幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白Omp18 免疫优势表位的预测与鉴定

目的:分析预测幽门螺杆菌(Hp)外膜蛋白Omp18 的免疫优势表位,并进一步验证确定其免疫优势片段的免疫原性。方法:通过生物信息学软件DNAStar 分析预测幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白Omp18 的潜在优势表位,并由北京赛百盛基因技术有限公司合成相应的优势片段;片段通过口服免疫的方式免疫接种雌性BALB/ c 小鼠,每周1 次共免疫4 次。末次免疫10 d后处死小鼠,取血清检测IgG、IgA 水平,取肠道灌洗液检测sIgA 水平;取小鼠脾细胞ELISA 法检测细胞上清中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6 水平,并通过MTT 比色法检测脾细胞增殖情况;末次免疫10 d 后Hp 标准株攻击小鼠2 次,4 周后处死小鼠,取胃组织进行快速尿素酶实验,并计算每组的感染率。结果:ELISA 法检测各片段免疫小鼠血清IgG、IgA 以及肠道sIgA 水平均高于对照组,且差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.05);各免疫组脾细胞上清INF-γ、IL-2 水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而IL-4、IL-6水平较对照组则差异无显著统计学意义(P>0.05);MTT 比色法结果显示各片段刺激后小鼠淋巴细胞均有显著增殖(P<0.05);快速尿素酶实验结果提示各片段免疫后均能显著减少小鼠胃组织中Hp 的感染(P<0.05)。结论:通过生物信息学软件分析预测的外膜蛋白Omp18 优势片段均具有较好的免疫原性,且对Hp 感染有一定的保护作用。     

Iron-repressible outer membrane proteins of Helicobacter pylori involved in heme uptake.

Helicobacter pylori is known to be a causative agent of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in humans. The acquisition of iron from the human host may contribute greatly to the virulence of this organism. To study this, H. pylori was cultured under iron-restrictive conditions to induce synthesis of possible iron-regulated outer membrane proteins. This was achieved by the addition of 20% (vol/vol) heat-inactivated newborn calf serum, which contains iron-binding proteins like transferrin and albumin, and no free iron. The newborn calf serum was able to bind free ionic iron in brucella broth culture medium. Electrophoretic analysis of outer membrane preparations from H. pylori cultured under conditions of iron restriction showed several proteins to be present at elevated levels. These appeared to be iron-repressible outer membrane proteins (IROMPs). In addition, IROMPs with molecular sizes of 77, 50, and 48 kDa were isolated by use of hemin-agarose affinity chromatography. These three heme-binding IROMPs might be involved in the uptake of heme from the host and might therefore be important virulence factors of H. pylori.     

Recombinant HpaA purified from Escherichia coli has biological properties similar to those of native Helicobacter pylori HpaA

The aim of this study was to recombinantly produce and purify Helicobacter pylori adhesin A (HpaA) from Escherichia coli and compare it to purified native H. pylori HpaA, for potential use as a vaccine antigen. The hpaA gene was cloned from H. pylori, transferred to two different expression vectors, and transformed into E. coli. Expression of rHpaA was analysed by immunoblot, inhibition ELISA, and semi-quantitative dot-blot. Using affinity chromatography, rHpaA was purified from E. coli and native HpaA from H. pylori. The binding of both purified proteins to sialic acid was analysed and antibody titres to native and rHpaA were compared after intraperitoneal immunisation of C57/Bl mice. The rHpaA protein was highly expressed in E. coli from both vectors. Purified recombinant and native HpaA bound similarly to fetuin but also to the non-sialylated asialofetuin. Both native HpaA and rHpaA induced comparable amounts of specific antibodies in serum after immunisation and they were identical in double immunodiffusion. In conclusion, rHpaA was successfully produced in E. coli. Purified rHpaA showed biological properties similar to those of native HpaA isolated from H. pylori and may therefore be further used as an antigen in the development of a vaccine against H. pylori infection.     

