SHR鼠颈上交感神经节内NPY的差异表达研究

目的　通过对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）颈上神经节形态学及其内神经肽酪氨酸（NPY）表达变化的研究，探讨NPY在高血压发生发展中的作用。 方法　随机选取成年SHR和WKY各20只，观测颈上交感神经节的位置、形状、大小及重量，采用Real-time PCR技术和免疫组织化学法，检测两组大鼠颈上神经节内NPY mRNA和蛋白的表达。 结果　与同周龄的WKY组大鼠相比较，SHR组大鼠血压明显升高（P<0.05）；Real-time PCR和免疫组化结果显示：SHR颈上神经节内NPY mRNA和蛋白水平均较WKY增加（P<0.05）。 结论　NPY在基因转录和蛋白表达等方面均较WKY上调，并参与高血压的形成。     

寒冷应激对大鼠肾上腺髓质亨廷顿蛋白相关蛋白1表达的影响

目的 探讨亨廷顿蛋白相关蛋白1(HAP1)在大鼠肾上腺髓质的超微结构定位,以及寒冷应激对大鼠肾上腺髓质HAP1表达的影响. 方法 成年雄性Wistar大鼠14只,2只用于免疫电镜研究,12只用于寒冷实验研究.寒冷实验中,将动物随机分为对照组和寒冷组,每组6只,寒冷组动物放置4℃环境下,12h后用免疫组织化学和Western blotting方法 检测大鼠肾上腺髓质HAP1表达的变化. 结果 免疫电镜结果 显示,HAP1免疫反应产物分布在肾上腺髓质细胞分泌颗粒外膜及分泌颗粒间的膜性细胞器上.寒冷组大鼠肾上腺髓质HAP1的表达明显减少,和对照组比较有显著性差异( P <0.01). 结论 HAP1可能与肾上腺髓质细胞内分泌颗粒及位于分泌颗粒内的肾上腺素/去甲肾上腺素的运输和释放有关.     

复圣散对高脂大鼠脑缺血再灌后脑内NPY含量及其mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨脑缺血后内源性缩血管活性肽神经肽Y(NPY)的变化规律以及中药复圣散对其影响。方法:通过高脂饮食喂养复制食饵性高脂血症大鼠,在此基础上采用反复脑缺血再灌流手术造成大鼠脑损伤模型,以放免法测定高脂大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑内NPY含量的动态变化,并运用原位杂交技术观察模型组大鼠脑组织NPYmRNA表达模式。结果:脑缺血再灌后1d模型组大鼠脑内NPY含量比正常对照组高51.86%(P＜0.05),并持续至术后7d,且NPYmRNA表达上调,而复圣散预防和治疗性给药组大鼠脑内NPY含量明显少于同期模型组(P＜0.05);同时,复圣散预防和治疗组大鼠脑内NPYmRNA表达下调。结论:提示脑缺血性损伤与脑内NPY释放失衡密切相关,而中药复圣散对脑内神经肽Y含量有一定的调节作用,推测这可能是该方防治脑血管病的主要作用机制之一。     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡自愈期间肾上腺髓质神经肽Y、5羟色胺及嗜铬颗粒素A免疫阳性细胞的变化

目的:探讨大鼠实验性胃溃疡自愈期间肾上腺髓质神经肽Y(NPY)、5羟色胺(5-HT)及嗜铬颗粒素A(CgA)免疫阳性细胞的变化。方法:免疫组织化学方法显示阳性细胞并用病理图像分析系统软件做面密度分析。结果:溃疡组NPY阳性细胞面密度于术后4d升高,术后6、10d降低;溃疡组5-HT阳性细胞面密度于术后4d增高,6d达高峰;溃疡组CgA阳性细胞面密度于术后4、6、10、14d低于正常组。结论:肾上腺髓质NPY、5-HT及CgA阳性细胞可能直接或间接参与大鼠实验性胃溃疡修复的调节。     

