抗骨质疏松症的单味中药及药用植物研究进展

综述了近年来用于治疗骨质疏松症的常用单味中药及药用植物的研究进展以及机制,希望能为新药开发及中药走向世界提供帮助。     

Anti-influenza agents from plants and traditional Chinese medicine

Influenza is a serious threat to health in all parts of the world. The control and treatment of influenza depends mainly on chemical or biochemical agents and, to date, some anti-influenza agents have been isolated from plants as a result of chemical and pharmacological studies. These agents include a variety of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, glucosides and alkaloids. Traditional medicine focuses on the use of herbs and traditional Chinese medicine has performed well in clinical practice and shows a potential in the therapy of influenza and its symptoms. The present paper reviews some constituents and extracts from plants and traditional Chinese medicine with anti-influenza activity.     

Screening of some Somalian medicinal plants for antidiarrhoeal effects in mice

Aqueous extracts of 10 plants, used in Somalian traditional medicine for treatment of diarrhoeal diseases, have been screened for effects against cholera toxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion in mice. Two extracts inhibited the hypersecretion more than 50% (compared to a control group, receiving saline). For two extracts the effect did not differ significantly from the controls. The rest of the extracts showed inhibiting activities ranging from 25% to 43%.     

Antibacterial activity of some Moroccan medicinal plants

The extracts of 12 plants selected on the basis of the folk-medicine reports were examined for their antibacterial effects against eight pathogenic bacteria. The n-butanol extract of Calotropis procera flowers and the aqueous extract of Eugenia caryophyllata proved to be the most effective against the bacteria tested.     

Abortifacient activity of some Nigerian medicinal plants

The abortifacient effects of five plant species commonly used by Nigerian traditional birth attendants to achieve relatively painless delivery, hasten fetal delivery and evacuate retained placenta were investigated. Aqueous extracts of the plants were prepared and screened pharmacologically using isolated smooth muscle preparations and pregnant animals. The extracts were also subjected to toxicological and phytochemical studies. The extracts contracted isolated uterine smooth muscle preparation and potentiated oxytocin-induced responses of the uterus. In the whole animal, the extracts caused expulsion of fetuses in the third trimesters of pregnancy. These results appear to justify their traditional uses.     

Screening of some Tanzanian medicinal plants for their trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities

The objective of the present study was to evaluate in vitro antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities of crude extracts of 20 traditionally used medicinal plants of Tanzania. A total of 40 extracts (dichloromethane and methanol) were screened for antiproliferative activity of bloodstream form of T. b. brucei and human leukaemia HL‐60 cell. Inhibition of cell proliferation was assessed using resazurin as vital stain. Of the 40 extracts tested, the dichloromethane extract from bark of Warburgia salutaris (Canellaceae) exhibited the most potent antitrypanosomal activity with an IC₅₀ value of 10.68 μg/ml. A dichloromethane extract from Lannea stuhlmannii (Anacardiaceae) was found to be the most cytotoxic extract against HL‐60 (IC₅₀ = 27.15 μg/ml). Out of the 20 plants tested, 5 plants exhibited trypanocidal activity with IC₅₀ values below 20 μg/ml. These 5 plants: Entandrophragma bussei (Meliaceae), Securidaca longepedunculata (Polygalaceae), Warburgia salutaris (Canellaceae), Zanha africana (Sapindaceae) and Zanthoxylum chalybeum (Rutaceae) could therefore serve as sources of lead compounds for treatment of trypanosomiasis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

吉尔吉斯斯坦传统药用植物概况

吉尔吉斯斯坦为中国毗邻的中亚国家,地理环境和气候条件特殊,植物种类繁多。通过对两国具有相同分布的药用植物在各自传统医学中的不同使用进行比较,整理出吉尔吉斯斯坦具有独特分布的药用植物的使用情况;同时,对其境内植物药的研究与开发、应用情况进行了调查,为推动两国开展传统药用植物研究、开发与合作提供依据。     