利用小鼠感染模型筛选与鉴定幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白抗原

目的:利用小鼠感染模型筛选与鉴定幽门螺杆菌SS1株的外膜蛋白抗原。方法:提取SS1株的外膜蛋白进行双向电泳,用幽门螺杆菌感染的小鼠血清作免疫印迹实验,将阳性反应蛋白点进行质谱鉴定分析,将肽质量指纹谱数据输入互联网上的蛋白质数据库进行检索。结果:获得32种抗原相关蛋白。通过与已有报道的幽门螺杆菌感染人抗原比较分析,发现大部分典型的保护性抗原在本实验中都可以检测到。结论:幽门螺杆菌感染的小鼠模型适用于人用保护性幽门螺杆菌抗原的筛选;而且此研究中得到的相关抗原蛋白对于寻找与鉴定幽门螺杆菌未知保护性抗原也有参考价值。     

Genotypic profile of the outer membrane proteins BabA and BabB in clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori BabA is the ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin, which has a closely related paralogue (BabB) whose function is unknown. PCR and DNA sequence analysis showed extensive genotypic diversity in babA and babB across different strains, as well as within a strain colonizing an individual patient. We hypothesize that diverse profiles of babA and babB reflect selective pressures for adhesion, which may differ across different hosts and within an individual over time.     

Role of the Omp25/Omp31 family in outer membrane properties and virulence of Brucella ovis

The genes coding for the five outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of the Omp25/Omp31 family expected to be located in the outer membrane (OM) of rough virulent Brucella ovis PA were inactivated to evaluate their role in virulence and OM properties. The OM properties of the mutant strains and of the mutants complemented with the corresponding wild-type genes were analyzed, in comparison with the parental strain and rough B. abortus RB51, in several tests: (i) binding of anti-Omp25 and anti-Omp31 monoclonal antibodies, (ii) autoagglutination of bacterial suspensions, and (iii) assessment of susceptibility to polymyxin B, sodium deoxycholate, hydrogen peroxide, and nonimmune ram serum. A tight balance of the members of the Omp25/Omp31 family was seen to be essential for the stability of the B. ovis OM, and important differences between the OMs of B. ovis PA and B. abortus RB51 rough strains were observed. Regarding virulence, the absence of Omp25d and Omp22 from the OM of B. ovis PA led to a drastic reduction in spleen colonization in mice. While the greater susceptibility of the Deltaomp22 mutant to nonimmune serum and its difficulty in surviving in the stationary phase might be on the basis of its dramatic attenuation, no defects in the OM able to explain the attenuation of the Deltaomp25d mutant were found, especially considering that the fully virulent Deltaomp25c mutant displayed more important OM defects. Accordingly, Omp25d, and perhaps Omp22, could be directly involved in the penetration and/or survival of B. ovis inside host cells. This aspect, together with the role of Omp25d and Omp22 in the virulence both of B. ovis in rams and of other Brucella species, should be thoroughly evaluated in future studies.     

Identification of surface-exposed outer membrane antigens of Helicobacter pylori.

Despite the potential significance of surface-localized antigens in the colonization by and disease processes of Helicobacter pylori, few such components have been unequivocally identified and/or characterized. To further investigate the surface of this bacterium, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to a sarcosine-insoluble outer membrane fraction prepared from H. pylori NCTC 11637 were raised. MAbs were selected on the basis of their surface reactivity to whole cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. By use of this selection protocol, 14 surface-reactive MAbs were chosen. These MAbs were used to identify six protein antigens (molecular masses, 80, 60, 51, 50, 48, and 31 kDa), all of which were localized within or associated with the outer membrane. Two of the MAbs recognized the core region of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Only these two anti-LPS MAbs also recognized the flagellar sheath, indicating a structural difference between the sheath and outer membrane. Three of the protein antigens (80, 60, and 51 kDa) were strain specific, while the other three antigens were present in other strains of H. pylori. Both the 51- and 48-kDa antigens were heat modifiable and likely are porins. A conserved 31-kDa protein may represent another species of porin. A method involving sucrose density ultracentrifugation and Triton extraction that allows the preparation of H. pylori outer membranes with minimal inner membrane contamination is described. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the protein content of the H. pylori outer membrane is similar structurally to those of other species of Helicobacter but markedly different from those of taxonomically related Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli. H. pylori also appeared to lack peptidoglycan-associated proteins.     