高血压合并糖尿病大鼠心肌毛细血管内皮细胞超微结构及eNOS的变化

目的:探讨高血压合并糖尿病(DM)对心肌毛细血管内皮细胞超微结构及内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)表达的影响。方法:自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)及SD大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)结合高能量饲料诱导DM模型。分为4组:正常SD大鼠组(SD组)、SHR组、单纯DM组(DM组)与自发性高血压合并DM大鼠组(SHDM组)。电镜观察各组心肌毛细血管内皮细胞超微结构,免疫组化法测定各组eNOS在毛细血管内皮细胞的表达。结果:SHR、DM和SHDM组心肌毛细血管超微结构明显改变,包括内皮细胞水肿,细胞膜向管腔内呈指状突起,管腔狭窄、不规则等,这些现象在DM组与SHDM组更明显。与SD组比较,SHR组基底膜稍有增厚,但无显著性差异(31.31±4.19nmvs28.64±3.62nm,P>0.05),而DM组(46.58±5.32nm)和SHDM(51.50±4.62nm)组基底膜显著增厚(与SD及SHR组比较,均P<0.01)。SHDM组心肌组织eNOS表达显著低于SHR组及DM组。结论:高血压与DM共存时对心肌毛细血管内皮细胞超微结构及功能有协同损害作用。     

高血压合并糖尿病大鼠心肌毛细血管周细胞的观察

目的:本研究利用免疫组织化学方法和电镜观察高血压、糖尿病和高血压合并糖尿病对心肌毛细血管周细胞的影响,探讨周细胞在高血压合并糖尿病并发心肌微血管病时的作用。方法:SD大鼠和自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)分别腹腔注射链脲佐菌素结合高能量饲料喂养,复制糖尿病和SHR合并糖尿病模型。动物分为4组:正常SD大鼠组(SD组)、自发性高血压大鼠组(SHR组)、糖尿病组(DM组)与SHR合并DM大鼠组(SHDM组)。16周后透射电镜观察心肌毛细血管周细胞超微结构,α-SMA免疫组织化学染色测定周细胞数量。结果:电镜下,SHR、DM和SHDM组心肌毛细血管周细胞多见,大小不一,胞浆富含细胞器及肌丝,与内皮细胞联系松散。免疫组化结果表明SHR、DM和SHDM组大鼠心肌毛细血管周细胞数均较SD组大鼠显著增多,SHDM组(11.8±3.6)个/视野较SHR组(3.9±1.1)个/视野增多非常显著(P<0.01),但与DM组(10.2±3.3)个/视野比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:高血压合并糖尿病时周细胞表型发生改变,且数量增多,这些变化可能在心肌毛细血管肌化及毛细血管旁纤维化中起重要作用。     

自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉NPY mRNA的表达及其意义

为探讨高血压大鼠脑血管神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)在高血压时期脑血管的神经源性调节作用及其在高血压的发生和发展中的作用,本研究应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫印迹(Western blotting)技术,检测自发性高血压大鼠脑基底动脉NPY mRNA和NPY的表达变化。结果显示:自发性高血压大鼠脑基底动脉NPY mRNA和NPY的表达均较正常血压鼠明显增加。本研究结果提示NPY在自发性高血压大鼠脑血管的神经源性调节以及在高血压的发生和发展中可能起重要作用。     

转化生长因子β_1、Bax多肽在高血压大鼠肾上腺的表达

目的　观察Dahl大鼠肾上腺中转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)、凋亡相关基因Bax多肽表达的动态变化 ,探讨原发性高血压与肾上腺细胞凋亡的关系。方法　应用日本引进的Dahl高血压大鼠 ,SP免疫组织化学方法染色。结果　TGF β1、Bax免疫阳性细胞主要分布于肾上腺髓质 ,阳性反应产物见于细胞质中。TGF β1和Bax的阳性细胞数 ,在盐敏感性高血压 (DahlS)大鼠 ,均随着高血压的进展而有显著提高趋势。结论　TGF β1和Bax在Dahl大鼠肾上腺髓质均有表达 ,随着高血压的病程延长 ,表达逐渐明显升高 ,二者共同作用可能促进髓质细胞凋亡     

