两种不同局麻方法在经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中的镇痛疗效比较

目的比较经直肠超声引导前列腺神经阻滞术和直肠内灌注2％利多卡因凝胶在前列腺穿刺活检术中的镇痛疗效。方法160例接受经直肠超声引导13点前列腺系统穿刺活检术的患者随机分为A、B两组。A组患者84例，在经直肠超声引导下，于前列腺基底部，左、右两侧精囊与前列腺交接处分别注射1％利多卡因5ml；B组患者76例，于活检前5min直肠内灌注2％利多卡因凝胶10ml。采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）评估两组患者在穿刺活检术中的疼痛程度。结果两组患者在平均年龄（t=0．73）、PSA水平（t=0．34）和前列腺体积（t=0．55）的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05），具有可比性。A组患者VAS评分0～3分者76例，4～5分者6例，6～10分者2例。B组患者则分别为48例、18例、10例。两组患者VAS评分均值分别为1，2分、2．6分，差异具有高度统计学意义（t=4．73，P〈0.01）。两组患者均未出现局麻药的不良反应。结论经直肠超声引导前列腺神经阻滞术的镇痛疗效明显优于直肠内灌注2％利多卡因凝胶，值得临床推广应用。     

利多卡因预防超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术疼痛:一项单中心、前瞻性、随机单盲、安慰剂对照临床试验

目的 评价利多卡因预防超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活枪术疼痛的有效性和安全性.方法 采用随机化分组方法,将1 80例行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术的患者,随机分为试验组(利多卡因组)、生理盐水组(安慰剂生理盐水组)与空白对照组(不使用任何药物),每组60例.试验组患者经直肠在前列腺与精囊连接部两侧各注射2%利多卡因各5ml;生理盐水组注射生理盐水;空白对照组直接行穿刺活检.采用视觉模拟评分尺(VAS)分别在B超探头进入直肠、麻醉术毕、穿刺术毕、穿刺术后20min四个评分点进行疼痛评分,穿刺结束时及术后一周随访评判患者有无并发症及其程度.在临床试验过程中对前列腺穿刺术者、VAS评分操作者、数据评价者与患者实施盲法.结果 在四个评分点对三组患者进行疼痛评分,试验组患者疼痛评分分别为(1.085±1.438)、(1.698±1.708)、(2.030±1.877)、(0.972±1.111),生理盐水组分别为(1.062±1.049)、(2.75 3±2.345)、(3.992±2.406)、(1.020±0.731),空白对照组分别为(0.903±0.901)、(0.088±0.240)、(3.495±1.885)、(1.160+1.094).超声探头进入直肠与穿刺术后20min评分比较差异无统计学意义(P值均0.05);麻醉术毕疼痛评分各组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.0001),试验组与生理盐水组、空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05);穿刺术毕疼痛评分各组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.0001),试验组与生理盐水组、空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01).3组患者对镇痛效果的满意度分别为91.667%、76.667%与58.333%,各组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.0001).所有患者除空白对照组发生1例败血症外,均未见严重血管迷走神经反射、严重感染、严重直肠出血、严重血尿及尿潴留并发症.各组并发症的发生比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).无患者出现局麻药中毒症状、尿潴留等并发症.所有患者均完成一周随访,随访期间无严重并发症发生.结论 穿刺术前在前列腺基底部与精囊连接部两侧注射盐酸利多卡因注射液,能显著降低穿刺术中、术后的疼痛程度,具有较好的疗效和安全性.推荐在前列腺穿刺活检术前常规应用.     

超声引导下经直肠前列腺饱和穿刺在首次活检阴性人群中的诊断价值

目的探讨超声引导下经直肠饱和穿刺在临床疑诊为前列腺癌但首次活检阴性患者中的诊断价值,评价其有效性和安全性。方法将120例因前列腺特异抗原（PSA）和（或）直肠指检异常而接受前列腺12针穿刺活检、且结果为阴性的患者纳入研究,随机分为扩大穿刺组（采用12针扩大穿刺法）和饱和穿刺组（采用24针饱和穿刺法）,行超声引导下经直肠重复穿刺活检。对两组患者均行前列腺周围神经阻滞术,穿刺活检过程中观察患者情况,并采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）评估疼痛程度。结果两组患者年龄、总PSA水平、PSA密度、前列腺总体积及移行区体积、首次穿刺病理、直肠指诊情况、穿刺活检过程中患者VAS和术后并发症差异均无统计学意义（P均＞O．05）。饱和穿刺组前列腺体积＞60ml者的穿刺阳性率高于扩大穿刺组（P-0．033）,其穿刺总体阳性率亦高于扩大穿刺组（31．67％VS15．00％,P-0．031）。结论经直肠饱和穿刺活检可以提高临床疑诊前列腺癌但首次活检阴性者的前列腺癌检出率,且不增加并发症发生率。     