药用植物基因工程的研究进展

虽然伴随着一定的质疑,但基因工程技术在现代农业中的应用显示了其在应对粮食短缺等全球性问题上的出色作用和巨大潜力。药用植物同样面临着资源匮乏、生长环境恶化、种质衰退等一系列问题,使药用植物传统种植和采集模型受到极大的挑战。基因工程技术由于可以赋予传统植物新的特性从而给药用植物的发展带来了希望和曙光。基因工程技术可以用来提高药用植物的抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂的能力,提高药用植物的产量,增加药用植物中活性物质的含量,改善药材的品质等方面,有利于药用植物的大面积种植和保护。在发展药用植物基因工程过程中,转基因药用植物的安全性也应受到重视,在充分认识到药用植物特殊性的基础上建立一套科学的,适用于转基因药用植物的安全性评价体系和判断标准,促进转基因技术在药用植物领域健康、可持续发展。在保证安全性的前提下,使基因工程技术的优势在药用植物研究和应用中得到充分的利用。     

Antiplasmodial agents from the Bhutanese medicinal plant Corydalis calliantha

The alkaloidal components of the Bhutanese medicinal plant Corydalis calliantha Long, which is used for the treatment of malaria, have been assessed. Four known alkaloids, protopine (1), scoulerine (2), cheilanthifoline (3) and stylopine (4) are reported from this plant for the first time. The protopine alkaloid, protopine, and the tetrahydroprotoberine alkaloid, cheilanthifoline, showed promising in vitro antiplasmodial activities against Plasmodium falciparum, both wild type (TM4) and multidrug resistant (K1) strains with IC₅₀ values in the range of 2.78–4.29 µm . Such activity had not been demonstrated previously for cheilanthifoline. The results thus support, at a molecular level, the clinical use of this plant in the Bhutanese traditional medicine and identified cheilanthifoline as a potential new antimalarial drug lead. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research progress of Chinese herbal medicine compounds and their bioactivities: Fruitful 2020

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have continued to be a treasure trove. The study of chemodiversity and versatility of bioactivities has always been an important content of pharmacophylogeny. There is amazing progress in the discovery and research of natural components with novel structures and significant bioactivities in 2020. In this paper we review 271 valuable natural products, including terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, nitrogen containing compounds and essential oil, etc., isolated and identified from TCMs published in journals of Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs (Zhong Cao Yao) and Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs), and focus on their structures, source organisms, and relevant bioactivities, paying special attention to structural characteristics of novel compounds and newly revealed pharmacological properties of known compounds. It is worth noting that natural products with antitumor activity still constitute the primary object of research. Among the reported compounds, two new triterpenoids, i.e., ursolic acid 3-O-β-cis-caffeate and mollugoside E, display remarkable cytotoxicity against PC-9 and HL-60 cell lines, respectively. Three known phenolic compounds, i.e., pyoluteorin, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamaldehyde and 3,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy-1,4-phenanthrenequinone, exhibit significant cytotoxicity against multiple cell lines. Numerous studies on the free radical scavenging activity of reported compounds are currently underway. In vitro, three known phenolic compounds, i.e., 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, 3,4,5-O-tricaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester and arbutin, had more considerable antioxidant activities than vitamin C. The anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective and antimicrobial activities of isolated compounds are also encouraging. The structural characteristics and bioactivities of TCM compounds highlighted here reflect the enormous progress of CHM research in 2020 and will play a positive role in the future drug discovery and development. According to pharmacophylogeny, the phylogenetic distribution of compounds with different natures and flavors can be explored, with view to better mining TCM resources.     

Screening of some African medicinal plants for antiulcerogenic activity: Part 1

Aqueous extracts of six plant species used in Cameroonian ethnomedicine for the relief of stomach complaints were tested for antiulcer activity. An HCl/EtOH solution was used to induce gastric lesions in male Wistar rats (140–190 g). The extracts of Voacanga africana, Eremomastax speciosa, Emilia praetermissa, Spilanthes filicaulis and Centella asiatica produced complete mucosal cytoprotection at a dose of 1000, 190, 500, 2000 and 500 mg/kg respectively. The extract of Clerodendrum splendens (500, 750, 1000 mg/kg) showed significant (p <0.01) dose-dependent cytoprotection (50%–75%) compared with the controls. A combination of C. asiastica and S. filicaulis (1:1) (250–500 mg/kg) did not reveal the therapeutic advantage of combining both plant extracts in the clinical management of stomach ulcers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Screening of some kenyan medicinal plants for antibacterial activity

