多次烧烤对钛——瓷结合强度影响的实验研究

〕为了考察多次烧烤对钛—瓷结合强度的影响，对低温瓷在纯钛表面烧烤２、４、６及８次后的钛—瓷剪切结合强度作了测量，并对钛—瓷界面进行了分析。剪切试验表明，烧烤２、４、６及８次的钛—瓷剪切结合强度无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。但界面分析结果显示，随着烧烤次数的增加，界面区元素扩散带宽度也随之增宽     

铸钛表面多结构层对钛瓷结合的影响

目的研究铸钛表面多结构层对钛瓷结合产生的影响。方法采用电子探针界面分析及剪切强度测试的方法，考察了钛瓷界面的结合状况及结合强度。结果铸钛表面多结构层组（Ｒ１）的钛瓷界面出现裂隙，界面区元素扩散带宽度为２９０３μｍ，剪切强度为２９４５ＭＰａ；去除多结构层铸钛组（Ｒ２）及锻钛组（Ｒ３）的钛瓷界面结合紧密、无裂隙，界面区元素扩散带宽度分别为６９０μｍ和７．０１μｍ，剪切强度分别为５２７５ＭＰａ和４８３２ＭＰａ。统计学结果表明，Ｒ１组剪切强度和元素扩散带宽度与Ｒ２、Ｒ３组比较，差异均有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论铸钛件表面烤瓷前，应先去除其表面多结构层。     

钛表面烤瓷的预氧化处理工艺研究

目的：考察预氧化处理工艺是否适合钛－瓷修复。方法：采用剪切实验法测试在未预氧化处理（Ｒ１），３００℃（Ｒ２）、５００℃（Ｒ３）及７００℃（Ｒ４）预氧化处理时钛－氧化处理时钛－瓷结合强度，并用金、相显微镜及电子探针分析各组的钛－瓷界面状况。结果：Ｒ１、Ｒ２、Ｒ３及Ｒ４各组剪切强度值分别为５０．２５±６．５２ＭＰａ、４４．６７±７．０８ＭＰａ、２７．６９±５．２７ＭＰａ和２２．５１±４．９０Ｍｐａ。界面分析表明，各组钛与瓷界面结合紧密、无裂隙，并存在元素扩散带，不同的是各组元素扩散带宽度不一，其规律是Ｒ１＜Ｒ２＜Ｒ３＜Ｒ４。结论：预氧化处理工艺不适合钛－瓷修复。     

含钛镍铬合金金瓷结合性能的研究

目的:研究钛对Ni-Cr-Ti合金金瓷结合强度的影响并探讨其作用机理。方法:采用三点弯曲试验评价Ni-Cr-Ti合金金瓷结合强度,运用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪分析金瓷结合界面。结果:Ni-Cr-Ti合金与瓷的结合强度,显著高于Ni-Cr合金与瓷的结合强度(P<0.001)。SEM观察显示,Ni-Cr-Ti合金与瓷结合紧密。EDS分析显示,Ni-Cr-Ti合金和Ni-Cr合金金瓷界面均存在元素扩散现象,Ni-Cr-Ti合金组Ni、Cr、Ti、Si呈“乙”状单纯扩散型曲线,界面区元素扩散带的宽度为4μm。Ni-Cr合金组Ni、Cr、Sn在界面附近聚集,呈现高峰。界面区元素扩散带的宽度为6μm。结论:Ni-Cr-Ti合金中的添加元素Ti对控制合金表面氧化膜的厚度,改善氧化膜与合金的附着,提高金瓷结合强度有一定作用。     

Ti-75合金与低温瓷的界面研究

考察Ti- 75合金与低温瓷是否存在理化结合。方法　采用金相显微镜及电子探针分析Ti-75合金与低温瓷的界面结合状况。结果　金相显微镜观察发现Ti- 75合金与低温瓷 (TiBond)界面结合紧密、无裂隙 ,并可见低温瓷嵌入Ti- 75合金表面的微凹中。电子探针分析发现低温瓷对Ti- 75合金有良好的浸润作用 ,在界面区可见Ti元素从Ti- 75基体向瓷内扩散 ,Si、K、Na、Al、Sn等元素从瓷中向Ti- 75基体扩散 ,扩散带宽度是 10 .6 0± 1.10 μm。结论　Ti- 75合金与低温瓷存在理化结合。     