利多卡因局部麻醉在经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术中的临床应用

目的　评价利多卡因局部麻醉在经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术中的安全性。　方法　经直肠超声引导前列腺 10针穿刺活检术患者 15 0例 ,均因排尿困难就诊。随机分成 3组 ,每组5 0例。第 1组经直肠在前列腺尖部及两侧前列腺精囊连接部注射 1%利多卡因各 3ml;第 2组注射生理盐水 ;第 3组为对照组 ,直接行穿刺活检。穿刺结束时采用视觉模拟评分尺 (VAS)对穿刺过程进行疼痛评分 ;穿刺结束时及术后第 7天评判患者有无并发症及其程度。　结果　利多卡因组、生理盐水组及对照组疼痛评分分别为 1.96、3.98和 3.70 ,利多卡因组疼痛明显减轻 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,生理盐水组与对照组差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。利多卡因组术后无感染发生 ,直肠出血量 (3.96± 0 .39)ml,肉眼血尿发生率 76 % (38/ 5 0 ) ,排尿困难加重发生率 12 % (6 / 5 0 ) ,尿潴留发生率 2 % (1/ 5 0 ) ,轻度血管迷走神经反射发生率 10 % (5 / 5 0 ) ,与生理盐水组和对照组比较 ,差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　前列腺尖部及两侧前列腺精囊连接部注射利多卡因局部麻醉 ,能显著降低穿刺过程中的疼痛及不适程度 ,不增加术中及术后并发症 ,推荐在经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中常规应用。     

前列腺穿刺活检术中不同麻醉方法有效性和安全性比较

目的 比较3种麻醉方法 在经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检过程中的有效性和安全性.方法 2006年7月至2008年10月,120名因前列腺特异抗原和(或)直肠指检异常接受前列腺12针穿刺活检的患者随机分为4组,每组30例.A组为对照组,未接受任何麻醉;B组在超声引导下于左、右两侧精囊与前列腺交接处分别注射1%利多卡因5ml行前列腺神经阻滞术(PNB);C组在PNB之前5 min直肠内涂抹复方利多卡因凝胶;D组在PNB之前于前列腺两侧叶内分别注射1%利多卡因2 ml.穿刺结束后对患者进行疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),并随访7 d了解并发症情况.结果 超声探头进入直肠时C组患者的VAS为(2.7±1.1)分,低于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他3组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).穿刺过程中D组患者的VAS为(3.9±1.3)分低于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他3组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).各组患者并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PNB及直肠内利多卡因凝胶局部麻醉不能明显减轻前列腺穿刺过程中的痛苦,PNB联合前列腺内局部麻醉是安全有效的.     

老年男性静脉麻醉下经直肠超声引导无痛前列腺穿刺疼痛控制与并发症分析

目的：探讨前列腺特异抗原增高（PSA〉4/μg/L）老年男性静脉麻醉下经直肠超声引导无痛前列腺穿刺疼痛控制与并发症发生情况.方法：选取96例PSA增高老年男性患者（69±7岁）进行静脉麻醉下直肠超声引导无痛前列腺12针系统穿刺（静脉麻醉组）,并选取同期进行前列腺周围神经阻滞麻醉下直肠超声引导前列腺12针系统穿刺的51例PSA增高老年男性患者（67±6岁）为对照组.记录穿刺后30 min视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）、穿刺时间、麻醉不良事件和并发症发生情况.结果：静脉麻醉组90例（94%）为无疼痛（VAS=0）,6例（6%）为轻度疼痛 对照组21例（41%）为轻度疼痛,30例（59%）为中度疼痛.静脉麻醉组平均VAS评分和穿刺时间分别为（0.1±0.3）分和（5.1±1.3）min,显著低于对照组（3.85±1.2）分和（11.35±3.9）min.静脉麻醉组无一例发生麻醉不良事件.静脉麻醉组术后肉眼血尿、大便带血、发热和尿潴留的发生率分别为55%、15%、5%和3%,与对照组的差异无统计学意义（57%、18%、6%和4%）.结论：对于PSA增高老年男性患者,静脉麻醉直肠超声引导无痛前列腺穿刺具有无痛安全准确的优点.     

