中学生对立违抗性障碍的父母养育方式和家庭环境特征的初步研究

目的：了解单纯对立违抗性障碍（ODD）儿童的父母养育方式及家庭功能。方法：应用向制儿童行为调查表、家庭环境量表中文版（FES～CV）、父母养育方式量表（EMBU），对115例单纯ODD儿童（研究组）和115名非ODD正常儿童（对照组）进行评定和病例对照分析，结果：ODD组儿童家庭矛盾性得分较对照组高（P〈0．01），ODD组父母双亲的“情感温暖．理解”得分均明显比对照组得分低（父亲P〈0．01，母亲P〈0.05）．而其“惩罚，严厉”和“拒绝，否认”二因子得分则明显比对照组高（P〈0．01）；ODD组母亲的“过分干涉，过度保护”，因子得分也明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：ODD中学生的家庭存在高度的矛盾性．他们的父母养育方式不良，应引起重视。     

农村小学生父母养育方式与社交焦虑的关系

目的：探讨农村小学生父母养育方式与社交焦虑的关系。方法：采用父母养育方式评价量表和儿童社交焦虑量表对江西省176名小学生施测。结果：（1）随着年级升高，小学生父母养育方式量表各维度得分逐步下降（F=8．61—25．64，P〈0．001），社交焦虑量表的害怕否定评价（F=4．34，P〈0．01）、社交回避及苦恼（F=9．42，P〈0．001）也均随年级升高而下降；（2）父母养育方式与农村小学生的社交焦虑呈正相关（r=0．17—0．37，P〈0．05-〈0．001）；（3）父亲养育方式、母亲养育方式分别解释了社交回避及苦恼总方差的8．3％、3．6％，解释害怕否定评价总方差的10．4％和0．9％。结论：农村小学生的父母养育方式与其社交焦虑有一定关系。     

青少年暴力罪犯父母养育方式研究

目的探讨青少年暴力罪犯父母养育方式的特点。方法采用父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）对47名青少年暴力罪犯（研究组）进行了问卷调查，并与70名青少年非暴力罪犯（对照组）加以比较。结果暴力罪犯组在父亲惩罚严厉（t=4．78，P〈0．01）和拒绝否认（t：3．69，P〈0．01）因子上得分高于对照组，差异具有统计学意义。结论父母的不良养育方式是青少年暴力犯罪形成的危险因素，尤其是父亲的惩罚严厉和拒绝否认影响更大。     

儿童焦虑障碍症状与父母养育方式的关系

目的：探讨儿童焦虑障碍症状与父母养育方式的关系。方法：采用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）和父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）对329名4～6年级小学生（男生175名。女生154名）进行调查。以SCARED筛查阳性（SCARED总分≥23分）的学生为焦虑组，其余为非焦虑组。结果：在329名小学生中。SCARED筛查阳性的有59例。占总人数的17．9％，其中男23人，女36人；焦虑组双亲的“惩罚严厉”、“过分干涉“、“拒绝否认”、“过度保护”因子得分均明显高于非焦虑组，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01），而“情感温暖、理解”和”偏爱被试”因子得分两组间尤显著性差异（P〉0．05）：父母“惩罚严厉”、“过分干涉”、“过度保护”、“拒绝否认”因子均与焦虑症状评分存在显著正相关（P〈0．01）：多元逐步同归分析显示．“惩罚严厉”、“拒绝否认”、“过度保护”三个因子进入了回归方程，是儿童焦虑情绪的预测因素。结论：在儿童中焦虑情绪存在较普遍，儿童焦虑障碍症状与其父母养育方式关系密切。     

对抽动障碍儿童父母亲养育方式的研究

目的 探讨父母亲的教育方式对抽动障碍儿童的影响。方法 本研究采用病例对照的实验方法，对120例抽动障碍儿童和120例正常儿童进行了父母亲养育方式的量表调查，资料使用SPSS11.5软件进行t-检验及SAS8．0软件进行Logistic回归分析。结果 病例组父亲“情感温暖、理解”得分明显低于对照组（t=-13．35，P〈0．01），有显著性差异；病例组母亲“情感温暖、理解”得分明显低于对照组（t=-9．40，P〈0．01），有显著性差异；而病例组父亲“惩罚、严厉”、“拒绝、否认”、“过分干涉”因子得分明显高于对照组（t值分别为18．00、6．18、11.66，P值均〈0．01），病例组母亲“惩罚、严厉”，“过分干涉”，“过度保护”，“拒绝、否认”因子得分明显比对照组高（t值分别为15．46、7．91、12．47，P值均〈0．01），有显著性差异，对上述统计检验有显著性差异的资料在SAS8．0统计软件包上进行逐步非条件Logistic回归分析，结果父亲“拒绝因子”及母亲“拒绝因子”为显著危险因素。结论 抽动障碍儿童的父母存在不良教养方式，其中父母亲对惠儿过多的拒绝和否定为显著危险因素。     

