下颌骨裂开外旋切除晚期口咽癌

目的 探讨切除晚期口咽癌的有效手术径路。方法 对采用下颌骨裂开外旋径路切除的17例晚期口咽癌患者进行回顾性分析,其中扁桃体癌13例,软腭癌2例,舌根癌2例。分别采用下颌骨裂开外旋及其联合术式切除肿瘤,以舌瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、颞肌肌筋膜瓣及额瓣修复缺损。术后均给予放疗。结果 全组肿瘤切除率100％,吞咽、呼吸、语言功能恢复良好。3年生存率为54．5％,5年生存率为40.0％。结论 应用下颌骨裂开外旋及其联合术式切除晚期口咽癌,可充分暴露口咽、声门上、下咽、咽旁间隙及颅底．手术安伞有效。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在舌再造术中的应用

报告舌癌行全舌,或舌大部或舌根广泛切除术后,应用胸大肌皮瓣行舌再造术的经验。方法 自１９８４年１２月至１９９５年９月,我院对８６例Ｔ３或Ｔ４舌癌根治术后的舌缺损,应用带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣同期进行了舌再造术。结果 肌皮瓣全坏死１例。术后吞咽和语言功能恢复正常分别为５９例和４４例。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣用于咽喉晚期肿瘤术后一期修复

[目的]探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在咽喉晚期肿瘤术后一期修复中的应用价值.[方法]对1996年6月到2004年6月55例咽喉晚期肿瘤根治术后一期应用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的资料进行分析总结.其中舌根癌19例、扁桃体癌10例、喉咽癌9例、喉癌9例、鼻咽癌8例.术前放疗21例,术后放疗25例.胸大肌肌皮瓣修复咽喉部黏膜及黏膜下软组织缺损40例,修复颈部皮肤缺损15例.[结果]55例胸大肌肌皮瓣均一期修复完成.1例肌皮瓣皮肤完全坏死失败,3例肌皮瓣远端皮肤少许坏死重新清创缝合,修复成功率为98.2%(54/55).40例修复咽喉部黏膜缺损病人有3例进食轻度呛咳,1例进食吞咽不畅外均恢复吞咽功能,除全喉切除病人外均基本恢复语言功能.15例修复颈部皮肤缺损病人切口均愈合.3、5年存活率舌根癌为4/8,2/5;扁桃体癌为3/6,2/4;喉咽癌为2/4,1/3;喉癌为2/3,1/2;鼻咽癌为2/4,1/3.[结论]胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠,组织容量大,在咽喉部晚期肿瘤手术中应用可以提高存活率及病人术后生存质量,成功率高,是一期修复的理想材料.     

Effects of combined modality therapy of head and neck carcinoma on shoulder and head mobility

One hundred twenty-six patients were evaluated prospectively for head and shoulder mobility following combined treatment of their advanced head and neck carcinoma. In the absence of a pectoral myocutaneous flap reconstruction, the sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve does not appear to be deleterious to overall head and shoulder mobility with the exception of shoulder elevation. The addition of the pectoral myocutaneous flap reconstruction negated the shoulder elevation difference between the modified neck dissection and the classical neck dissection. The administration of postoperative radiation therapy appears to decrease the range of motion of both the head and the shoulder by up to 20%. We conclude that head and shoulder mobility following combined modality treatment for patients with head and neck carcinoma appears to be a multifaceted problem involving more than the presence or absence of the accessory nerve and psychosocial considerations. The multifaceted etiology of this problem should be taken into consideration when developing physical and occupational programs directed specifically at this problem.     

Skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction is an acceptable treatment option for patients with high-risk breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) followed by immediate reconstruction is an effective treatment option for patients with early-stage breast carcinoma, but its use in patients with more advanced disease is controversial. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed that included 38 consecutive patients with high-risk breast carcinoma who underwent SSM and immediate reconstruction (between July 1996 and January 2002). Tumor characteristics, type of reconstruction, margin status, timing of adjuvant therapy, postoperative complications, and incidence of recurrence were evaluated. RESULTS: High-risk patients (Stage IIA [n=4 patients] Stage IIB [n=23 patients] Stage IIIA [n=8 patients] and Stage IIIB [n=3 patients]) underwent immediate reconstruction after SSM with the use of a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (n=31 patients), a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap plus an implant (n=3 patients), or tissue expanders with subsequent implant placement (n=4 patients). The median follow-up was 52.9 months (range, 27.5-92.0 months), and the median time to recurrence has not yet been reached at the time of last follow-up. The median interval from surgery to the initiation of postoperative adjuvant therapy was 38 days (range, 25-238 days). Local recurrence was seen in 1 patient (2.6%), systemic recurrence in was seen in 10 patients (26.3%), and both local and distant metastases in were seen in 2 other patients (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: SSM with immediate reconstruction appeared to be an oncologically safe treatment option for high-risk patients with advanced stages of breast carcinoma. In addition to the aesthetic and psychological benefits of performing SSM with immediate reconstruction, local recurrence rates and disease-free survival were favorable when combined with the use of radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, as indicated.     

Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap Reconstruction for the Mandibular Defects in Advanced Oral Cavity Malignancies: A Retrospective Study of 30 Cases

To evaluate the utility of the pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap for the reconstruction of the mandible in advanced oral cavity malignancies in the Indian population. It was a retrospective study contained 30 patients with advanced oral cancer from July 2012 to August 2016. The PMMC reconstruction was done in all the patients to repair the bony defects in segmental/hemi mandibulectomy. The patients were followed up for a mean period of 6 months in the postoperative period and the utility of the PMMC flaps were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 45 years (range 30–63 years). The average Karnofsky performance status score was 70 and majority of the patients had history of chronic medical illness. Of the 30 PMMC flaps, partial necrosis of the skin was noticed 2 (06.66%) patients. Orocutaneous fistula was detected in 2 (06.66%) patient and 3 (10%) patients presented with wound dehiscent in the immediate postoperative period. 3 (10%) patients had recurrence of the disease. PMMC flap can be a reliable option for advanced oral malignancies, especially in patients with poor status with the coexisting chronic illness. Due to the presence of a definite vascular pedicle, ease of harvesting the flap, quick surgical procedure, and the minimal postoperative morbidities, it can be considered as a valid alternative to the free flap to repair the bony defect, especially in patients with low socioeconomic corridor like India.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用。方法应用胸大肌肌皮瓣一期修复晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损262例（其中折叠瓣17例修复口内外穿通性缺损,20例胸大肌肌膜瓣修复口内缺损,5例胸大肌皮瓣联合游离植皮修复咽瘘,5例胸大肌肌皮瓣联合游离皮瓣双瓣修复颌面部洞穿性缺损）。舌再造62例,修复口咽53例,修复口底41例,修复口颊24例,修复颈部31例,修复下咽缺损22例,修复腮腺区缺损29例。结果262例肌皮瓣252例全部成活,8例皮瓣部分坏死肌瓣成活,2例肌皮瓣完全坏死,总的成活率为99.2%（260/262）。术后随访1～10年,所有患者术后进食、吞咽功能恢复良好,语言功能大多恢复良好。结论胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠,组织量丰富,且应用较灵活,可制作成肌皮瓣或肌瓣,对于晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损是最优选择。     

The indications and complications of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction in head and neck surgery-our experience

Most of the head and neck cancer patients in India present to the Otolaryngologist, Head and Neck surgeon in the advanced stages of their disease. Extensive resection followed by acceptable morphological & functional reconstruction is the goal for the surgeon. Use of the pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap enables extensive ablative procedures to be carried out followed by immediate and reliable reconstruction. Thirty consecutive cases of biopsy proven squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region were studied. All underwent extensive resection of the tumour with pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction, with preor post-operative external irradiation. This study concentrates on the indications for and complications encountered with the use of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. Also included is an extensive review of the literature relating to the complications encountered with the use of this method of reconstruction.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients undergoing skin/nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate autologous reconstruction

Immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy is an effective treatment for breast cancer patients. Among several implant options, a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap is used mainly due to the ease and minimal invasiveness of the procedure. The role of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy with total mastectomy is evolving. Since SLN biopsy is not included in health insurance coverage in the treatment of patients in Japan, it is not generally performed as a separate procedure due to its cost. The present study reviewed the results of seven patients who underwent initial-staged SLN biopsy followed by planned mastectomy and LDM flap reconstruction. Two patients with positive SLNs showed macrometastases and underwent modified radical mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. In contrast, cases showing negative results for sentinel lymph nodes underwent total mastectomy. There were no false-negative cases among the SLN biopsy-negative cases. When an SLN is found to be positive on final pathology, the patient with reconstruction by LDM flap generally requires a potentially difficult reoperation on the remaining axillary nodes. When initial SLN biopsy is generally performed as a separate procedure in Japan, it will be an effective method for screening the axilla for patients who wish to undergo LDM flap reconstruction.     