Comparison of genomic structures and antigenic reactivities of orthologous 29-kilodalton outer membrane proteins of Helicobacter pylori

We purified a 29-kDa Helicobacter pylori outer membrane protein (Omp29 protein) and cloned the gene encoding the protein from H. pylori strain ATCC 43504. The Omp29 gene corresponded to the reported JHP73 and the HP78-79 genes of H. pylori strains. A corresponding nucleotide fragment was detected in all 150 tested H. pylori clinical isolates by PCR or Southern blotting. The amplified Omp29-corresponding fragments were categorized into a ca. 770-bp-long group and a larger-fragment group. Sequence analysis indicated that the larger fragments were likely synthesized from the 770-bp fragments by insertion of an irrelevant fragment via 17-bp-long repeat sequences. Immunoblot analysis implies that the ca. 770-bp fragment is responsible for the protein homologous to Omp29, whereas the larger fragments are not responsible for those proteins or encoding antigenically distinct proteins. We postulate that the H. pylori outer membrane protein Omp29 can alter its antigenicity through gene modifications mediated by nucleotide transfer.     

人幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白18000 DNA疫苗的构建及表达

目的：构建含人幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori，H-pylori)18000外膜蛋白编码基因的真核重组载体，并在COS-7细胞中表达，为核酸疫苗的开发奠定基础。方法：从原核表达质粒pET32a( )／528中，酶切H-pylori 18000外膜蛋白编码基因片段，将目的基因与同样进行酶切、纯化的载体pcDNA3．1进行连接，而后转化并筛选含有目的基因的重组载体pcDNA3．1／528，并在COS-7细胞中表达，以RT-PCR，Western法检测其表达产物。结果：经单、双酶切证实插入的基因片段为H-pylori 18000外膜蛋白编码基因；采用RT-PCR方法，能够从转染的COS-7细胞中扩增出一条与目的基因大小一致的DNA片段，Western法等检测显示，该重组质粒能够在COS-7细胞中表达目的蛋白，而且具有生物活性。结论：成功地构建了核酸疫苗pcDNA3．1／528，并在COS-7细胞中表达，为H-pylori核酸疫苗的研制奠定了良好的基础。     

幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白hopX基因克隆表达及生物信息学分析

目的：构建幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori,Hp）hopX外膜蛋白编码基因的重组质粒,并进行生物信息学分析,探索筛选Hp疫苗的新途径。方法：应用PCR技术从Hp基因组扩增hopX外膜蛋白编码基因片段,TA克隆后测序分析,用信息学软件分析其物理化学特性,并构建表达载体hopX-pQE30转化E.coliM15,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定表达蛋白。结果：测序分析表明hopX基因全长为1284bp,与Gene Bank公布的其他Hp菌株的基因序列同源性为96%～97%,氨基酸同源性为97%～99%,软件预测显示有多个明显的具有抗原活性的结构域。SDS-PAGE检测表明,47kD处有一新生的蛋白带,Western blot检测重组蛋白具有良好的抗原活性。结论：首次获得HpNCTC11637菌株hopX基因,其表达产物为外膜蛋白生物学功能和疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

BvrR/BvrS-controlled outer membrane proteins Omp3a and Omp3b are not essential for Brucella abortus virulence

The Brucella abortus two-component regulatory system BvrR/BvrS controls the expression of outer membrane proteins (Omp) Omp3a (Omp25) and Omp3b (Omp22). Disruption of bvrS or bvrR generates avirulent mutants with altered cell permeability, higher sensitivity to microbicidal peptides, and complement. Consequently, the role of Omp3a and Omp3b in virulence was examined. Similar to bvrS or bvrR mutants, omp3a and omp3b mutants displayed increased attachment to cells, indicating surface alterations. However, they showed unaltered permeability; normal expression of Omp10, Omp16, Omp19, Omp2b, and Omp1; native hapten polysaccharide; and lipopolysaccharide and were resistant to complement and polymyxin B at ranges similar to those of the wild-type (WT) counterpart. Likewise, omp3a and omp3b mutants were able to replicate in murine macrophages and in HeLa cells, were resistant to the killing action of human neutrophils, and persisted in mice, like the WT strain. Murine macrophages infected with the omp3a mutant generated slightly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha than the WT, whereas the bvrS mutant induced lower levels of this cytokine. Since the absence of Omp3a or Omp3b does not result in attenuation, it can be concluded that BvrR/BvrS influences additional Brucella properties involved in virulence. Our results are discussed in the light of previous works suggesting that disruption of omp3a generates attenuated Brucella strains, and we speculate on the role of group 3 Omps.     