循环间歇性低氧对大鼠肾上腺β淀粉样前体蛋白裂解酶1表达的影响

目的观察β淀粉样前体蛋白裂解酶1(BACE1)在大鼠肾上腺的表达和定位,检测循环间歇性低氧(CIH)对BACE1表达的影响。方法采用Western blotting和免疫组织化学法检测BACE1在大鼠肾上腺的表达及定位;16只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组,常氧对照组(control组)和CIH模型组,每组8只。模型制作2周,Western blotting检测各组大鼠肾上腺髓质BACE1和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)蛋白的表达量。结果BACE1主要定位于大鼠肾上腺髓质神经纤维;与control组相比,CIH组大鼠肾上腺髓质BACE1蛋白水平下降,TH蛋白水平升高(P<0.05)。结论BACE1定位于大鼠肾上腺髓质神经纤维;BACE1水平下调可能参与减缓CIH引起的交感神经活性过度增强。     

转化生长因子-β_1在自发性高血压大鼠肾小管的表达及作用

目的:研究转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)肾小管的表达及其与肾小管间质纤维化的关系。方法:以同龄雄性正常血压大鼠(WKY)和SHR为研究对象,监测实验前后大鼠尾动脉血压、肾功能及β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG),并采用免疫组织化学方法检测TGF-β1在肾小管中的表达。结果:同WKY组比较,SHR大鼠组24周时β2-MG显著增高,尾动脉血压显著性增高,尿素氮和血肌酐的差异无显著性意义。TGF-β1在WKY组肾小管的表达无或极微量,而在SHR组肾小管的表达明显,且随高血压病程的进展显著性增加。结论:TGF-β1在SHR肾小管的表达显著增加,提示其可能是致肾问质纤维化的重要因素。     

高原急性缺氧对大鼠交感神经节内TH表达的影响

目的　观察急性高原缺氧大鼠交感神经节内交感神经元细胞超微结构及酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）表达的变化,为探讨TH在高原高血压病发生发展中的作用提供依据。 方法　WKY大鼠随机分为平原对照组（C）、缺氧1d组（H1）、缺氧3d组（H3）、缺氧7d组（H7）4组。应用电镜技术,观察低氧环境下交感神经节内交感神经元细胞超微结构的变化;应用qPCR和Western blot法,研究大鼠交感神经节内TH表达的变化。 结果　与同周龄的C组大鼠相比较,缺氧组大鼠血压明显升高（P<0.05）;qPCR和Western blot结果显示：与同周龄的C组大鼠相比,H1组、H3组大鼠交感神经节内TH表达降低,H7组大鼠TH表达增高（P<0.05）;电镜结果显示：高原低氧环境下交感神经细胞的形态、细胞器的数量和结构均有改变。 结论　急性高原低氧对大鼠交感神经节内交感神经元细胞形态结构存在一定影响,并影响TH表达的变化,从而影响高血压的形成。     

高血压鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y能神经与颈上神经节、星状神经节的关系

目的　探讨高血压鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y能神经与颈上神经节、星状神经节的关系。方法　应用神经节切除术和免疫组织化学ABC法 ,对 16只自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y能神经纤维的分布进行了观察。结果　对照组自发性高血压鼠大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉和基底动脉壁上均可见神经肽Y能阳性纤维 ,纤维似曲线状 ,多呈网状走行 ,密度较高。手术Ⅰ组作双侧颈上神经节切除术 ,脑底主要动脉的阳性纤维明显减少 ;手术Ⅱ组作双侧星状神经节切除 ,脑底主要动脉壁上的阳性纤维明显减少 ;手术Ⅲ组作双侧颈上神经节和星状神经节切除术 ,脑底主要动脉的阳性纤维完全消失。结论　自发性高血压鼠脑底主要动脉的神经肽Y能神经纤维起源于双侧颈上神经节和双侧星状神经节 ,神经肽Y能神经可能在高血压发病中起作用     