钛及钛合金表面烤瓷的实验研究

在纯钛及钛铝钡合金表面，烤作者研制开发的专用低温瓷Ｃｅｒａｔｉｎ。对烤瓷技术的工艺流程进行了介绍，对瓷与钛材结合力作了剪切强度测试和界面区的扫描电镜观察。结果表明，Ｃｅｒａｔｉｎ对纯钛及钛合金均有良好的浸润作用，二者结合紧密。作者认为，随着热加工条件及匹配烤瓷粉的不断完善，钛及钛合金表面烤瓷技术在口腔医学领域将有广泛的临床应用前景。     

烘烤温度对钛接圈与Ni—Cr合金结合界面性能的影响

目的：找出适宜烘烤温度使钛接圈与Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金形成最理想的界面结合。方法：选定６００℃、６５０℃、７００℃、８００℃钛接圈烘烤温度，浇注Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金的结合体。显微硬度计、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪，对钛接圈、结合界面、Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金部进行分析。结果：（１）钛接圈烘烤６００℃、８００℃，铸入Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金，扫描电镜发现有明显的界面反应区。（２）６５０℃、７００℃时铸入Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金，两金属间出现金属－金属接合形成区，该部Ｖｉｃｋｅｒ硬度与Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金、钛接圈硬度差异不大，但也有部分界面反应。（３）能谱分析显示在Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金部、接合部、钛接圈部均有Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｔｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｓｉ等元素，且Ｔｉ元素检出较少。结论：选用钛接圈烘烤温度为６５０℃～７００℃条件下，浇注Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ合金较好，益于种植瓷修复体质量。     

复合纳米金膜技术增强牙科钛瓷结合的基础研究

目的利用离子多层自组装技术在纯钛表面沉积复合纳米金膜并烧结专用钛瓷粉,探讨该技术对钛瓷之间结合强度的影响。方法根据ISO9693要求制备预成纯钛试件20个,沉积纳米金膜为实验组（AuS）;非沉积纳米金膜为对照组（S）,每组10个钛瓷标准试件。运用场发射扫描电镜（FE．SEM）观察钛试件沉积纳米金膜后的表面形态以及钛瓷结合界面的微观形貌。三点弯曲法测定钛瓷结合强度,并进行统计学分析。体视显微镜观察钛瓷界面的断裂模式。电子探针（EMP）检测结合界面上Au元素的分布情况。结果AuS组的钛瓷结合强度（36．24±3．64）MPa明显高于S组的钛瓷结合强度（30．78±3．83）MPa,P〈0．05。FE-SEM观察显示：钛表面沉积纳米金颗粒后形成了均匀、致密的复合纳米金膜。电镜观察结合界面显示,AuS组钛瓷结合界面连续而紧密,体视显微镜观察断裂模式以混合断裂为主;对照组钛瓷结合界面可见明显的裂隙,偶有气泡,断裂模式以界面断裂为主。EMP检测结果显示：结合界面上可见Au元素分布,纳米金颗粒在烧结过程中团聚成簇后沿钛瓷结合界面呈带形分布,在粘接瓷底部呈点状弥散。结论在本研究条件下,纯钛表面沉积复合纳米金膜可显著提高Superporcelain Ti-22专用钛瓷粉与预成纯钛试件之间的结合强度。     

纯钛表面溅射金涂层对两种瓷粉钛-瓷结合强度的影响

目的 探讨纯钛表面溅射金涂层处理对两种钛专用瓷粉结合强度的影响。方法 按ISO9693要求制备纯钛标准试件40个,根据烧结瓷粉的种类（SP：Super Porcelain Ti-22;TC：Triceram）和钛基底片是否溅射金涂层（Au）平均分为4组（AuSP、AuTC、SP、TC组）,每组10个试件。各组试件烤瓷后三点弯曲法测定钛-瓷结合强度,使用SPASS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。体视显微镜观察试件瓷层剥脱后的界面并分析其断裂模式,场发射扫描电镜观察钛-瓷结合界面形貌并进行能谱分析。结果 AuSP组结合强度为（36.32±1.36）MPa,显著的高于SP组（28.91±3.80）MPa（P<0.05）,而AuTC组和TC组两组结合强度无统计学差异（P>0.05）。AuSP组断裂模式主要为混合断裂模式,其余各组均为界面断裂模式。场发射扫描电镜发现溅射金涂层组钛-瓷界面结合紧密,能谱分析显示金涂层组氧元素和钛元素扩散深度均呈明显下降。结论 在本研究条件下,预成纯钛表面溅射金涂层能够抑制氧和钛元素的扩散,提高SP瓷粉的钛-瓷结强度,但是对TC瓷粉的钛-瓷结合强度未见明显效果。     