大学生自我概念与父母养育方式研究

目的：探讨大学生自我概念与父母养教育方式的关系。方法：以父母养充方式量表（EMBU）和田纳西概念量表（TSCS）为测试工具，对河北科技大海珠723名大学生进行了测评。结果：（1）大学生的自我概念与父母的情感温暖理解正相关，而与父母的拒绝否认，惩罚严厉，过分干涉，过度保护负相关，（2）父母的情感温暖理解对大学生的自我概念有极显著的积极影响，而父亲的拒绝否认，过度保护对大学生的自我概念有着有显著的消极影响；（3）父母养育方式对不同性别大学生自我概念的影响在某些方面趋于一致，同时也存在一定差异，结论：父母养育方式对大学生的自我概念发展有一定的影响。     

注意力缺陷多动障碍儿童气质特征及父母养育方式的研究

目的探讨注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的气质特点及各气质因子和父母养育方式在ADHD发生中的作用,为ADHD的治疗提供参考依据。方法ADHD组选取患儿48名,对照组为随机抽取某小学在读健康儿童50名,两组均采用中国学龄前儿童气质量表（CPTS）及中国学龄儿童气质量表（CSTS）测评儿童气质,同时填写父母养育方式量表（EMBU）。结果两组儿童气质类型分布差异有显著性,ADHD组在活动水平、节律性、适应性、反应强度、心境、持久性、注意分散这七个维度的得分与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,ADHD组父亲教养方式中“惩罚、严厉”和“拒绝、否认”因子得分均明显高于对照组,“情感温暖、理解”得分明显低于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,ADHD组母亲教养方式中“惩罚、严厉”和“拒绝、否认”因子得分均明显高于对照组,“情感温暖、理解”得分明显低于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,气质维度中的活动水平、持久性、注意分散和父母亲的“惩罚、严厉”因子是ADHD的危险因子。结论ADHD儿童的气质类型有其独特性,其气质类型比正常儿童消极,ADHD患儿的父母存在不良的养育方式,气质与父母养育方式不相适应可能是ADHD儿童行为障碍的原因之一。     

父母教养方式及其与青少年自我概念的关系

目的：探讨父母教养方式与青少年的自我概念的关系。方法：以北京市313名初中、高中学生为调查对象，采用田纳西自我概念量表和经改编的父母教养方式评价量表进行问卷调查。结果：男生的身体自我概念、个性自我概念高于女生，父亲文化程度高的子女家庭自我概念高于父亲文化程度低的子女（P〈0．05）；父亲和母亲的情感温暖与青少年自我概念各因素有正相关，父亲、母亲的严厉惩罚和母亲的情感疏远与青少年自我概念各因素有负相关（P〈0．01）。结论：青少年身体自我概念和个性自我概念存在性别差异，父母教养方式与子女自我概念的形成有一定关系。     

大学生防御风格与父母教养方式的相关研究

目的分析不同的父母教养方式对大学生使用防御机制的影响。方法相关分析,方差分析。结果父母养育方式在YF1,YF2和YF4上性别差异显著;父母的养育方式与大学生某些防御机制的使用相关。方差分析发现,C1在父亲惩罚、严厉,父亲偏爱被试这两个因子上的得分显著高于其它各类型;C1,C2父亲拒绝否认因子上的得分显著高于其它因子;C1在母亲拒绝、否认因子上的得分显著高于C3,C4;C1在母亲惩罚、严厉,母亲偏爱被试这两个因子上的得分显著高于其它3种类型（P〈0.05）。结论负性的父母教养方式会造成子女过多的依赖不成熟防御机制,而较少的使用成熟防御机制;父母的情感、温暖有利于子女使用成熟防御机制,而较少使用不成熟防御机制。     

仫佬族地区仫佬、壮、汉族医务人员父母养育方式的比较

目的对仫佬族地区仫佬、壮、汉族医务人员父母养育方式调查，比较不同民族父母养育方式的异同。方法采用父母养育方式问卷（EMBU）对386例仫佬族地区仫佬、壮、汉族医务人员进行抽样调查，将结果与中国常模比较。结果仫佬、壮、汉族医务人员的FF1、FF6、MF1、MF2均低于常模（P〈0．01），FF2、FF5、MF3、MF4均高于常模（P〈0．01），FF4、MF5评分与常模相当（P〉0．05）。仫佬族、壮族医务人员的FF3低于常模（P〈0．01），汉族医务人员的FF3评分与常模相当（P〉0.05）。结论仫佬族地区的仫佬族、壮族、汉族父母亲对子女较少使用情感温暖与理解这种积极养育方式，父母亲使用惩罚、严厉、拒绝、否认等负性的养育方式较为严重，不同民族之间父母养育方式无明显差别。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.