Eleven medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Machakos and Kitui District were screened, namely: Ajuga remota Benth, Aloe secundiflora Engl, Amaranthus hybridus L, Cassia didymobotrya Fes, Croton macrostachyus Del, Entada leptostachya Harms, Erythrina abyssinica DC, Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv, Schkuhria pinnata O. Ktze, Terminalia kilimandscharica Engl and Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst for potential antibacterial activity against four medically important bacterial strains, namely: Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Micrococcus lutea ATCC 9341 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts was determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The plant extracts were more active against Gram‐positive (G+) than Gram‐negative (G?) bacteria. The positive controls were streptomycin and benzylpenicillin for G? and G+ bacteria, respectively, both had a significant MIC at <1 mg/mL. The most susceptible bacteria were B. cereus, followed by M. lutea, while the most resistant bacteria were Ps. aeruginosa, followed by E. coli. The present study supports the use of these plants by the herbalists in the management of bacterial ailments. H. abyssinica and T. kilimandscharica showed the best antibacterial activity; hence these plants can be further subjected to phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Screening of some indigenous Qatari medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity

Aqueous, ethanol and butanol crude extracts of the aerial parts of ten plants exhibited variable degrees of antimicrobial activity against four bacterial and two fungal species. Aqueous extracts had low antimicrobial activity against E.coli, P.aeruginosa, B. cerreus, S.aureus, C.albicans and A.flavus. Avicennia marina (AM) aqueous extract exhibited a moderate antifungal activity. Ethanol and butanol crude extracts exhibited an improved antimicrobial activity. However, butanol exhibited a superior antimicrobial activity compared with aqueous and ethanol crudes. Compared with the standard antibiotics tested the butanol extract had the highest activity. Butanol extracts at 2000 microg/disc of AM, Lotus halophilus (LA), Pulicaria gnaphaloides (PG) and Capparis spinosa (CS) had a very good antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as moderate to good antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. flavus. Medicago laciniata (ML), Limonium axillare (LA) and (PG) butanol crude extract compared with standard chloramphenicol, tetracycline and nalidixic acid exhibited a superior antifungal activity.     

Investigation of ethnomedicinal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills in India

The tribals residing in Satpuda hills are illiterate, socio-economically backward and still depend on medicinal plants for healthcare and for treatment of various diseases. The objective of the present study was to investigate ethnomedicinal claims of some distinctive medicinal plants utilized by Pawara tribal in the Satpuda hills. Methodology used to investigate ethnomedicinal claims include seasonwise field visits, collection of information from tribal medicine men (Badwa), patients and elderly person in and around study area. Similar use of plants told by minimum three Badwas were taken into consideration and cross-checked with eight elderly persons having traditional knowledge of plants and two to five patients who received treatment from Badwa. Present investigation revealed that tribals are regularly using 52 species of plants belonging to 36 families to cure diseases like skin disorders, burn, diarrhea, jaundice, mouth ulcer, fever, joint pain, abdominal pain, migraine, menstrual problems, urinary problems, wounds, dog bite, as anthelmintic and abortifacient. The study revealed 14 new ethnomedicinal uses of plants not reported previously in the literature and could help to find out new lead compounds for welfare of mankind under present day patent regime. Medicinal plant knowledge gained from tribals would be very useful for pharmacognosists and pharmacologists.     

Antimalarial activity of extracts and alkaloids isolated from six plants used in traditional medicine in Mali and Sao Tome

Methanol and chloroform extracts were prepared from various parts of four plants collected in Mali: Guiera senegalensis (Gmel.) Combretaceae, Feretia apodanthera (Del.) Rubiaceae, Combretum micranthum (Don.) Combretaceae, Securidaca longepedunculata (Fres.) Polygalaceae and two plants -collected in Sao Tome: Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Myristicaceae and Morinda citrifolia (Benth.) Rubiaceae were assessed for their in vitro antimalarial activity and their cytotoxic effects on human monocytes (THP1 cells) by flow cytometry. The methanol extract of leaves of Feretia apodanthera and the chloroform extract of roots of Guiera senegalensis exhibited a pronounced antimalarial activity. Two alkaloids isolated from the active extract of Guiera senegalensis, harman and tetrahydroharman, showed antimalarial activity (IC(50) lower than 4 microg/mL) and displayed low toxicity against THP1. Moreover, the decrease of THP1 cells in S phase of the cell cycle, after treatment with harman and tetrahydroharman, was probably due to an inhibition of total protein synthesis.     

