术前短程冲击放疗和术后后装放疗治疗原发性肝癌

目的：探讨术前短程冲击放疗和术后后装照射治疗原发性肝癌（PLC）的效果。方法：50例行肝癌切除术的PLC患者随机分为放疗组和对照组，每组25例。放疗组术前先行放疗6Gy，共3次，休息2周后再手术。术中放置施源管3－6根，确定驻留点2－8个，术后3－10d行后装照射，单次剂量10Gy，照射2－4次，总剂量20－40Gy。对照组手术前后不行放疗。结果：放疗组术前放疗后肿瘤明显缩小（P＜0．05）；术中出血量显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）；后装照射后AFP转阴率100％（16／16），对照组56．3％（9／14）（P＜0．01）；放射组术后6个月复发率（0）显著低于对照组（20．0％）（P＜0．01）；6个月生存率（100％）与对照组（92．0％）无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论：手术前短程冲击放疗和术后后装放疗是提高PLC近期治疗效果，降低复发率的有效手段。     

原发性肝癌切除术前应用立体定向适形放疗的价值

目的　探讨立体定向适形放疗对原发性肝癌的治疗效果及其术前应用的价值。方法　 1 998年 5月至 2 0 0 1年 1 0月 ,2 5例肝癌行术前短程大剂量立体定向适形放疗 2周后手术切除 ,与同期单纯手术切除的病例对照 ,进行病理、肝功能、血常规、AFP、术中出血量、术后复发率及生存率的分析研究。结果　立体定向适形放疗能有效杀灭肿瘤细胞 ,导致癌周小血管、淋巴管闭塞及纤维机化带形成 ,显著缩小肿瘤体积 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,减少术中出血量 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,提高术后近期 AFP转阴率 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,降低术后 1年复发率 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,提高术后 2年生存率 (P<0 .0 1 )。同时 ,没有严重副作用。　结论　立体定向适形放疗是治疗肝癌的有效手段 ,术前短程大剂量冲击放疗可以提高手术切除率 ,改善预后 ,增加二期切除的机会     

术中瘤内置管后装放疗治疗转移性肝癌

目的 观察转移性肝癌组织间插植后装放疗的效果、毒副反应，探讨其应用于治疗结、直肠癌术后肝转移的可行性。方法 1992年11月至1997年5月对18例结、直肠癌术后确诊肝转移病人行剖腹探查术中瘤内置管组织间插植后装放疗。放射源为高剂量率^192Ir，每次照射8－10Gy，总量30－40Gy，1－2周内完成。结果 18例无明显毒副反应，中位生存期25.6个月，1，3，5年生存率（按寿命表法）分别为71.6%,28.7%,7.2%。CEA滴度变化可做为肿瘤控制与否及有无肝内外隐匿病灶的重要指标。结论 术中、肝穿刺置管法安全、可靠；作为局部根治性治疗手段，对原发于结、直肠的肝转移癌的治疗是有效的。但其能否与手术切除效果相当尚需进一步观察。     

CA19-9是胰腺癌术前辅助化放疗反应的指标

血清肿瘤标记物CA19－9曾用于评估胰腺癌切除的彻底性以及切除后病变的活动性，作者则用于观察胰腺癌手术前中至大剂量放疗（45～50．4Gy）和化疗的反应效果。收集1990～1994年马萨诸塞州综合医院45例病人，符合下列要求：（1）活检证实胰腺癌；（2）病灶局限，无腹膜或肝转移；m术前给外照射、5一氟尿晓咤（5－Fll）和／或术中放疗（IORT）；（4）手术前后均有CA19－9测定。全组45例中，男24例，女周例，平均61岁（39～78岁）。放疗在5～6周内分25～28次给予，在放疗的第一周和最末一周各给5－Ftl50（）m／mZ·d共3天，完成化放疗后3…     