两种种植材料对龈下优势菌粘附的影响

目的：研究不同龈下优势菌在种植材料表面的粘附特征。方法：通过将两种种植材料纯钛（ＴＡ２）及钛－６铝－４钒合金（ＴＣ４）试件分别与３种单一龈下优势菌Ｓ．ｓ、Ｆ．ｎ、Ｐ．ｇ及其混合菌共同厌氧孵育,采用菌落形成单位（ＣＦＵ）计数法量化测定培养试件表面的细菌粘附量,同时用扫描电镜观察材料表面形貌有细菌粘附情况。结果：ＴＣ４表面的各单一细菌及混合菌粘附量均少于ＴＡ２。结论：从微生态学角度而言,ＴＣ４作为种植     

The effect of thermal cycling on the bond strength of low-fusing porcelain to commercially pure titanium and titanium–aluminium–vanadium alloy

OBJECTIVES: Titanium-ceramic restorations are currently used in spite of the pending problem of titanium-ceramic bonding, which has only been partially solved. In addition, some titanium-ceramic systems appear to be susceptible to thermal cycling, which can cause weaker bond strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bonding characteristics of titanium porcelain bonded to commercially pure titanium (Ti-Cp) or titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy as well as the effect of thermal cycling on bond strength. METHODS: A three-point-flexure-test was used to evaluate the bond strength of titanium porcelain bonded to commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy according to DIN 13.927. To evaluate the effect of thermal cycling on the samples, half were thermal cycled in temperatures ranging from 4 degrees C (+/-2 degrees C) to 55 degrees C (+/-2 degrees C). Results were compared with palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy bonded to conventional porcelain (control). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs were taken to characterize the failed surfaces in the metal-ceramic interface. Anova and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the data at a 5% probability level. RESULTS: Thermal cycling did not significantly weaken the bond strength of porcelain to titanium interfaces. There was no significant difference in bond strength between commercially pure titanium (23.60 MPa for thermal cycled group and 24.99 MPa for non-thermal cycled group) and Ti-6Al-4V groups (24.98 and 25.60 MPa for thermal cycled and non-thermal cycled groups, respectively). Bond strength values for the control group (47.98 and 45.30 MPa, respectively) were significantly greater than those for commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V combinations. SIGNIFICANCE: The bond strength of low fusing porcelain bonded to cast pure titanium or Ti-6Al-4V alloy was significantly lower than the conventional combination of porcelain-Pd-Ag alloy. Thermal cycling did not affect the bond strength of any group.     

Evaluation of shear bond strength at the interface of two porcelains and pure titanium injected into the casting mold at three different temperatures

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Titanium has physical and mechanical properties, which have led to its increased use in dental prostheses despite casting difficulties due to high melting point and formation of oxide layers which affect the metal-ceramic bond strength. PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength of the interface of 2 dental porcelains and pure titanium injected into a mold at 3 different temperatures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using commercially pure (cp) titanium bars (Titanium, Grade I) melted at 1668 degrees C and cast at mold temperatures of 430 degrees C, 700 degrees C or 900 degrees C, 60 specimens were machined to 4 x 4 mm, with a base of 5 x 1 mm. The 4-mm surfaces were airborne-particle abraded with 100 microm aluminum oxide before applying and firing the bonding agent and evaluating the 2 porcelains (Triceram/Triline ti and Vita Titankeramik). Ten specimens were prepared for each temperature and porcelain combination Shear bond testing was performed in a universal testing machine, with a 500-kg load cell and crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The specimens were loaded until failure. The interfaces of representative fractured specimens of each temperature were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Data for shear bond strength (MPa) were statistically analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The results showed significant differences for the metal/porcelain interaction effect (P=.0464). There were no significant differences for the 2 porcelains (P=.4250). The Tukey test showed a significant difference between the pair cp Ti 430 degrees C Triceram and cp Ti 900 degrees C Triceram, with respective mean values and SDs of 59.74 +/- 11.62 and 34.03 +/- 10.35 MPa. CONCLUSION: Triceram porcelain showed a bond strength decrease with an increase in the mold temperature for casting titanium. The highest bond strength for Vita porcelain and the best metal-ceramic interface observed with the SEM were found with the mold temperature of 700 degrees C.     

