' development and the quality of the parent-infant relationship. The control group received routine medical nursing care without the EIP. The EIP began prior to discharge from the NICU and lasted until 6 months of corrected age. All children were examined on the NBAS preintervention and again at 44 weeks postconceptional age. Maternal anxiety status (STAI) and maternal feelings of confidence in dealing with her baby (LCC) were measured pre and postintervention. Mental and motor development was assessed postintervention using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development. RESULTS: Orientation and State Regulation of infant behavioural profiles, the STAI and LCC scores significantly improved in the EIP group (mean difference (95% CI): Orientation 0.7 (0.4, 1.1), State Regulation 0.9 (0.3, 1.5), STAI -5.5 (- 9.1, -1.9, LCC 5.3 (4.2, 6.5)), but not in the control group. Bayley mental developmental index (MDI) score in the EIP group was higher than in the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (mean difference (95% CI): MDI 8.5 (- 0.8, 17.8), PDI 6.7 (- 1.9, 15.4)). CONCLUSION: The EIP has beneficial effects on neonatal neurobehavioural development and maternal mental health of low birthweight infants with cerebral injuries. This evidence suggests that short-term changes in maternal mental health and infant neurobehaviour promoted by an EIP may serve to initiate a positive interaction between parents and infants.     

Effects of the home environment on unintentional domestic injuries and related health care attendance in infants

AIMS: To examine the effects of the home environment on unintentional domestic injuries and related health care attendance in infants from deprived families. METHODS: Ten mechanisms that caused unintentional domestic injury during the first year were investigated in a population-based study of 1-year-old children in southern Brazil. Odds ratios of injury-related health care attendance were estimated by number of injury mechanisms reported. Variation in number of mechanisms (in the whole sample) and odds ratios of care attendance (in children with reported injuries) were estimated for socioeconomic and psychosocial variables. RESULTS: Among all children (394) 86% had injuries; 10.9% care attendance and 0.5% hospitalisation were reported, and 14.5% presented dental trauma. Injury-related care attendance increased with the number of injury mechanisms (linear trend OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.09-1.66). In multivariable linear regression, injury mechanisms increased with the number of home hazards (p = 0.047) and decreased with duration of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.039), maternal involvement-responsiveness (p = 0.037) and mother's paid work (p = 0.018). Injury-related health care attendance among children with reported injuries was positively associated with maternal involvement-responsiveness (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.11-4.67) and home organization (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.09-4.65). CONCLUSION: Injury control can benefit from policy and practice that improve housing, reduce home hazards and promote breastfeeding, maternal bonds, safety practices and injury care.     

输血对贫血早产儿脑血流动力学及脑损伤的影响研究

目的 初步探讨输血对贫血早产儿脑血流动力学及脑损伤的影响.方法 采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以2012年10月至2013年9月入住我院新生儿重症监护病房、胎龄≤34周且出生1周后接受输血治疗的贫血早产儿为研究对象,运用便携式超声诊断仪测定输血前与输血后各24 h内大脑前动脉（ACA）、大脑中动脉（MCA）的5个血流动力学参数,包括收缩期峰流速（Vs）、舒张末期血流速度（Vd）、平均血流速度（Vm）、搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）.运用二维超声观察输血前24 h及输血后1周内头颅超声变化.结果 本研究共纳入40例早产儿,输血后ACA的Vs、RI较输血前降低[Vs：（46.0＆#177;10.8） cm/s比（50.6＆#177;10.9） cm/s,RI：（0.79＆#177;0.10）比（0.84 ＆#177;0.13）,P＜0.05],Vm、PI、Vd输血前后差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;MCA各血流动力学参数与ACA血流动力学变化趋势基本一致,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;输血后89.3％的早产儿脑损伤较前无变化或减轻,10.7％的早产儿输血后出现脑室周围-脑室内出血或出血程度较前加重.结论 输血可影响早产儿大脑血流动力学,以ACA最为显著.输血可能对早产儿脑损伤产生影响.     

6家医院147例脑损伤早产儿的多中心随访报告

目的：在中华医学会儿科学分会新生儿学组的发起下,国内十余家三级甲等医院于2005年1月始进行了为期20月的《早产儿脑损伤》多中心协作研究。该文报告其中6家医院对脑损伤早产儿临床随访的调查结果。方法：2005年1月至2006年8月期间,6家医院对在新生儿早期诊断为脑室内出血（IVH）和脑室周围白质软化（PVL）的早产儿出院后进行定期随访,综合体格、神经系统、智力测试及头颅B超随访结果,将早产儿列为正常、边缘水平及发育不良。结果：6单位147例脑损伤早产儿中,IVH 141例,PVL 36例,其中30例合并IVH＋PVL。总评价结果呈正常为51.4％,呈边缘水平或发育不良分别为38.4％和10.7％。头围、身长、体重均落后者占13.4％;脑瘫发生频率在I级PVL为 7.1％,II级PVL为28.6％,III级PVL为100％;智力测试显示12.7％呈现发育迟缓;头颅B超结果显示30％呈现脑损伤后遗改变。结论：该多中心调查数据可基本反映我国主要大城市脑损伤早产儿短期预后状况,约10％脑损伤早产儿呈现体格、运动及智能发育不良预后。期待各单位继续对更多脑损伤早产儿进行长期跟踪随访,尤其宜关注围学龄期及青春期可能发生的行为问题。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（3）：166-172］     

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随着我国医学科学的进步和新生儿重症监护水平的提高,超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)的抢救成功率也在逐年上升,如何保证ELBWI从宫内至宫外的平稳过渡,适时合理地提供类似于宫内的营养,使其达到理想的生长状态,成为新生儿科医生面临的挑战。     

婴幼儿急性颅脑损伤临床分析

目的 探讨3岁以下婴幼儿急性颅脑损伤的特点.方法 回顾性分析49例3岁以下婴幼儿急性颅脑损伤资料,临床主要表现为:抽搐、呕吐、前囱门隆起紧张,意识障碍,局灶性神经系统体征,贫血及呼吸紊乱窘迫.分为三组:轻度颅脑损伤(19例),中度颅脑损伤(22例),重度颅脑损伤(8例),头颅CT显示:①均有颅内出血,包括急性、亚急性硬膜下血肿(SDH)和蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH),最常见出血部位为大脑镰,小脑幕及大脑凸面;②伴局灶性或弥漫性(大面积)脑实质低密度.多发生在6个月以下的婴幼儿,伴大面积低密度灶患儿多预后不良.结果按GOS预后评级,良好39例,中残6例,重残2例,死亡2例.结论 婴幼儿生理特点有其特殊性,依据婴幼儿急性颅脑损伤的特点,早期采取积极有效的治疗措施,可降低病死率及致残率,婴幼儿神经系统修复能力强,与成人相比多预后良好.