SHR鼠颈上交感神经节内NPY的差异表达研究

目的　通过对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）颈上神经节形态学及其内神经肽酪氨酸（NPY）表达变化的研究,探讨NPY在高血压发生发展中的作用。 方法　随机选取成年SHR和WKY各20只,观测颈上交感神经节的位置、形状、大小及重量,采用Real-time PCR技术和免疫组织化学法,检测两组大鼠颈上神经节内NPY mRNA和蛋白的表达。 结果　与同周龄的WKY组大鼠相比较,SHR组大鼠血压明显升高（P<0.05）;Real-time PCR和免疫组化结果显示：SHR颈上神经节内NPY mRNA和蛋白水平均较WKY增加（P<0.05）。 结论　NPY在基因转录和蛋白表达等方面均较WKY上调,并参与高血压的形成。     

自发性高血压大鼠蓝斑核超微结构的研究

用5只雄性自发性高血压大鼠作为实验组，另2只正常血压雄性大鼠作为对照组。常规电镜技术处理后，观察、拍照并计数每个电镜视野内的有关结构，比较两组蓝斑核神经元超微结构的特点。结果：在两组的蓝斑核神经元内均可见到大量的细胞器和胞质内含物：高尔基复合体、线粒体、粗面内质网、神经分泌颗粒、膜下囊泡和棘器，实验组比对照组多且发达，其中后三者尤为显著；神经毯内两组的突触类型均以GrayⅠ型（不对称型）为主，但实验组的突触前膨大内圆形清亮突触小泡（S型）和致密核芯颗粒突触小泡（g型）较多，平行性突触、连续性突触及嵴突触等特殊形态的突触实验组亦多于对照组。结果提示：自发性高血压的形成与蓝斑核神经元超微结构的功能活动和结构变化密切相关，在高血压时，蓝斑核有较多的神经无处于兴奋状态，而正常血压的调节和维持则有赖于蓝斑核神经元兴奋和抑制状态的平衡。     

豚鼠肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞超微结构的立体学研究

本文运用立体学方法,对正常成年脲鼠肾上腺髓质嗜铬细胞的超微结构进行了定量分析。主要的计量结果是:细胞平均体积714μm~3;细胞核平均体积167μm~3;线粒体、溶酶体、粗面内质网、光面内质网(包括高尔基体)和胞质颗粒泡的体积密度((?)v)分别为0.082、0.0045、0.013、0.024和0.23μm~3/μm~3;线粒体、溶酶体及颗粒泡的数密度(N_v)分别是0.89、0.11和59.98个μm~3;细胞膜及线粒体外膜的而积密度((?)v)各为0.87和0.90μm~2/μm~3;颗粒泡的平均直径((?))为144 nm。此外,对3个小颗粒嗜铬细胞进行了单独计量,其胞质颗粒泡的平均直径为97 nm;细胞膜的面积密度(Sv)为1.57μm~2/μm~3,与普通嗜铬细胞相比有高度显著性差异(P<0.01)。     

重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肾上腺病理及超微结构变化

目的:观察重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠肾上腺皮质的病理和超微结构变化。方法:采用5%牛磺胆酸钠逆行胰管注射法建立SAP模型,分别于术后3、12、24h测定血淀粉酶,观察胰腺、肾上腺皮质病理变化,透射电镜观察12h肾上腺皮质束状带细胞超微结构。结果:SAP造模成功后,血淀粉酶、胰腺病理评分进行性升高。3h时肉眼见肾上腺包膜轻度水肿,并逐渐加重,24h最为明显;3h肾上腺组织出现血窦扩张,12h可见肾上腺组织水肿、腺体结构轻度破坏、少量炎性细胞浸润,24h肾上腺皮质部分细胞变性及出血性坏死,腺体结构破坏严重;12hSAP大鼠肾上腺皮质束状带细胞超微结构损伤和分泌功能降低等改变。结论:随着SAP病情进展,肾上腺组织病理及超微结构损害加重。肾上腺功能减退可能与其病理、超微结构损伤有关。     