4种纯钛专用瓷粉对钛瓷结合强度的影响

目的：探讨4种钛瓷粉对钛瓷结合强度的影响。方法：分析Super Ti22、Duceratin、Titankermik、Ti-bond4种钛瓷粉的化学组成和瓷粉粒度,制备4种瓷粉的钛瓷试件并利用三点弯曲测试其钛瓷结合强度。利用电镜观察各组钛瓷结合界面并进行元素分析。结果：4种瓷粉粒度分布不均,化学成分差异较大。4种瓷粉钛瓷结合强度均达到IS09693标准,其中Super Ti22、Duceratin瓷粉钛瓷结合强度明显高于另2组（P〈0．05）。电镜观察,Super Ti22组和Duceratin组钛瓷结合紧密,无明显孔隙出现,其余2组可见明显孔隙。结论：Super Ti22、Duceratin瓷粉更有利于钛瓷结合。     

The marginal fit of porcelain veneers on titanium copings: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the cervical microleakage of titanium copings veneered with 3 porcelain-based materials with that of titanium copings veneered with 2 indirect polymeric materials. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Commercially pure, grade 2 titanium was veneered with 3 porcelain systems specially designed for fusing on titanium: Ti22 (Noritake), Triceram (Esprident), and Vitatitankeramik (Vita). Additionally, 2 polymeric materials were used for veneering titanium: Chromasit and Targis (Ivoclar). Four veneer crowns for each titanium-veneer combination were obtained. After storing the specimens in basic fuchsin, the microleakage between titanium and veneer in the cervical area was assessed by measuring the extent of dye penetration within the interface. ANOVA and post hoc statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Chromasit exhibited the highest mean microleakage score (3 +/- 0.816). The least mean microleakage at the interface was recorded for Ti22 porcelain (0 +/- 0.0), followed by Triceram (0.25 +/- 0.50), Vitatitankeramik (0.75 +/- 0.957), and Targis (1.5 +/- 1.732). Only the differences between each porcelain system and Chromasit were significant (P <.05). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, there was no significant microleakage between titanium copings and the porcelain veneers, regardless of the porcelain system. The microleakage between titanium and the polymeric materials depended on the veneering material. Leakage was significantly higher when Chromasit was used.     

遮色瓷中结晶相对钛—瓷结合强度的影响研究

目的初步确定自行研制的镧系钛烤瓷专用遮色瓷的适宜组分,探讨组分及钛-瓷界面微观结构、离子扩散机制与结合强度的关系.方法采用纯钛金属、Vita钛瓷及镧系钛烤瓷遮色瓷粉制作棒盘试件,测试钛-瓷间的剪切结合强度,运用扫描电子显微镜及电子探针,从微观水平及相关元素性质方面分析界面性质.结果不同结晶相比例的镧系瓷与钛的结合强度值差异具有显著性(P＜0.05),La2258瓷的钛瓷结合强度最高,为37.76 MPa;扫描电子显微镜显示La2258瓷的钛瓷界面结合紧密无缝隙,电子探针显示钛-瓷界面出现Si、Sn元素积聚及向钛基体的不同程度扩散.结论化学组成相同的瓷粉,各成分的配比不同,与钛的结合强度不同.     