藏医学药用报春花科植物药材品种与标准整理研究

对藏医学中药用报春花科植物的品种、基原及标准状况进行了分析整理。结果表明,相关文献记载的藏医学药用的报春花科植物共有3属44种(含变种),涉及以藏文名计药材品种17个,以汉文名计药材24个,与中药交叉使用品种1种;在我国现行各级药材标准中收载的藏文名药材6个,涉及原植物6种,分别占35%,14%;收载汉文名药材品种7个,涉及原植物7种,分别占30%,16%。在藏药的标准和文献中,药材的藏文名、藏文音译汉文名及汉文名用字以及其原植物物种存在着较大的差异,质量控制方面仅有性状、显微鉴别等项规定,标准极不完善。通过文献考证、资源和使用现状调查,结合现代药学研究规范藏药材的名称和基原,提高规范化和标准化程度,确保药材质量稳定可控和临床用药安全有效,以促进藏医药产业技术进步。     

我国药用植物化感作用研究进展

介绍化感作用在药用植物研究中的重要性及意义,分析了药用植物产生化感作用的原因,综述药用植物中存在的化感物质种类及其化感作用研究方法,同时阐述了其化感作用产生的机制,并对药用植物化感作用研究中存在的主要问题进行了深入剖析,在此基础上指出药用植物化感作用研究需要加强的方向。     

Pharmaceutical resource discovery from traditional medicinal plants: Pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics

The worldwide botanical and medicinal culture diversity are astonishing and constitute a Pierian spring for innovative drug RD. Here, the latest awareness and the perspectives of pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics, as well as their expanding utility in botanical drug RD, are systematically summarized and highlighted. Chemotaxonomy is based on the fact that closely related plants contain the same or similar chemical profiles. Correspondingly, it is better to combine morphological characters, DNA markers and chemical markers in the inference of medicinal plant phylogeny. Medicinal plants within the same phylogenetic groups may have the same or similar therapeutic effects, thus forming the core of pharmacophylogeny. Here we systematically review and comment on the versatile applications of pharmacophylogeny in(1) looking for domestic resources of imported drugs,(2) expanding medicinal plant resources,(3) quality control, identification and expansion of herbal medicines,(4) predicting the chemical constituents or active ingredients of herbal medicine and assisting in the identification and determination of chemical constituents,(5) the search for new drugs sorting out, and(6) summarizing and improving herbal medicine experiences, etc. Such studies should be enhanced within the context of deeper investigations of molecular biology and genomics of traditional medicinal plants, phytometabolites and metabolomics, and ethnomedicine-based pharmacological activity, thus enabling the sustainable conservation and utilization of traditional medicinal resources.     

Acute toxicity and mutagenic activity of Mexican plants used in traditional medicine

The present work was undertaken to determine safety parameters of selected Mexican medicinal plants chosen on the basis of their frequency of medicinal use and commercial importance. The medicinal herbs included Amphipteryngium adstringens, Hintonia standleyana, Hintonia latiflora, Piper sanctum, Haemathoxylon brasiletto, Iostephane heterophylla, Valeriana procera, Arracacia tolucensis, Brickellia veronicaefolia, Scaphyglottis livida, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticum porteri, Poliomintha longiflora and Gnaphalium sp. In the acute toxicity studies in mice performed according to the Lorke procedure, Exostema caribaeum, Hippocratea excelsa, Ligusticum porteri and Poliomintha longiflora were the most toxic with LD(50) values between 1085 and 2mg/kg. The Ames test revealed that Gnaphalium sp. and Valeriana procera extracts induced mutations of S. typhimurium TA98 with or without the S9 microsomal fraction, and TA100 in the presence of the enzymatic fraction, respectively. The tincture of Valeriana procera, however, was non-mutagenic. Finally, in the Artemia salina lethality test Brickellia veronicaefolia, Arracacia tolucensis, Poliomintha longiflora and Piper sanctum caused significant mortality of the crustacean larvae with LC(50) in the range of 37-227 microg/mL.     

The in vitro antioxidative activity of some traditional Zulu medicinal plants

Methanol extracts prepared separately from the roots, stems and leaves of four traditional Zulu medicinal plants (Rhoicissus digitata, R. rhomboidea, R. tomentosa and R. tridentata) were tested for their antioxidant activity. The extracts of R. rhomboidea and R. tridentata inhibited the activities of the 1, 1'-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl free radical, xanthine oxidase, and also prevented production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and free radical mediated DNA sugar damage. The extracts had a strong chelating effect on Fe(2+) ions. R. digitata and R. tomentosa extracts, however, possessed some prooxidative properties at high concentrations. In view of these results, it is apparent that the antioxidative activity of these Zulu medicinal plants plays an important role in the healing of the various diseases that they are used for.