超声造影经直肠前列腺靶向穿刺活检术在PSA 4~10 ng/ml患者中的作用

目的探讨超声造影经直肠前列腺靶向穿刺活检术（CETRUS-PB）在PSA 4~10 ng/ml患者中的作用。 方法2016年1月至2018年12月，番禺中心医院82例泌尿外科收治的PSA 4~10 ng/ml的患者根据自愿原则被分入系统性经直肠超声前列腺穿刺活检术组（STRUS-PB）和CETRUS-PB组，比较两组穿刺的效率、视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）以及并发症。 结果CETRUS-PB与STRUS-PB组在PSA 4~10 ng/ml的患者中穿刺阳性率差异无统计学意义（P=0.147），两组穿刺针数、Gleason评分以及视觉疼痛评分的比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001），两组均未出现严重并发症。 结论在PSA 4~10 ng/ml患者中，CETRUS-PB不能显著提高穿刺阳性率，但可以提高穿刺的精准度，减少穿刺针数，减轻痛苦。     

利多卡因局部麻醉在经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中的应用

目的　评价利多卡因局部麻醉在超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中的有效性和安全性。　方法　 150例PSA升高和 (或 )DRE异常和 (或 )TRUS异常患者接受超声引导经直肠前列腺10针穿刺活检术 ,随机分成 3组 ,每组 50例 ,第 1组在尖部及两侧的前列腺精囊连接部注射 2 %利多卡因 ,每点 3ml,第 2组注射生理盐水 ,第 3组为对照组 ;穿刺结束后即刻对患者进行VAS疼痛评分。　结果　利多卡因组疼痛评分 0～ 7.5分 ,平均 2 .0分 ;生理盐水组 0～ 9.1分 ,平均 4.0分 ;对照组 0～ 7.4分 ,平均 3 .7分。经方差分析检验 ,利多卡因组与生理盐水组及对照组差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5) ,后两组间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5) ,利多卡因组疼痛程度低于生理盐水组与对照组。 150例患者观察 6～ 10d ,无并发症发生。　结论　利多卡因局部麻醉操作简便 ,安全有效 ,能显著降低患者术中的疼痛感觉 ,推荐为超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中常规应用方法     

模板定位下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检在经直肠途径初次活检阴性患者检查中的应用

目的 探讨模板定位下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术在对经直肠前列腺穿刺活检阴性患者检查中的有效性及安全性.方法 收集2010年1月至2012年1月经直肠前列腺穿刺活检阴性患者42例.年龄50 ～81岁,平均67岁.PSA 0.9 ～27.3 μg/L,平均13.1 μg/L.入组条件:曾行前列腺穿刺活检≥1次,结果为阴性或前列腺上皮内瘤(PIN)或非典型小细胞腺泡样增生(AAH),但术后tPSA仍＞10 μg/L和(或)PSA速率仍＞0.75 μg/L.取膀胱截石位,会阴部皮下及前列腺尖部包膜浸润麻醉下,行经直肠超声引导下模板定位经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术.分析模板定位下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术的阳性率、影响因素及并发症.结果 本组行前列腺穿刺16 ～ 44针,平均18.7针.穿刺阳性率为44％ (19/42),Gleason评分4～9分,平均6分.穿刺阳性者前列腺体积27～67 ml,平均44 ml;阴性者37 ～104 ml,平均71 ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).穿刺阳性率与患者是否为PIN和AHH、前列腺穿刺针数、PSA值无相关性(P＞0.05).穿刺阳性者前列腺癌在移行区的发生率为74％(14/19),其中36％(5/14)只发生在移行区.穿刺后1周内血尿发生率为29％(12/42),尿潴留发生率为9％ (4/42),无严重感染等并发症发生.结论 模板定位下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术诊断经直肠途径初次活检阴性患者安全、有效.     

