大鼠急性重症胰腺炎Bcl-2基因mRNA转录水平的实验研究

目的：研究急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）中细胞凋亡现象及Bcl-2基因对急性重症胰腺炎中细胞凋亡的影响。方法：采用大鼠胆胰管逆行注入牛磺胆酸钠的方法，制作大鼠SAP模型。对各组模型进行血淀粉酶、腹水量测定，利用原位末端标记法和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测凋亡小体及凋亡梯形。采用定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应检测细胞凋亡调控基因Bcl-2基因mRNA转录水平。各组胰腺标本进行病理学检查。结果：各时间组血淀粉酶含量、腹水量随着时间的延长而升高。凋亡小体造模后2h组即可检出，术后4h组检出明显且数量较多，造模后16h时极少见到。造模后2h组凋亡梯形出现，造模后4h组凋亡梯形明显规整，造模后16h无梯形检出。胰腺组织Bcl-2基因mRNA表达水平于模型制作后增高，2h组达到高峰，后于8、16h组下降到正常水平。结论：大鼠急性重症胰腺炎的发病过程中，同时存在细胞坏死和凋亡两种不同的细胞死亡方式。胰腺组织中存在明显的细胞凋亡现象同时伴有凋亡梯形的出现。抑制凋亡基因Bcl-2基因mRNA表达水平发生明显的变化。细胞凋亡现象可能具有保护与加重损害的双重作用。     

bcl-2和bax基因与细胞凋亡的关系及在脊髓损伤中的作用

目的探讨bcl2和bax基因与细胞凋亡的关系及在脊髓损伤中的作用。方法采用Allen法挫伤大鼠T10节段脊髓,随机分为7组,其中6组为实验组,1组为对照组,每组在SCI后2、4、8、24h、3、7d取材,每一时间点4只。免疫组织化学法检测bax和bcl2基因表达,采用原位末端标记法检测凋亡细胞。结果正常组大鼠脊髓中未见凋亡细胞。实验组在损伤2h出现阳性细胞,伤后8h阳性细胞数目达高峰为84.53±8.00,以后逐渐减少。bax基因表达的高峰也在伤后8h为0.311±0.012,说明bax基因促进了细胞的凋亡,而此时bcl2基因开始出现表达增多,至伤后24h表达达高峰,之后缓慢降低,而与此相对应的是细胞凋亡开始逐渐减少(P<0.01)。结论凋亡相关基因bax与bcl2可能参与了脊髓继发性损伤,细胞凋亡在脊髓继发性损伤过程中起着关键性作用。     

大黄素对大鼠重症胰腺炎TNFα、IL-6及胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :探讨大黄素治疗重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)的作用机理。 方法 :用胰胆管内逆行注射去氧胆酸钠法制作大鼠SAP模型 ,随机分为对照组、SAP组、大黄素治疗组 ,动态测定术后 0h、6h、12h各组血清TNFα及IL - 6浓度 ,并取胰组织作病理学检查 ,同时应用TUNEL技术分析大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的变化。 结果 :发现大黄素给药后 6h及 12h时血清TNFα、IL - 6水平明显降低 ,腹水量减少 ,胰组织病变程度改善 ;术后 6hSAP组胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡指数为 (3 92± 0 94 ) ,大黄素治疗组为(2 6 5 0± 6 72 ) ,两组比较 ,P <0 0 5。 结论 :大黄素可明显抑制大鼠胰酶及TNFα、IL - 6的释放 ,并且诱导已受损的不可恢复的腺泡细胞凋亡 ,从而改善大鼠重症胰腺炎的病情发展。     

大鼠脑损伤后脑神经细胞内bcl-2和bcl-xL水平的变化及意义

目的　观察大鼠急性脑损伤后脑神经细胞内bcl 2、bcl xL的表达状况及意义。　方法55只大鼠采用弥漫性脑损伤模型制成轻、重度 2组大鼠脑损伤模型 ,以免疫组化方法 ,检测脑神经细胞中bcl 2、bcl xL的表达水平 ;以原位细胞凋亡 (TUNEL)法检测神经细胞凋亡水平。　结果　正常大鼠神经细胞中很少有bcl 2表达 (额顶区 4 40± 1 67,海马区 3 2 0± 1 30 ) ;但可见bcl xL表达 (额顶区45 60± 4 34 ,海马区 50 2 0± 3 50 )。大鼠大脑遭受打击后 ,神经细胞bcl 2表达明显增高 ,以伤后第 1天最为明显 (轻度组 :皮层 :30 0± 4 3 ,海马 :46 6± 3 2 ) ,轻度组高于重度组。各观测时间点bcl 2表达水平与神经细胞凋亡水平呈负相关 (r在 - 0 847～ - 1 0 0 0之间 ,P <0 0 1 ,n =1 0 )。bcl xL表达变化不明显。　结论　大鼠急性脑损伤后脑神经细胞内bcl 2表达增高 ,而bcl xL在损伤后变化不大 ,两者可能与急性脑损伤后保护神经细胞避免凋亡有关     