原发性肝癌患者手术前后血浆可溶性P-选择素的检测及意义

目的：探讨原发性肝癌患者手术前后血浆可溶性P－选择素（sP-selectin)水平的变化及意义。方法：应用ELISA法检测39例原发性肝癌患者手术前后血浆sP-selectin的水平,结果：原发性肝癌患者术前的血浆sP-selectin含量明显高于正常对照组（P＜0．01）,术后第15d,患者血浆sP-selectin含量较术前明显降低（P＜0．01）,但仍明显高于正常对照组（P＜0．01）,术后第30天,患者浆sP-selectin含量较术后牝15d进一步降低（P＜0．01）,与正常对照组比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05）,结论：提示原发性肝癌者血浆sP-selectin水平明显高于正常人,手术切除肝癌可降低患者血浆sP-selectin的水平,血浆sP-selectin水平的检测及动态观察可能对原发性肝癌的辅助诊断,病情的发展的判断,疗效观察以及预后估计会具有较大的临床意义。     

后装放疗照射犬外周血管神经的病理学观察

目的观察高剂量率(HDR)192Ir后装照射犬外周血管、神经病理反应，为HDR后装放疗应用于骨与软组织恶性肿瘤保肢术提供放射剂量耐受阈参考。方法健康普通犬12条，常规外科手术沿犬股神经血管束放置施源器，术后经3次HDR后装放射，每种剂量1条犬，总剂量分别为15、30、45、60、75、90Gy，照射长度1．0cm，照射后10、60d活体取材，经光镜和透射电镜进行组织学观察，自身对侧血管神经束作对比。结果照射后10d，大血管主要表现为内膜病变；照射后60d，剂量达到45Gy时，出现明显的不同程度血管增生和管腔狭窄。神经照射后改变，15Gy组变化不明显；30Gy以上组变化明显：急性期出现不同程度脱髓鞘，髓鞘和轴突崩解脱失等改变；慢性期神经萎缩明显。结论HDR后装放疗引起外周血管明显病理变化的剂量为45Gy；而30Gy足以引起明显的神经病理变化。建议临床治疗控制在总剂量30Gy以下，贴近神经处酌减剂量。     

术前短程放疗联合根治性前切除术治疗中晚期直肠癌：附130例报告

目的：探讨术前短程放疗后行根治性前切除术治疗直肠癌的手术安全性及临床疗效。 方法：选取2008年9月—2010年9月收治的中晚期直肠癌130例,按治疗方式的不同分为观察组45例和对照组85例,其中观察组接受术前短程放疗+直肠癌根治性前切除术;对照组直接接受根治性前切除术。观察并对比两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术中淋巴结清扫数目及意外损伤发生情况、术后肛门排气时间、住院时间及并发症发生情况,随访观察盆腔局部复发率及1年和3年生存率。 结果：术前短程放疗的毒副反应较轻;观察组与对照组手术时间[（169.7±53.3）min vs. （158.6± 46.3）min]、术中出血量[（222.3±155.2）mL vs. （209.6±123.1）mL ]、术中淋巴结清扫数目[(8.5± 3.2)个 vs. （9.3±5.8）个]、术后排气时间[（67.8±47.3）h vs. （65.4±38.9）h]、术后住院时间[（13.2±10.3）d vs. (12.7±10.9）d]、术中意外损伤发生率[2.2% vs. 2.4%]、术后并发症的发生率(22.2％ vs. 20.0％)比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）;观察组与对照组术后局部复发率[11.1％ vs. 37.6％]、术后３年生存率 [57.4% vs. 34.5%]比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论：直肠癌短程放疗后行根治性前切除手术安全可靠,可显著降低术后局部复发率,提高远期生存率。     