Immune response to an 18-kilodalton outer membrane antigen identifies lipoprotein 20 as a Helicobacter pylori vaccine candidate

Experiments were performed using the standardized murine model of Helicobacter pylori infection to determine the immunogenicity of H. pylori outer membrane vesicles in immune protection. These vesicles, which are naturally shed from the surface of the bacterium, induce a protective response when administered intragastrically to mice in the presence of cholera holotoxin, despite the absence of the urease enzyme and associated Hsp54 chaperonin. Immunoblotting identified a specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to an 18-kDa outer membrane protein in a significant number of immunized animals. This commonly expressed, immunodominant protein was subsequently identified as lipoprotein 20 (Lpp20). Hybridoma backpacks secreting an IgG1 subclass monoclonal antibody to Lpp20 were generated in H. pylori-infected mice and were found to significantly reduce bacterial numbers, providing evidence that this surface-exposed antigen is a true vaccine candidate and not merely an antigenic marker for successful, protective immunization.     

CagA tyrosine phosphorylation and interleukin-8 induction by Helicobacter pylori are independent from alpAB,HopZ and bab group outer membrane proteins

In several studies Helicobacter pylori type I strains (cag-positive strains) have been described to translocate their CagA protein into epithelial cells, where it is tyrosine-phosphorylated. The intimate contact allows a Cag-dependent bacteria-to-cell signaling inducing the secretion of the chemokine interleukin-8. Although a contact between the bacterial and the eukaryotic cell is known to be necessary for these signal transduction events the bacterial adhesin and the cellular receptor are unknown, so far. In this study, we investigated the influence of several outer membrane proteins associated with adherence on CagA translocation and IL-8 induction. The quantitative assessment of a cag deletion mutant strain binding to epithelial cells revealed that the Cag secretion apparatus is not primarily necessary for attachment. In contrast, the knockout mutation of the adherence-associated alpAB locus significantly reduced the binding capacity in two independent strains. Despite this partial adherence defect, the alpAB mutation did not affect CagA translocation and IL-8 induction. The mutagenesis of the bab group genes hp317, hp896 and hp1243 in H. pylori 26695 did not influence the Cag-dependent signaling either. No causative linkage could be found between the production of the outer membrane proteins HopZ, OipA or seven additional outer membrane proteins and CagA translocation or IL-8 induction.     

Comparative genomics of Helicobacter pylori: analysis of the outer membrane protein families

The two complete genomic sequences of Helicobacter pylori J99 and 26695 were used to compare the paralogous families (related genes within one genome, likely to have related function) of genes predicted to encode outer membrane proteins which were present in each strain. We identified five paralogous gene families ranging in size from 3 to 33 members; two of these families contained members specific for either H. pylori J99 or H. pylori 26695. Most orthologous protein pairs (equivalent genes between two genomes, same function) shared considerable identity between the two strains. The unusual set of outer membrane proteins and the specialized outer membrane may be a reflection of the adaptation of H. pylori to the unique gastric environment where it is found. One subfamily of proteins, which contains both channel-forming and adhesin molecules, is extremely highly related at the sequence level and has likely arisen due to ancestral gene duplication. In addition, the largest paralogous family contained two essentially identical pairs of genes in both strains. The presence and genomic organization of these two pairs of duplicated genes were analyzed in a panel of independent H. pylori isolates. While one pair was present in every strain examined, one allele of the other pair appeared partially deleted in several isolates.     

Heterogeneity among Helicobacter pylori strains in expression of the outer membrane protein BabA

The BabA adhesin of Helicobacter pylori is an outer membrane protein that binds to the fucosylated Lewis b histo-blood group antigen on the surface of gastric epithelial cells. We screened a phage-displayed ScFv (single-chain fragment variable) recombinant antibody library for antibodies reactive with a recombinant BabA fragment and identified two such antibodies. Each antibody recognized an approximately 75-kDa protein present in wild-type H. pylori strain J99 but absent from an isogenic babA mutant strain. An immunoreactive BabA protein was detected by at least one of the antibodies in 18 (46%) of 39 different wild-type H. pylori strains and was detected more commonly in cagA-positive strains than in cagA-negative strains. Numerous amino acid polymorphisms were detected among BabA proteins expressed by different strains, with the greatest diversity occurring in the middle region of the proteins. Among the 18 strains that expressed a detectable BabA protein, there was considerable variation in the level of binding to Lewis b in vitro. Heterogeneity among H. pylori strains in expression of the BabA protein may be a factor that contributes to differing clinical outcomes among H. pylori-infected humans.     