如何减少经直肠B超引导下前列腺穿刺活检的疼痛：文献评述

经直肠B超（TRUS）引导下前列腺穿刺活检疼痛的产生机理有2种：超声探头插入直肠时造成盲肠不适，穿刺针穿入前列腺产生疼痛。因直肠壁对痛觉不敏感，故以穿刺针穿过前列腺包膜刺激包膜上的感觉神经受体产生的疼痛为主。减少穿刺活检过程中疼痛的方法：前列腺周同神经阻滞PNB（利多卡因、布比卡因等，不同注射途径）、麻醉胶剂（利多卡因凝胶等）、镇静药物（一氧化二氮-氧混合气、异丙酚）及其他方法（岁非考昔、双氯芬酸、     

Efficacy and cost analysis of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy under monitored anesthesia

Sedation may result in reduction in pain during transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination of propofol and remifentanil infusion during TRUS-guided prostate biopsy and the related increases in health care costs. From January to September 2010, 100 men undergoing a transrectal prostate biopsy were randomized into two groups. In Group 1, 50 patients received a combined infusion of propofol and remifentanil; in Group 2, 50 patients received lidocaine jelly. After TRUS-guided biopsies were performed, pain and patient satisfaction were evaluated by a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS), and a cost-related patient satisfaction questionnaire was completed by all patients. Patients were also asked whether they would be willing to undergo repeat biopsy by the same method. Patients in Group 1 showed a significantly lower VAS score than those in Group 2 (mean VAS score: 0.9±1.1 versus 6.3±2.5; P<0.001). In addition, the patient satisfaction scale was significantly higher in Group 1 (P=0.002). Although the overall cost was significantly higher in Group 1 (P=0.006), patient satisfaction scales considering cost were also higher in this group (P=0.009). A combination of propofol and remifentanil is a safe and effective way to decrease patient pain and increase patient satisfaction during TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. Although the costs were higher in the group that received sedation, as expected, the patients exhibited heightened satisfaction and willingness to repeat biopsies by the same method.     

Effectiveness of local anaesthesia techniques in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: A prospective randomized study

AIM: This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of intrarectal lidocaine gel versus periprostatic lidocaine injection during transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy. METHODS: Ninety men undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy from July through December 2004 were randomized into three groups of 30 patients each. Before the biopsy, patients in Group 1 received 20 mL of 2% lidocaine gel intrarectally; patients in Group 2 received 5 mL (2.5 mL per side) of 2% lidocaine solution injected near the junction of the seminal vesicle with the base of the prostate (along the neurovascular bundles), and patients in Group 3 (control group) received 5 mL (2.5 mL per side) of normal saline injected along the neurovascular bundles. Pain level after the biopsy was assessed using a 10-point linear visual analog scale (VAS). Results were statistically compared by the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. RESULTS: Patients in Group 2 had significantly lower VAS scores than those in Group 3 (3.6 +/- 2.1 vs 5.8 +/- 1.9, P < 0.0001), but those in Group 1 did not (5.5 +/- 2.7 vs 5.8 +/- 1.9, P = 0.67). Gross hematuria, rectal bleeding, and hemospermia occurred in 36 (40.0%), 6 (7%) and 5 (6%) patients. One patient had temporary vasovagal syncope. No patient reported febrile urinary tract infection or urinary retention. CONCLUSIONS: Periprostatic injection of local anaesthetic is a safe technique that significantly reduces pain during prostate biopsy, whereas intrarectal lidocaine injection did not reduce pain. This safe, simple technique should be applied in men undergoing TRUS-guided prostate biopsy to limit patient discomfort.     

Relationship between complications due to prostate biopsy and the scores of pain and discomfort

INTRODUCTION: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy is routinely performed in the prostate-specific antigen era. In this study, we evaluated morbidity and complications observed in patients undergoing TRUS-guided prostate biopsy following intrarectal lidocaine application and the relation of these complications to pain and discomfort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2000 and August 2002, a total of 128 patients underwent TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. The procedure was carried out following an intrarectal application of 10 cm(3) 2% lidocaine gel. Immediately after the biopsy, pain and discomfort scores were determined using a 10-point linear visual analog scale. The patients were seen 10 days later and questioned for complications. RESULTS: At least one complication was observed in 107 patients (84%). Most frequent complications were macroscopic hematuria (90%), hematochezia (36%), and hematospermia (13%). The mean pain and discomfort scores of the patients were found to be correlated to each other (p < 0.01). The complication-negative group had significantly lower pain and discomfort scores (p < 0.01). The scores of the patients with hematochezia were significantly higher than the scores of the patients with other complications (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Minor complications like hematuria, hematochezia, and hematospermia are frequently seen in patients undergoing TRUS-guided prostate biopsies. The pain and discomfort scores may be predictors of minor complications, particularly of rectal bleeding.     