A combination therapy for hypopharyngeal cancer

A combination of induction chemotherapy, radical surgery with primary reconstruction of the cervical esophagus and postoperative chemo-radiotherapy has been utilized in our department for the treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer since January, 1983. Until then, preoperative chemoradiotherapy up to 4600 rads had been the policy of choice and satisfactory effect was not always obtained patho-histologically , though remarkable reduction of tumor was observed in many cases macroscopically. Radical surgery such as total laryngopharyngectomy with bilateral neck dissection followed by primary reconstruction using the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is the procedure of choice. The myocutaneous flap is the procedure of choice. The myocutaneous flap technique is advisable in most cases, facilitating earlier use of post-operative chemoradiotherapy. Induction chemotherapy currently used in our department consists of sequential use of FT-207, ADR, MMC, Pepleomycin and then MMC again (FAM-PM).     

多种组织瓣在口颊缺损重建中的应用

背景与目的：合理采用组织瓣进行口颊缺损重建,可以扩大口颊癌手术指征,改善患者的生存质量,延长患者生命。本研究目的是探讨组织瓣重建口颊缺损的指征,不同组织瓣的选择以及重建的手术技巧。方法：2005年9月至2007年8月间共行26例组织瓣重建口颊缺损手术,其中单纯口颊粘膜切除8例;口颊大型缺损18例,其中包括口颊面部皮肤洞穿切除11例,口颊、皮肤以及口角全缺损切除7例。26例患者中有7例行腮腺导管切除。胸大肌肌皮瓣转移重建5例,游离前臂桡侧皮瓣重建11例,游离股前外侧皮瓣6例,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣4例。8例患者行术后放疗,剂量为66～70Gy。结果：围术期无死亡病例,1例皮瓣坏死,为游离前臂皮瓣重建病例;1例皮瓣部分坏死,为胸大肌肌皮瓣重建病例。皮瓣成功率为96．2％（25／26）。1例伤口积液,为涎腺瘘。所有患者均随访1-3年,7例复发患者中4例为原发灶复发,3例为颈部淋巴结复发。随访期间2例患者死亡,均为原发灶局部复发者。结论：游离股前外侧皮瓣和游离前臂皮瓣是重建口颊大型缺损的良好皮瓣,是大于4cm的口颊缺损的首选：胸大肌肌皮瓣可作为口颊大型缺损重建的备用皮瓣;小于4cm的口颊缺损可选用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在喉癌手术中的应用

The experiences in reconstruction of surgical defects by pectoralis major myocutaneous flap after extensive cancer resection in 12 patients with advanced laryngeal carcinoma or recurrences are reported. The defects of different sites were reconstructed in one stage operation successfully. By this method, surgical indication is extended, therefore, reducing the patients' suffering and prolonging the survival. The preparation of the flap is described.     

Post-cricoid cancer: an overview

Two retrospective studies of post-cricoid cancer are presented: study A, of 283 cases for demographic data, disease pattern, statistics and radiotherapy results; and study B, of 100 surgically treated cases for results of surgery and comparison of three methods of reconstruction. Study A revealed a male:female ratio of 1:2. Thirty-one percent of cases were too advanced at presentation for any form of treatment. Most patients were offered radiation therapy, but 21.7% did not complete it due to nutritional depletion. Disease-free survival (DFS) in patients who completed radiation therapy (137) was 66%, 21%, 4%, and 2% in stages I, II, III, IV respectively. Study group B showed that the DFS following surgery for stages III and IV was 28%. Reconstruction of the gullet by gastric transportation affected early swallowing but had the highest mortality; the pectoral myocutaneous flap method had the lowest mortality but a high leak rate and postoperative stenosis; the deltopectoral flap showed a high leak rate, delayed swallowing, and the longest hospitalisation of all 3 methods. Early diagnosis, nutritional support during radiation therapy, surgery in stages III and IV, and one-stage reconstruction are recommended.     