Extracellular Release of Antigenic Proteins by Helicobacter pylori

Screening a Helicobacter pylori genomic library with antisera raised against H. pylori broth culture supernatant resulted in the identification of six antigens: urease, HspB, Lpp20, DnaK, MsrA, and a cysteine-rich 28-kDa protein (designated HcpA). H. pylori antigens may be released into the extracellular space by multiple mechanisms, including specific secretion pathways, autolysis, and membrane vesicle formation.     

Release of periplasmic proteins of Brucella suis upon acidic shock involves the outer membrane protein Omp25

The survival and replication of Brucella in macrophages is initially triggered by a low intraphagosomal pH. In order to identify proteins released by Brucella during this early acidification step, we analyzed Brucella suis conditioned medium at various pH levels. No significant proteins were released at pH 4.0 in minimal medium or citrate buffer, whereas in acetate buffer, B. suis released a substantial amount of soluble proteins. Comparison of 13 N-terminal amino acid sequences determined by Edman degradation with their corresponding genomic sequences revealed that all of these proteins possessed a signal peptide indicative of their periplasmic location. Ten proteins are putative substrate binding proteins, including a homologue of the nopaline binding protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The absence of this homologue in Brucella melitensis was due to the deletion of a 7.7-kb DNA fragment in its genome. We also characterized for the first time a hypothetical 9.8-kDa basic protein composed of five amino acid repeats. In B. suis, this protein contained 9 repeats, while 12 were present in the B. melitensis orthologue. B. suis in acetate buffer depended on neither the virB type IV secretory system nor the omp31 gene product. However, the integrity of the omp25 gene was required for release at acidic pH, while the absence of omp25b or omp25c displayed smaller effects. Together, these results suggest that Omp25 is involved in the membrane permeability of Brucella in acidic medium.     

Some biological properties of outer membrane proteins of Shigella

Outer membrane proteins (OMP) derived from two antigenically different representatives of Shigella (Sh. flexneri 3a and Sh. sonnei phase I) were tested for the toxicity, pyrogenicity, ability to induce Shwartzman reaction as well as for their influence on the leukocyte system. LD50 dose determined on mice was 28 mg/kg for OMP of Sh. flexneri and 23 mg/kg for OMP of Sh. sonnei. Both preparations injected intravenously to rabbits caused moderate increase of body temperature, expressed by the value 1.8 degrees C. Intravenous administration of protein preparations to rabbits, induced at first leukopenia and then transient leukocytosis. When injected subcutaneously in the dose of 500 micrograms and after 24 h intravenously in the dose 100 micrograms, they produced slight hemorrhagic changes at the site of administration.     

幽门螺杆菌Mr 26 000外膜蛋白编码基因的克隆及表达

目的　构建含幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)Mr 2 6 0 0 0外膜蛋白编码基因的重组载体 ,并在E .coliBL2 1中表达。方法　用PCR从Hp染色体中 ,扩增Mr 2 6 0 0 0外膜蛋白编码基因片段。将目的基因与pET32a(+)同时经BamHI、HindⅢ双酶切、纯化、连接后 ,构建含有目的基因的重组载体。以含目的基因片段的重组载体转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE30 )并表达。表达产物经纯化后 ,用ELISA法检测其抗原性。结果　经酶切、测序分析表明 ,插入的基因片段为HpMr 2 6 0 0 0的外膜蛋白编码基因 ,与Tomb等的报道相比较 ,有 1.1%的bp发生变异 ,1.5 1%的氨基酸残基改变。经SDS PAGE分析发现 ,融合基因表达的蛋白Mr为 4 6× 10 3 ,可溶性表达产物占细菌总蛋白的 38.96 %。重组蛋白经Ni NTA琼脂糖树脂纯化后 ,其纯度达 95 %以上。ELISA法检测显示 ,该重组蛋白可被Hp阳性患者的血清所识别 ,具有良好的抗原性。结论成功地克隆并表达Mr为 2 6 0 0 0的Hp外膜蛋白编码基因 ,为Hp蛋白疫苗的研制和快速诊断试剂盒的研究打下了基础