Local anesthesia for ultrasound guided prostate biopsy: a prospective randomized trial comparing 2 methods

PURPOSE: Since the introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening, asymptomatic men often undergo transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. This procedure may cause significant discomfort, which may limit the number of biopsies. We performed a randomized prospective study to compare periprostatic infiltration with 1% lidocaine with intrarectal instillation of 2% lidocaine gel before prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 1999 to July 2000, 150 men underwent prostate biopsy at the Miami Veterans Administration and Jackson Memorial Hospital. Experienced senior residents performed all biopsies. Patients were randomized into 2 groups depending on the method of anesthetic delivery. A visual analog scale was used to assess the pain score. Statistical analysis of pain scores was performed using the Student t test. RESULTS: Ultrasound guided prostate biopsy was done in 150 cases. There was a statistical difference in the mean pain score after periprostatic infiltration and intrarectal instillation (2.4 versus 3.7, p = 0.00002) with patients receiving periprostatic infiltration reporting significantly less pain. CONCLUSIONS: Men should have the opportunity to receive local anesthesia before ultrasound guided prostate biopsy with the goal of decreasing the discomfort associated with this procedure. Our prospective randomized study indicates that ultrasound guided periprostatic nerve block with 1% lidocaine provides anesthesia superior to the intrarectal placement of lidocaine gel.     

单用可多华及联合得妥治疗Ⅱ度BPH合并膀胱过度活动症的对照研究

目的:评价单用可多华及联合得妥治疗Ⅱ度良性前列腺增生(BPH)合并膀胱过度活动症(OAB)的疗效。方法:2011年9月至2012年12月,对87例平均每日排尿次数≥8次,夜间≥2次,每次尿量<200 ml;国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)≥8分,膀胱过度活动症状评分(OABSS)≥3分,生活质量评分(QOL)≥3分,残余尿(PVR)≤100 ml,最大尿流率(Qmax)≥5 ml/s,前列腺重量25⁵0 g,血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)<4μg/L,病程≥3个月的患者,随机分为单药组44例和联合组43例。单药组口服可多华4 mg,每晚1次,共8周。联合组口服可多华4 mg,每晚1次;得妥4 mg,每晚1次。用药时间为8周。观察指标为IPSS,OABSS,Qmax,PVR,PSA,前列腺重量,并记录不良事件。结果:两组间基线资料比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。用药8周后联合组IPSS、储尿期评分、OABSS、尿急评分、QOL、PVR分别由(15.51±3.80)分、(9.47±2.31)分、(8.21±2.55)分、(4.07±0.83)分、(5.07±0.86)分、(36.19±21.21)ml降低到(11.49±2.75)分、(5.74±1.66)分、(4.44±1.62)分、(2.26±1.05)分、(2.37±0.76)分、(24.98±17.60)ml(P<0.01)。单药组IPSS、储尿期评分、OABSS、尿急评分、QOL、PVR分别由(16.50±4.27)分、(10.48±2.75)分、(8.55±2.69)分、(4.25±1.06)分、(5.36±0.72)分、(44.55±22.39)ml降低到(13.68±3.69)分、(7.98±2.34)分、(6.32±1.97)分、(3.23±0.99)分、(3.43±0.66)分、(38.30±20.20)ml(P<0.01)。治疗后两组间比较:联合组IPSS、储尿期评分、OABSS、尿急评分、QOL、PVR改善优于单药组(P<0.01),而排尿期评分及Qmax差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前后血清PSA及前列腺重量比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。治疗过程中,未见急性尿潴留及其他严重不良反应发生。结论:可多华单用或可多华联合得妥均能改善Ⅱ度BPH合并OAB症状。可多华联合得妥疗效更佳。     