The Importance of Flaps in Reconstruction of Locoregionally Advanced Lateral Skull-base Cancer Defects: a Tertiary Otorhinolaryngology Referral Centre Experience

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to identify the value of extensive resection and reconstruction with flaps in the treatment of locoregionally advanced lateral skull-base cancer.Patients and methodsThe retrospective case review of patients with lateral skull-base cancer treated surgically with curative intent between 2011 and 2019 at a tertiary otorhinolaryngology referral centre was made.ResultsTwelve patients with locoregionally advanced cancer were analysed. Lateral temporal bone resection was performed in nine (75.0%), partial parotidectomy in six (50.0%), total parotidectomy in one (8.3%), ipsilateral selective neck dissection in eight (66.7%) and ipsilateral modified radical neck dissection in one patient (8.3%). The defect was reconstructed with anterolateral thigh free flap, radial forearm free flap or pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in two patients (17.0%) each. Mean overall survival was 3.1 years (SD = 2.5) and cancer-free survival rate 100%. At the data collection cut-off, 83% of analysed patients and 100% of patients with flap reconstruction were alive.ConclusionsFavourable local control in lateral skull-base cancer, which mainly involves temporal bone is achieved with an extensive locoregional resection followed by free or regional flap reconstruction. Universal cancer registry should be considered in centres treating this rare disease to alleviate analysis and multicentric research.Key words: temporal bone, microsurgery, parotid region, free tissue flaps, neoplasm staging, ear     

The acute effects of postoperative radiation therapy on the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap used in immediate breast reconstruction

Purpose: To analyze the acute effects of postoperative radiation therapy on the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction following modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.

Methods and Materials: Twenty-five consecutive patients were treated with postoperative radiation therapy after TRAM flap reconstruction between 1985 and 1999. The radiation records for these patients were retrospectively reviewed. Information regarding treatment techniques, timing, and dose was obtained and correlated with the extent of erythema, desquamation, and the need for treatment break.

Results: The median age was 48 years. The median dose of chest wall radiation was 5040 cGy. Additional boost doses were delivered in 13 patients. Twelve patients (48%) developed mild erythema in the treatment field during the course of treatment and 13 patients (52%) developed moderate (40%) or brisk (12%) erythema. Only 10 patients (40%) developed any kind of desquamation; 5 patients (20%) developed dry desquamation and another 5 patients (20%) developed moist desquamation. No patients required a break in the course of treatment because of acute side effects. None of the parameters evaluated (the use of chemotherapy prior to radiation, the interval between surgery and radiation, smoking, prior incidence of fat necrosis, the use of bolus during radiation, and the use of a boost) were predictive of an increased incidence of either the extent of erythema or the development of desquamation in the treatment field.

Conclusion: Postmastectomy radiation for TRAM flap reconstruction is well tolerated and is not associated with an increased incidence of acute side effects. Radiation technique and the use of preradiation chemotherapy do not appear to be correlated with an increased incidence of acute side effects.     

Acute and chronic results of adjuvant radiotherapy after mastectomy and Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction for breast cancer

A retrospective review of the treatment of 15 breast cancer patients who received postoperative radiotherapy after a mastectomy and transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction was undertaken to determine the effects of postoperative irradiation on flap viability and cosmesis. Fourteen patients had pedicle TRAM flaps, and one patient had a free TRAM flap. Surgical complications, acute and chronic side effects of radiotherapy, and cosmetic outcome were evaluated. The median interval between the TRAM flap procedure and radiotherapy was 7 months. The median total radiation dose was 60 Gy. All patients underwent three-dimensional radiotherapy treatment planning to determine the optimal dose distribution. Mild erythema developed in 9 patients (60%), moderate erythema developed in 2 (13%), and severe erythema developed in 1 (7%). Dry desquamation developed in 6 patients (40%), whereas moist desquamation developed in none. At median follow-up of 26.4 months, only 2 (13%) of the 15 patients had fat necrosis within the TRAM flap that was not present before radiotherapy. Fourteen patients (93%) retained their flap, and 13 patients (87%) rated their cosmetic outcome as "good" to "excellent." We conclude that TRAM flaps can be irradiated with few complications and acceptable cosmetic results.     