生长抑素类似物诱导胆管癌细胞凋亡和bcl-2/bax表达的研究

目的探讨生长抑素类似物SMS2 0 1 995 (SMS)对人胆管癌SK ChA 1细胞凋亡和凋亡调控基因bcl 2和bax的影响。方法用DNA凝胶电泳、流式细胞仪检测AnnexinV标记凋亡细胞、免疫组化和原位杂交方法研究SMS(10 0ng/ml)处理 6、12和 2 4h后人胆管癌SK ChA 1细胞凋亡和bcl 2 /bax表达的变化。结果SMS作用SK ChA 1细胞 6h对DNA无明显影响 ,作用 12和 2 4h后DNA凝胶电泳出现呈典型梯状条带。SMS作用 6、12和 2 4h后 ,AnnexinV标记的凋亡细胞分别为 (2 2±5 ) % ,(39± 7) %和 (5 8± 10 ) %。同时 ,SMS可使细胞bcl 2蛋白表达下降 ,使bax蛋白和mRNA表达升高。结论SMS能诱导SK ChA 1细胞发生凋亡 ,bax和bcl 2凋亡基因介导了SMS对SK ChA 1细胞凋亡的发生     

茵陈承气汤对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎腺泡细胞凋亡及调控基因的影响

目的 :研究茵陈承气汤对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎腺泡细胞凋亡及调控基因Bax表达水平的影响。 方法 :胰胆管内注射去氧胆酸钠制备大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎模型 ,随机分为对照组 ,模型组 ,中药 (茵陈承气汤 )治疗组 ,观察各组大鼠胰腺组织病理学、血清淀粉酶、IL - 6、IL - 8的变化 ,应用TUNEL法分析急性胰腺炎时胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡情况 ,WesternBlotting检测凋亡调控基因 -Bax的表达情况。 结果 :中药组大鼠血清淀粉酶 ,IL - 6、IL - 8水平较模型组低 ,病情明显改善 ,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;模型组凋亡指数为 2 34± 1 15 ,中药组为 11 5 2± 3 41,P <0 0 1;模型组Bax的表达水平为 96 8± 2 76 ,中药组为 1331± 112 ,P <0 0 1。 结论 :茵陈承气汤可能通过上调促凋亡基因Bax的表达水平 ,诱导已受损的腺泡细胞发生凋亡 ,减轻腺泡细胞坏死 ,减少胰酶及炎性介质的释放 ,从而有利于防止急性胰腺炎的病理损害恶化     

重症急性胰腺炎腹水对正常肾细胞影响

目的通过观察重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)腹水对正常肾细胞影响,探讨SAP时急性肾功能损伤的机制。方法SD大鼠54只分成SAP组(n=30)和假手术组(n=24),SAP组以5%牛磺酸胆酸钠溶液胆管逆行注射诱导模型,术后6h、12h、24h采集血清、腹水。ELISA法检测血清、腹水TNFα水平,RT PCR检测肾细胞TNFαmRNA表达。将24h采集的血清和腹水处理体外培养NRK细胞,MTT法检测细胞活性,流式细胞术测定NRK细胞凋亡率。结果SAP组6h、12h、24h血清和腹水TNFα水平渐进性升高,各时间段差异显著(P<0.05)且较假手术后明显升高(P<0.01)。SAP组大鼠血清和腹水处理后NRK细胞活性均低于假手术组。SAP组大鼠腹水和血清处理24h后,NRK细胞培养液中TNFα水平较假手术组明显升高(P<0.01);NRK细胞TNFαmRNA表达上调,显著高于假手术组;凋亡率分别为29.67%±4.12%和59.95%±2.11%,假手术组大鼠血清和腹水处理24h凋亡率分别为3.72±2.90%和4.11±3.30%,差异显著(P<0.01)。结论SAP时肾损伤可能与肾细胞过度凋亡有关,而肾细胞过度凋亡与血清和腹水TNFα升高及肾细胞过多分泌TNFα有关,SAP腹水对肾的直接损伤可能比血清明显。     