自发性高血压大鼠甲状旁腺的超微结构

应用电镜技术对Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠和自发性高血压大鼠甲状旁腺的超微结构进行了观察，与１月龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠相比，同龄的自发性高血压大鼠甲状旁腺主细胞内分泌颗粒减少。与５月龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠相比，自发性高血压大鼠甲状旁腺主细胞内空泡样小体增加，并且观察到一种胞质内富含空泡样小体的新型细胞，该细胞的出现，可能与高血压的发生有关。     

自发性脑卒中高血压大鼠大脑中动脉超微结构的病理改变

目的：观察双肾双夹型肾血管怀高血压大鼠（ＲＨＲ）大脑中动脉超微结构及平滑肌层面积与中膜总面积之比的动态变化。方法;双肾双夹法建立ＲＨＲ模型,分别于７ｄ、３０ｄ、６０ｄ处死动物、透射电镜观察,并用体视学技术进行定量分析。结果：（１）透射电镜观察,高血压组７ｄ内弹务膜略增厚,中膜平滑肌细胞略有肥大,无明显结构性破坏３０ｄ内皮细胞有伪足伸入内弹力膜,中膜平滑 支数稍增多,排列较紊乱,胞体增大,细胞间隙增     

新鲜和冷冻贮存的肾上腺髓质组织大鼠脑内移植的比较

用6-羟多巴胺损毁大鼠一侧黑质制成帕金森病模型后,在尾状核头部分别移植新鲜的或以每min降低1～2℃的降温速率冷冻贮存的肾上腺髓质组织。术后两实验组动物由阿朴吗啡(apomorphine)诱发的旋转行为较术前有不同程度改善,与对照组相比有显著性差异;两实验组相比较,接受新鲜组织移植组动物平均改善程度优于冷冻贮存移植物组,但无统计学意义。新鲜移植物组移植物荧光强度高于冷冻贮存组,统计学处理两组差异也无显著性。两实验组移植物细胞形态和染色特性无明显不同。     

新生大鼠腰交感神经节凋亡细胞的电镜观察

目的 :观察出生后早期大鼠腰交感神经节细胞凋亡超微结构变化特点。方法 :大鼠按出生后 1d、1w、2w和3w分组 ,取L3、L4交感神经节常规超薄切片 ,铅轴染色 ,透射电镜观察。结果 :1d 2w组腰交感神经节内可见到明显的神经节神经细胞胞体凋亡和突起的退变 ,同时可观察到包绕上述突起的雪旺细胞也发生凋亡。早期凋亡细胞的超微结构特点为核染色质在核膜下的凝集。结论 :出生后早期部分腰交感神经节神经细胞因未能与其靶区建立联系而凋亡 ,随后包绕凋亡神经细胞突起的雪旺细胞也发生凋亡。     

自发性高血压大鼠血浆一氧化氮浓度的变化

目的　观察自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR)血浆NO浓度的变化 ,探讨NO与高血压发生发展的关系。方法　颈总动脉插管测定大鼠血压 ,硝酸银还原法测定SHR血浆中NO的含量。结果　 (1)血压变化 :各时期WKY大鼠血压无显著性差异 ;高血压组大鼠血压随着月龄增加逐渐升高 ,均明显高于WKY大鼠 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )血浆NO浓度的变化 :WKY大鼠血浆NO浓度各时期无显著性差异 ;高血压组大鼠血浆NO浓度在 3m、6m时间点明显高于WKY大鼠 ,但在 12m时间点却较WKY大鼠明显降低 (P<0 0 1) ,同组内与 3m、6m时间点比较亦显著减少 (P <0 0 1)。相关分析显示 ,在 3m、6m时间点高血压大鼠血浆NO浓度与血压之间呈正相关 (P <0 0 1) ,在 12m时间点与血压呈负相关 (P <0 0 1)。结论　随着高血压发生和发展 ,血浆NO升高 ,而在高血压后期 ,NO的变化不明显 ,这种变化可能与高血压的发生发展有关。     

Preganglionic fibres of the adrenal medulla and cervical sympathetic ganglia: differential involvement during experimental American trypanosomiasis in rats