运动训练激活中枢ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MAS轴延缓高血压进展

目的:观察运动训练对高血压前期的血压进展、血压调节以及中枢血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)-血管紧张素(Ang)(1-7)-MAS轴的影响,探讨运动训练延缓高血压进展的中枢机制。方法:5周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和正常血压WKY大鼠各20只,随机分成安静组和运动训练组,每组10只。运动组大鼠进行20周中低强度跑台运动。采用尾套法测定大鼠尾动脉收缩压,药物法检测动脉压力反射敏感性(BRS)。Real-time PCR和Western blot分别检测压力反射中枢ACE2和MAS的mRNA和蛋白表达。侧脑室注射MAS受体激动剂Ang(1-7)及拮抗剂A779,检测注药前后的BRS变化。结果:始于高血压前期的运动训练可推迟高血压发生、延缓高血压进展,明显降低SHR和WKY大鼠血压(P0.05),并改善SHR血压调节功能,提高其BRS(P0.01);此处,运动训练可上调SHR压力反射中枢(孤束核、延髓头端腹外侧区和室旁核中)ACE2和MAS的mRNA和蛋白表达(P0.05);中枢给予A779抵消了运动对SHR BRS的改善作用(P0.01),相反,注射Ang(1-7)则增强安静组和运动组SHR的BRS(P0.05)。结论:运动训练延缓高血压前期进展到高血压的进程及改善血压调节作用可能与运动增强中枢ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MAS轴功能有关。     

Re-establishment of neurochemical coding of preganglionic neurons innervating transplanted targets

We investigated the effect on neurochemical phenotype of changing the targets innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. In neonatal rats, the adrenal gland was transplanted into the neck, to replace the postganglionic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion. Transplanted adrenal glands survived, and contained noradrenergic and adrenergic chromaffin cells, and adrenal ganglion cells. Retrograde tracing from the transplants showed that they were innervated by preganglionic neurons that would normally have supplied postganglionic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion. The neurochemical phenotypes of preganglionic axons innervating transplanted chromaffin cells were compared with those innervating the normal adrenal medulla or superior cervical ganglion neurons. As in the normal adrenal gland, preganglionic nerve fibres apposing transplanted chromaffin cells were cholinergic. The peptide and calcium-binding protein content of preganglionic fibres was similar in normal and transplanted adrenal glands. In both cases, cholinergic fibres immunoreactive for enkephalin targeted adrenergic chromaffin cells, whilst cholinergic fibres with co-localised calretinin-immunoreactivity innervated noradrenergic chromaffin cells and adrenal ganglion cells. In contrast to the innervation of normal adrenal glands, these axons lacked immunoreactivity to nitric oxide synthase. In a set of control experiments, the superior cervical ganglion was subjected to preganglionic denervation in rat pups the same age as those that received adrenal transplants, and the ganglion was allowed to be re-innervated over the same time course as the adrenal transplants were studied. When the superior cervical ganglion was re-innervated by preganglionic nerve fibres, we observed that all aspects of chemical coding were restored, including cholinergic markers, nitric oxide synthase, enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcium binding proteins in predicted combinations, although the density of nerve fibres was always lower in re-innervated ganglia. These data show that the neurochemical phenotypes expressed by preganglionic neurons re-innervating adrenal chromaffin cells are selective and similar to those seen in the normal adrenal gland. Two explanations are advanced: either that contact of preganglionic axons with novel target cells has induced a switch in their neurochemical phenotypes, or that there has been target-selective reinnervation by pre-existing fibres of appropriate phenotype. Regardless of which of these alternatives is correct, the restoration of normal preganglionic codes to the superior cervical ganglion following denervation supports the idea that the target tissue influences the neurochemistry of innervating preganglionic neurons.     