血清AFP半衰期对早期预测HCC肝移植术后复发的临床价值

目的：通过研究肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma，HCC）患者肝移植术后的血清甲眙蛋白（α—fetoprotein，AFP）的动态变化及下降过程中半衰期（T1/2的长短与肝癌术后复发的关系，探讨AFP T1/2对预测移植术后HCC复发的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析我院58例术前血清AFP阳性（AFP〉25μg/L），且超过Milan标准的HCC患者，观察肝移植手术后的AFP动态变化并计算其下降过程的T1/2,研究AFP T1/2与移植术后肝癌复发的相关性，评估AFP的T1/2对预测HCC移植术后复发的价值。结果：移植术后复发组的血清AFP T1/2要明显高于未复发组（P〈0．们）。当AFP T1/2〈6．5d时，移植术后肿瘤复发转移的概率较小，远期预后较好。当AFP T1/2〉6．5d时，复发转移的发生率要明显高于前者。根据患者移植术后的AFP的动态变化分为3组，A组（血清AFP1个月内降至〈25μg／L）、B组（血清AFP于2个月内降至25μg/L以下）和C组（AFP于2个月内始终未降至25μg／LI以下或是下降后再次回升），结果显示C组的复发率（85．7％）要明显高于A组（20％）和B组（33．3％），P均〈0．05；A组和B组之间没有明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：移植术后血清AFP的动态变化与肿瘤的复发密切相关。血清AFP的T1/2对于早期预测HCC肝移植术后的复发有重要价值。     

介入加立体定向放射治疗不能手术的原发性肝癌36例报告

目的：观察介入加X线立体定向放射治疗不能手术的原发性肝癌的疗效和副作用。方法：分析我院1997年6月至1999年7月收治的36例原发性肝癌行介入加X线立体定向放射治疗的情况，采用Seldinger技术穿刺股动脉，经肝动脉给予灌注化学药物治疗（TAI），CF300mg,5-FU 1000－1500mg,CDDP60-80mg,ADM60-80mg(或MMC10－20mg)。TAI后或2次TAI之间给予立体定向放射治疗。分割剂量视情况为5－8Gy，总次数5－8次不等，70％－90％的等剂量线包括靶区，立体定向放疗DT40－50Gy。结果：3个月后病变达CR9例，PR25例，NR1例，总有效率为94％。6个月后复查CT示：CR11例，PR24例，NR0例，PD1例，总有效率为97％。1年生存率为85％，2年生存率为68％。直径5cm以下癌灶完全缓解（CR）达91％（10／11），5cm以上者CR为1／25。10例患者AFP值在治疗后6个月内下降至正常，P＜0．01。WHOⅠ、Ⅱ级骨髓抑制发生率为47％，急性胃肠道放射反应占54％。结论：不能切除的原发性肝癌切介入加X线立体定向放射治疗可达到满意的缓解症状，延长生存期，提高生活质量的目的。     

FOLFOX联合放疗对局部晚期结直肠癌手术疗效及术后肿瘤复发率的影响

目的：探讨FOLFOX（奥沙利铂+亚叶酸钙+5-氟尿嘧啶）联合放疗对局部晚期结直肠癌手术疗效及术后肿瘤复发率的影响。方法：回顾性分析3年间收治的局部晚期大肠癌患者64例患者资料,其中30例直接行手术治疗（对照组）,34例术前放疗+FOLFOX方案化疗（观察组）。比较两组患者的手术切除率、保肛率、手术并发症和肿瘤复发情况,并分析患者术前CEA浓度与术后复发的关系。结果：对照组和观察组分别有13例和28例肿瘤完全切除,分别有4例和11例完全切除肿瘤后行低位直肠吻合术,组间差异均有统计学意义（P=0.001,P=0.034）;两组患者术后并发症和术后3年累积复发率无统计学差异（P=0.54,P=0.76）,但观察组第1,2年的复发率低于对照组（P=0.001,P=0.025）。患者肿瘤切除后CEA水平较术前明显降低（P<0.01）,术前的CEA水平与肿瘤术后复发时间呈负相关（r2=0.26,P=0.0013）。结论：术前新辅助治疗能够提高局部晚期结直肠癌患者肿瘤切除率和保肛率,降低术后2年内的肿瘤复发率,不增加手术并发症;术前的CEA水平高者早期复发可能性大。

     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.