The acute phase of experimental Chagas' disease in rats is associated with early lesions of the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals of the heart, the varicosities being the target. In the superior cervical and stellate ganglia the preganglionic fibres showed no signs of lesion in the course of experimental Chagas' disease. In the adrenal medulla, however, the acute phase of the Trypanosoma cruzi infection induced a clear rarefaction of the acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibres (20 and 32 days after infection). Recovery of the normal pattern occurred in most animals by day 125 after infection. At days 20, 32 and 46 after infection, electron-microscopic studies demonstrated the occurrence of damage in cholinergic nerve terminals contacting the chromaffin cells. The signs of damage included dense bodies, clumps of synaptic vesicles and filaments, rarefaction of all organelles, vacuoles and irregular contour. The ultrastructural peculiarities of the sympathetic ganglia may explain the ganglionar microenvironment protective against the hazardous factors elicited by acute Chagas' disease.     

Age-related structural characteristics of the adrenal medulla in hypertensive NISAG rats

Structural characteristics of the adrenal medulla in hypertensive NISAG rats (hereditary stress-induced arterial hypertension) were studied during various periods of postnatal ontogeny. Signs of hyperplasia of the adrenal medulla were most pronounced in adult hypertensive animals with persistent arterial hypertension, as well as during the period of late ontogeny. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 142, No. 12, pp. 604–606, December, 2006     

同种肾上腺移植后组织学和超微结构观察

实验观察了切除Ｗｉｓｔａｒ鼠双侧肾上腺，植一枚同种新生鼠肾上腺于肾被膜下１～７ｗ后的腺体组织学和超微结构变化。移植后１ｗ，腺体中央出现坏死，周围细胞变性，被膜下有分化程度低的细胞和皮质细胞。移植后７ｗ，球状带、束状带和网状带细胞区分明显，束状带细胞中含有大量分泌颗粒。结论：移植的新生鼠肾上腺在成年体内经历了变性、坏死、再生的过程。     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡自愈期间肾上腺髓质神经肽Y、5羟色胺及嗜铬颗粒素A免疫阳性细胞的变化

目的:探讨大鼠实验性胃溃疡自愈期间肾上腺髓质神经肽Y(NPY)、5羟色胺(5-HT)及嗜铬颗粒素A(CgA)免疫阳性细胞的变化。方法:免疫组织化学方法显示阳性细胞并用病理图像分析系统软件做面密度分析。结果:溃疡组NPY阳性细胞面密度于术后4d升高,术后6、10d降低;溃疡组5-HT阳性细胞面密度于术后4d增高,6d达高峰;溃疡组CgA阳性细胞面密度于术后4、6、10、14d低于正常组。结论:肾上腺髓质NPY、5-HT及CgA阳性细胞可能直接或间接参与大鼠实验性胃溃疡修复的调节。     

肾血管性高血压大鼠尾壳核NPY阳性神经元的变化

目的 :研究易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠尾壳核 NPY阳性神经元的变化。方法 :雄性 SD大鼠 6 0只 ,随机分为两组 (n=30 )。手术组用单肾单夹法复制高血压模型 ,假手术组手术过程同手术组 ,但不上银夹。于术后 7d,30 d,90 d处死动物 ,取脑 ,用 ABC免疫组化方法对大鼠尾壳核 NPY阳性神经元进行定量分析。结果 :假手术组尾壳核 NPY阳性神经元密度随年龄增加而减少 ,而手术组 NPY阳性神经元密度先减少 ,再增加 ,后保持不变。手术组和假手术组 NPY神经元密度相比 ,早期两组间无显著差异 ;中期手术组小于假手术组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;晚期 ,手术组大于假手术组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :NPY阳性神经元在高血压的发生、发展过程中起一定调控作用。     

The role of the adrenal medulla in cardiovascular responses to hypertonic saline in haemorrhaged conscious rats