Adrenal α2-adrenergic receptors in the aging normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rat

This study investigates α₂-adrenergic receptor (α₂AR) mediated feedback inhibition of catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla of adult (52 weeks) and old (98 weeks) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Adrenal epinephrine content as well as the spontaneous and the nicotinic-evoked release of epinephrine were similar between adult SHR and WKY rats. Aging produced a significant reduction in epinephrine synthesis in WKY rats. In contrast, in SHR aging produced a significant increase in epinephrine release without significant changes in epinephrine synthesis. The α₂AR agonist medetomidine abolished (80–90% inhibition) the nicotinic-evoked release of epinephrine in adult SHR and WKY rats. With aging, this effect was unaltered in WKY rats but was significantly decreased in SHR (30% inhibition). Adrenal α_2AAR mRNA levels were significantly reduced in old SHR compared with age matched WKY rats. In conclusion, in aging the α₂AR mediated feedback inhibition of epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla is preserved in WKY rats but compromised in SHR, resulting in increased epinephrine release.     

自发性高血压大鼠延髓microRNA差异表达分析

目的　探讨自发性高血压大鼠延髓microRNA（miRNA）差异表达谱及其靶基因生物信息学分析。 方法　采用自发性高血压大鼠模型（SHR组）,同周龄SD大鼠为对照组（Control组）。利用miRNA芯片检测大鼠延髓中miRNAs差异表达谱。 结果　与对照组比较,SHR组尾动脉收缩压显著升高（P＜0.0001）;SHR组延髓组织miRNAs有显著差异表达谱,16个miRNAs表达上调和7个miRNAs表达下调（1.5-fold change cutoff, P<0.05）。qRT-PCR验证结果显示,与对照组比较,SHR组延髓miR-153、miR-193及miR-301a表达显著下降,与芯片结果一致。生物信息学分析显示,差异表达miRNAs可能调控2775个靶基因（target score≥83）。这些靶基因主要富集在12个信号通路,包括磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（Phosphatidylinositide3-kinase,PI3K）通路等。 结论　自发性高血压大鼠延髓组织中miR-153、miR-193及miR-301a明显下调,且生物信息学分析提示PI3K通路介导神经炎症可能作为高血压中枢相关差异表达miRNAs调控靶基因介导的主要致病通路。     

Origin and peptide content of nerve fibers in the nasal mucosa of rats

Injection of the retrograde neuronal tracer True blue into the anterior-lateral part of the nasal mucosa of rats labeled nerve cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion and the trigeminal ganglion on the ipsilateral side. In the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion and the trigeminal ganglion on the contralateral side, very few nerve cell bodies were labeled, indicating that these ganglia provide minor contributions only. The number of labeled cell bodies indicates that the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion and the trigeminal ganglion contribute most to the innervation of the nose, while the contribution from the otic ganglion is minor. Cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion harbored noradrenaline (NA) or NA/neuropeptide Y (NPY); in the sphenopalatine ganglion vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or VIP/NPY; in the otic ganglion VIP, VIP/NPY or VIP/substance P (SP) and in the trigeminal ganglion calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or CGRP/SP. The results from denervations and tracer experiments suggest that all NA-containing and the majority of NPY-containing fibers in the nasal mucosa are derived from the superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic nerve supply). VIP- and VIP/NPY-containing fibers originate from the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia (parasympathetic nerve supply). Nerve fibers containing CGRP and CGRP/SP emanate from the trigeminal ganglion (sensory nerve supply).     

自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉NPY-R Y1 mRNA的表达及其意义

目的：探讨自发性高血压鼠脑动脉神经肽Y受体Y1（Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1，NPY-R Y1）在高血压时期脑血液循环的神经源性调节作用，探讨NPY-R Y1在高血压的发生和维持中的作用。方法：应用免疫印迹（Western blotting）技术，观察自发性高血压鼠脑基底动脉NPY-R Y1的表达变化；应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR），以β-actin为内参照基因，检测自发性高血压鼠脑基底动脉NPY-R Y1 mRNA的表达变化；结果：自发性高血压鼠脑基底动脉NPY-R Y1的表达及NPY-R Y1 mRNA的表达均较正常血压鼠明显增加。结论：NPY-R Y1在高血压鼠脑血液循环的神经源性调节以及在高血压的发生和维持中可能起重要作用。