遮色瓷中结晶相对钛-瓷结合强度的影响研究

目的:初步确定自行研制的镧系钛烤瓷专用遮色瓷的适宜组分,探讨组分及钛)瓷界面微观结构、离子扩散机制与结合强度的关系。方法:采用纯钛金属、Vita钛瓷及镧系钛烤瓷遮色瓷粉制作棒盘试件,测试钛)瓷间的剪切结合强度,运用扫描电子显微镜及电子探针,从微观水平及相关元素性质方面分析界面性质。结果:不同结晶相比例的镧系瓷与钛的结合强度值差异具有显著性(P<0105),La2258瓷的钛瓷结合强度最高,为37176 MPa;扫描电子显微镜显示La2258瓷的钛瓷界面结合紧密无缝隙,电子探针显示钛)瓷界面出现Si、Sn元素积聚及向钛基体的不同程度扩散。结论:化学组成相同的瓷粉,各成分的配比不同,与钛的结合强度不同。     

激光焊接影响铸造钛与瓷结合的实验研究

目的研究激光焊接对铸造钛与瓷结合的影响。方法铸造纯钛试件分为焊接组和对照组,每组10根。焊接组试件从中间断开,激光焊接后,在焊缝区周围烤瓷。对照组试件中间部分烤瓷,作为对照。X射线能谱分析钛-瓷结合界面元素。采用三点挠曲实验测量钛-瓷结合强度,扫描电子显微镜观察钛-瓷分离面。结果X射线能谱分析显示钛-瓷界面有钛、硅、铝等元素相互扩散。焊接组和对照组试件的钛-瓷结合强度分别为(46·85±0·76)MPa、(41·71±0·55)MPa,经t检验,差异无统计学意义(P>0·05)。扫描电子显微镜观察钛-瓷分离面,显示钛、瓷从不同的层面发生分离。结论激光焊接后铸造钛与瓷的钛-瓷结合没有发生改变。     

RG实验低熔瓷与钛的结合性能分析

目的　测试作者自行研制的RG实验低熔瓷与钛的结合性能。方法　铸造 1 0mm×5mm× 1 4mm钛片 5个 ,于钛片表面依次熔附RG实验遮色瓷和牙本质瓷总厚度 1mm。采用扫描电镜观察钛瓷界面形貌并做能谱分析。采用铸造法制备 2 8mm× 3mm× 0 5mm的NiCr合金试件6个 ,纯钛试件 1 8个。于NiCr合金试件中份 8mm× 3mm处熔附 1mmVita常用瓷 ;钛试件分为 3组 ,每组 6个 ,于试件中份 8mm× 3mm处分别熔附 1mmRG实验低熔瓷、VITATITANKERAMLK瓷和NoritakesuperporcelainTi 2 2瓷。在实验机上采用 3点弯曲法测试金瓷分离时的载荷。采用金瓷修复体制作方法制作RG实验钛瓷冠。结果　扫描电镜观察发现遮色瓷与钛之间无明显缝隙存在 ,遮色瓷与钛之间存在一个约 1 μm过渡层 ,能谱分析发现该过渡层的主要化学元素为Ti、Si、O。NiCr合金 VITA瓷试件的分离加载为 (1 2 733± 3 2 97)N ,钛 VITATITAN、钛 Noritake瓷试件和钛 RG实验瓷的分离加载分别为 (7 2 33± 2 539)N、(5 533± 1 1 99)N和 (6 31 6± 1 433)N。经统计检验 ,3种钛瓷试件之间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5) ;而 3种钛瓷样本的分离加载均明显低于NiCr合金与瓷的分离载荷 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1 )。钛瓷冠瓷面完整无裂纹。结论　RG瓷与钛具有良好的结合     

The effects of the multiple structural layer of Ti-cast on bond of porcelain fused to titanium]

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of the multiple structural layer of Ti-cast on the bond of porcelain fused to titanium. METHODS: The interfacial state and bond strength of porcelain-titanium were observed by EPM analysis and a shear test. RESULTS: The results showed cracks were observed in the interface of porcelain-titanium in R1 (the group of multiple structural layer of Ti-cast), but there were no cracks in the interface of porcelain-titanium in R2 (the group of removed multiple structural layer from Ti-cast) and R3 (the group of wrought titanium). The width of elemental diffusion layer of R1, R2 and R3 were 29.03 microns, 6.90 microns and 7.01 microns respectively. The shear bond srength of R1, R2 and R3 were 29.45 MPa, 52.75 MPa and 48.32 MPa respectively. There were significant difference in the width of elemental diffusion layer and shear bond strength between R1 and R2, R3 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This investigation indicates that the multiple structural layer of Ti-cast should be removed before firing of porcelain.