The aim of this study was to determine if the adrenal medulla plays a role in mediating haemodynamic effects of hypertonic saline (HTS) resuscitation during haemorrhagic hypotension in conscious rats. Wistar-Kyoto rats were either adrenomedullectomized (ADMX, n = 11) or sham-operated (SHAM, n = 10) and implanted with intravascular catheters. Pre-haemorrhage resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lower in the ADMX than in the SHAM group. Haemorrhage was performed by withdrawal of blood through the venous catheter, and a MAP of 50 mmHg was maintained for 1 h by further withdrawal when necessary. Both groups responded to haemorrhage with marked bradycardia. Plasma adrenaline (A) rose 10-fold in response to hypotension in the SHAM group, while remaining at pre-haemorrhage levels in the ADMX group, indicating successful adrenal demedullation. Infusion of 2.0 ml kg^-1 HTS (NaCl 8.0 mg ml^-1 i.v.) produced an immediate increase in MAP and heart rate (HR) in both groups, to pre-haemorrhage values or higher. Plasma noradrenaline (NA) increased in both groups after HTS, while the high levels of A in the SHAM group slowly returned toward baseline. Plasma glucose and rate of haemodilution was higher in the SHAM group during and after hypotension. The maintenance of MAP above 60 mmHg was less effective in the SHAM group during the first 2 h after HTS, but after 24 h, pre-haemorrhage MAP was established in both groups. In conclusion, the adrenal medulla does not play a major role in the response to HTS resuscitation.     

Convergence of noxious and non-noxious cutaneous afferents and baroreceptor afferents onto single adrenal sympathetic neurons in anesthetized rats

Single units of the adrenal sympathetic nerve (n = 46) were dissected and characterized with respect to tonic discharge and response to cutaneous and baroreceptor stimulation. The frequency of tonic discharge averaged 1.6 Hz and cardiovascular rhythmic modulation was observed in 53% of the units. The stimuli employed in the present study included phenylephrine-induced increases in blood pressure and pinching or brushing of lower chest skin. Mean unit activity increased 27% on lower chest pinching stimulation, decreased 12% on lower chest brushing stimulation and decreased 62% on phenylephrine-induced baroreceptor stimulation. Although there was a tendency for units with higher tonic firing frequency to have a greater response to stimulation, this relationship was not significant for pinching or brushing of lower chest skin. The close correlation between tonic activity and response to phenylephrine was explicable on the basis of a near total depression of many units, which resulted in a larger decrease in firing frequency for units with initially high spontaneous discharge rates. As might be expected, units with cardiovascular rhythmicity manifested greater responses to baroreceptor activation. This correlation was independent of tonic rate of discharge since rhythmic and non-rhythmic units did not significantly differ in tonic activity. While a majority of units responded in a typical fashion to all three stimuli (i.e. with increases to pinching and decreases to brushing and phenylephrine administration), there was little correlation between the response magnitude of individual units to any two of the stimuli employed. We conclude, therefore, that most adrenal sympathetic units receive convergent reflex input from cutaneous noxious and non-noxious afferents as well as from baroreceptor afferents, although for any individual unit the quantitative significance of each input varies.     

颈背根节神经元异位自发放电增强诱致大鼠慢性颈椎根性痛的作用机制研究

目的:建立慢性压迫颈背根神经节诱致的颈椎根性痛(cervical radiculopathic pain,CRP)模型,观察颈背根节神经元产生异位自发放电诱致颈椎根性痛的作用。方法:采用体重为100~150 g的成年SD大鼠,在椎间孔内植入L型不锈钢钢柱形成慢性压迫C7/C8背根节,建立颈椎根性痛模型。用Von Frey细丝刺激大鼠前足足底来检测机械痛敏。用热辐射刺激仪刺激大鼠前足足底来检测热痛敏,其热缩足反射潜伏期由自动计时器读出。用丙酮刺激大鼠前足足底来观察冷刺激反应级别;同时检测大鼠前足肌肉的瞬间肌力;进行在体C7/C8 DRG背根纤维胞外电生理记录。结果:(1)CRP大鼠损伤侧前足表现出对机械刺激、热刺激以及冷刺激明显的痛觉过敏现象。(2)在C7/C8 DRG慢性压迫损伤后有62.7%的神经元发生异位自发放电,而对照组只有22.5%的神经元发生自发放电。与对照组相比,CRP组发生异位自发放电的比例明显增加。受损神经元的自发放电呈现三种不同的放电模式,即阵发性放电,周期性放电以及非周期性放电。结论:我们通过对C7/C8 DRG神经元施加稳固的慢性机械压迫建立了一个新的CRP模型,CRP大鼠表现出明显的痛行为学过敏反应。这种痛觉过敏可能由受损DRG神经元异位自发放电增强介导。