重症急性胰腺炎大鼠骨组织甲状旁腺素受体mRNA的表达

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)低钙血症的发生机制。方法逆行性胰管注射牛磺胆酸制作重症急性胰腺炎大鼠动物模型。SD大鼠分为假手术组28只,SAP组28只,SAP治疗组18只,假手术治疗组16只。治疗组采用大鼠甲状旁腺素（ratPTH)和人甲状旁腺素相关肽(hPTHrP)。逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)动态观察骨组织甲状旁腺素受体mRNA的表达。检测血钙变化。结果SAP大鼠起病后12、48h血清钙为(1.98±0.23)mmol/L、(1.76±0.16)mmol/L,游离钙为(0.93±0.16)?mmol/L、(0.75±0.14)mmol/L,与假手术组对比各时相血清钙和游离钙显著下降（P＜0.01）。SAP大鼠骨组织甲状旁腺素受体（PTHR）mRNA表达与假手术组对比各时相均显著下降（P<0.01）。经ratPTH和hPTHrP治疗后,SAP大鼠血钙无显著变化。结论重症急性胰腺炎低血钙可能与PTHR受损其mRNA低表达有关。     

生长激素对急性坏死性胰腺炎大鼠肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察生长激素 (GH)对急性坏死性胰腺炎 (ANP)大鼠早期肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡的调节作用。方法ANP模型大鼠分ANP组和ANP加GH治疗组 ,假手术组 (SO组 )作为对照。分别用DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳、流式细胞仪分析和dUTP缺口末端标记法研究肠粘膜细胞凋亡 ,免疫组织化学方法检测肠粘膜凋亡相关蛋白FasL及Bax表达。结果ANP大鼠各时点肠粘膜DNA电泳均可见典型的凋亡“梯形”条带 ,而GH治疗组仅于 3h出现“梯形”条带。术后 3h、6h、12h、2 4h肠粘膜脱落细胞凋亡比例分别为 :SO组为 (5 4± 4) %、(2 8± 6 ) %、(39± 5 ) %、(2 9± 11) % ,ANP组为 (5 0± 11) %、(80± 9) %、(4 8± 17) %、(5 0± 10 ) % ,术后 6h较SO组明显增高 (P <0 0 1) ;GH治疗组 ,(4 8± 11) %、(2 7± 15 ) %、(4 2± 7) %、(30± 10 ) % ,与SO组各时点比较差异无显著意义 ,且术后 6h较ANP组降低(P <0 0 1)。术后 3h、6h、12h、2 4h各时点肠粘膜细胞凋亡指数分别为 :SO组为 (6± 2 )、(8± 2 )、(11±1)、(5± 1) ,ANP组为 (18± 4)、(2 0± 3)、(15± 2 )、(14± 2 ) ,较SO组明显增高 (P <0 0 1) ;GH治疗组为(10± 2 )、(10± 2 )、(13± 2 )、(14± 4) ,其中术后 3h、6h较ANP组降低 (P <0 0 1)。FasL及Bax蛋白在假手术组呈弱表达 ,AN     

STAT3在急性重症胰腺炎大鼠肠黏膜屏障功能障碍中的作用

目的　研究重症胰腺炎(SAP)时大鼠肠上皮细胞凋亡、氧化损伤及凋亡相关蛋白的激活情况。方法　Wistar大鼠4 8只,分为S(假手术)组、C(对照)组、A(急性胰腺炎)组、N(抗氧化剂)组,A组、N组采用胆胰管内逆行注入5 %牛磺胆酸钠诱导大鼠SAP模型,C组注入生理盐水。术后3h、2 4h分批处死大鼠,取胰腺组织行HE染色明确胰腺炎程度;留取血浆检测D 乳酸水平;刮取小肠黏膜检测丙二醛(MDA)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)水平;小肠组织增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)免疫组化染色;小肠组织TUNEL染色及黏膜DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳;提取小肠黏膜蛋白行Westernblot检测Bcl 2、Bax、p STAT3表达水平。结果　A组术后3h血浆D 乳酸含量、肠上皮细胞凋亡增加,2 4h最显著(P <0 . 0 1) ,D 乳酸含量、凋亡指数分别为(3 6. 1±0 . 98) μg/ml、(4 5. 3±1. 95 ) % ,二者正相关(r =0 . 5 74 ,P <0 . 0 1) ;A组术后3h氧化应激水平高于其他各组,小肠黏膜MDA含量及XO活力分别为(4 .85±1 .0 5 )nmol/mg、(18. 1±3 .0 3)U/g ;A组术后3h肠黏膜Bax、p STAT3表达增加,2 4h最明显,二者存在相关性(r=0 . 5 91,P <0 .0 1)。结论　急性重症胰腺炎大鼠肠上皮氧化应激导致的细胞凋亡是肠黏膜通透性增加的机制之一;氧化应激可能通过激活STAT3信号传导通路调控凋亡相关蛋白的     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.