横行下腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术

目的　介绍乳腺癌根治术后乳房再造方法。方法　应用横行下腹直肌肌皮瓣 (TRAMflap)进行乳房再造。结果　应用该方法治疗 2 2例 ,再造乳房形态良好。结论　TRAM皮瓣乳房再造术对乳腺癌根治术后患者是一种安全有效的治疗方法     

颌面部恶性肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣的修复

目的为解决颌面部恶性肿瘤根治性切除术后所致的颌面洞穿性缺损的修复问题,以提高病人的生存质量.方法1990～1998年用瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣带蒂移转修复颌面部洞穿性缺损14例.分别为口颊癌12例、牙龈癌2例,肿瘤根治术后形成洞穿性缺损.将胸大肌肌皮瓣折叠形成瓦合瓣,一部分肌皮瓣做口腔衬里,一部分肌皮瓣修复面部缺损,手术一次性完成.结果14例瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣全部成活,成功率为100%,术后随访1～3年,颌面部外形及功能改善良好,被修复区不显臃肿.结论颌面洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的,瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣是较好的修复材料,成功率高,临床上应用可取得功能和外形同时修复的效果.     

血管化骨组织瓣在下颌骨放射性骨坏死临床治疗中的应用研究*

目的:探讨血管化骨组织瓣在治疗下颌骨放射性骨坏死中的应用。方法:对2003 年1 月到 2015 年1 月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面-头颈肿瘤科采用血管化骨组织瓣修复下颌骨放射性骨坏死术后缺损的53 例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:在53 例下颌骨放射性骨坏死血管化骨组织瓣修复中,血管化腓骨瓣应用48 例（90 .57 %）,血管化髂骨瓣5 例（9.43 %）。术后5 例（10 .42 %）腓骨瓣出现并发症（4 例静脉栓塞,1 例动脉危象）,经探查后 3 例皮瓣恢复正常,2 例改用胸大肌皮瓣修复创面。而髂骨瓣 2 例（40 .00 %）出现术后并发症（1 例静脉栓塞,1 例动脉危象）,最后植入髂骨因坏死被取出,局部清创缝合。皮瓣供区均未出现明显并发症。平均随访时间28 （5～60 ）个月,经过血管化骨组织瓣治疗后88 .57 % 患者骨坏死得到有效控制,85 .71 % 患者张口度在 2～3 指,85 .72 %的患者能进软食或半流质,80 .00 %的患者言语可识别度较好。另外,在随访时还发现,通过术中牵引钉或术后斜面导板等使用,髁状突保留与否与患者术后张口、面型等关系不大,但髁状突保留的患者颞下颌关节区不适感明显比髁状突去除者少。结论:血管化骨组织瓣应用于下颌骨放射性骨坏死术后缺损的修复,虽然存在一定的风险,但只要适应证选择恰当、术中操作精细及术后并发症控制良好,仍是目前手术治疗下颌骨放射性骨坏死最好的方法。血管化骨组织瓣首推血管化腓骨瓣。      

乳腺癌保乳术中胸外侧筋膜皮瓣在乳房缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨胸外侧筋膜皮瓣在乳腺癌保乳术中修复乳房缺损的应用效果.方法 回顾分析行乳腺癌保乳术的73例乳腺癌患者的临床资料,根据乳房修复方法进行分组,其中对照组35例采用背阔肌肌皮瓣移植,观察组38例采用胸外侧筋膜皮瓣移植,观察2组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后乳房重建效果、复发率及并发症发生情况,并对患者满意度进行调查评估.结果 所有患者均成功完成手术,且术后均无肿瘤复发.2组患者手术时间、术中出血量比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2组患者术后乳房外观比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);患者对手术满意度评价,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);观察组术后并发症发生率低于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在乳腺癌病灶切除术中,利用胸外侧筋膜皮瓣填充乳房缺损部位能够明显缩短手术时间,降低术后并发症的发生率.