前列腺癌肿瘤组织中E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达及意义

目的:探讨上皮-间质转化(EMT)相关蛋白E-cadherin和N-cadherin在中低危前列腺癌和高危前列腺癌中的表达差异,以及E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达与患者年龄、血清PSA水平、肿瘤组织Gleason评分的关系。方法:回顾性分析42例前列腺癌患者临床资料,将前列腺癌分为高危组27例和中低危组15例。免疫组化法检测两组E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达,并比较两组有无差异;同时分析E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达阳性率与血清PSA值、肿瘤Gleason评分及患者年龄的关系。结果:E-cadherin在中低危组的表达水平高于高危组(6.1±0.51 vs 4.2±0.37,P0.01),并且在中低危组中表达阳性率显著高于高危组(73.3%vs 25.9%,P0.01),E-cadherin在PSA20μg/L的患者中表达阳性率高于PSA≥20μg/L的患者(66.7%vs 29.6%,P0.05),在Gleason评分5~7分的患者中,其表达阳性率明显高于Gleason评分8~10分的患者(60.9%vs 21.1%,P0.05)。N-cadherin在中低危组的表达水平低于高危组(3.7±0.32 vs 7.5±0.58,P0.01),并且在中低危组中的表达阳性率低于高危组中(13.3%vs 59.3%,P0.05),在Gleason评分5~7分的患者中,其表达阳性率明显低于Gleason评分8~10分的患者(26.1%vs 63.2%,P0.05),N-cadherin在PSA20μg/L和PSA≥20μg/L的患者中表达阳性率没有差异(P0.05)。E-cadherin和N-cadherin在年龄≥70岁和70岁的患者中表达阳性率均没有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:E-cadherin和N-cadherin在高危前列腺癌和中低危前列腺癌表达阳性率及表达水平存在差异,即两者与前列腺癌的侵袭转移有关,并且E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达可能与前列腺癌Glesaon评分、血清PSA水平有关。     

A randomized controlled trial of topical glyceryl trinitrate before transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy of the prostate

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of topical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) ointment as an adjunct to periprostatic nerve block in reducing pain associated with transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostatic biopsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 148 consecutive patients (mean age 67.0 years) having their first TRUS-guided biopsy were randomized to receive either 0.2% GTN ointment or placebo 10 min before biopsy. All patients had a biopsy preceded by an injection with 10 mL of 1% lidocaine local anaesthesia. A 10-point visual analogue score was used to record 'Overall discomfort due to the presence of the probe', the biopsy itself and pain after the procedure. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age, PSA level and prostate volume between the groups. There was a significantly lower mean pain score due to probe insertion in the GTN than placebo group (1.94 vs 3.24, P < 0.01); pain perception was lower for the whole procedure in the GTN group, and was most pronounced in men aged <60 years (2.13 vs 4.61, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Topical GTN ointment is safe and effective in reducing the discomfort associated with TRUS-guided biopsy of the prostate, in particular the insertion of the ultrasound probe. It might be of maximum benefit in the younger patient and those having a repeat biopsy who previously failed to tolerate the procedure well.     

右美托咪定持续输注对小儿全麻术后躁动的影响

目的探讨在小儿全麻手术中使用右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,Dex）持续输注对术后躁动的影响。方法选取美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级、72名4岁．10岁在全麻下行骨折切开复位内固定手术的患儿,采用完全随机分组法随机分为4组（每组18例）,分别采用丙泊酚复合Dex（0．5μg·kg-1·h-1）（PD组）及七氟醚复合Dex（SD组）,丙泊酚复合生理盐水（PN组）及七氟醚复合生理盐水（SN组）。分别记录患儿泵注Dex前（T1）、泵注后10（T2）、20（T3）、30min（T4）及拔管时（L）的心率（heartrate,HR）、平均动脉压（mean artery pressure,MAP）、脑电双频指数（bispectralindex,BIS）;测定停止麻醉药物至拔管时间、睁眼时间;对术后患儿躁动及疼痛程度进行评分;计算患儿苏醒期躁动的发生率。结果①PD组与PN组比较、SD组与SN组比较,拔管时间[（7．1±2．6）min vs（4．4±2．1）min、（7．3±2．1）minvs（4．9±2．0）mini及睁眼时间[（16±6）minvs（10±3）min、（13±6）min vs（9±5）min]显著延长（P〈O．05）,但PD组与SD组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。②PD组与PN组、SD组与SN组比较,术后躁动评分（1分vs2分、3分vs4分）及术后患儿疼痛程度评分（cHIPPS评分）（2_5分VS3分、4分vs7分）下降（P〈0．01）。SD组术后躁动发生率显著下降[SD组（5．6％）vsSN组（33．3％）]（P〈0．05）。PD组的躁动评分低于sD组（P〈0．05）。结论Dex虽会造成术后苏醒时间延长,但可以降低小儿麻醉术后躁动评分及术后即刻疼痛评分,并且显著降低七氟醚麻醉术后躁动发生率,使患儿苏醒期更加平稳。