日本肺移植现状

肺移植是治疗终末期肺疾病的有效手段,而目前我国的肺移植仍不成熟。日本自1999年开展第一例肺移植以来已经完成活体部分及脑死亡肺移植40例和18例,术后四年生存率约70％。本文从历史背景、肺保存、术中及术后管理方面介绍了日本肺移植的现状。     

1例双肺移植治疗肺动脉高压病人2年随访结果和体会

1993年以来 ,国内大陆进行了 10例肺移植手术 (单肺 8例、双肺 2例 ) ,大部分病人术后 7～ 48ｄ死亡。北京安贞医院首例单肺移植至今已生存 5年 ,2年前双肺移植 1例 (即本例 )至今也生存。现总结报告双肺移植术后 2年的治疗随访经过和经验体会 ,希望能对我国肺移植工作有所帮助。临床资料　 1998年 1月 2 0日我们为 1例终末期原发性肺动脉高压病人 ,在体外循环下行双侧肺移植 (术后 8个月情况已报道〔1〕) ,术中出血 40 0 0ｍｌ,输血 5 30 0ｍｌ,体外循环转流时间 40 4ｍｉｎ。肺再灌注损伤、肺水肿较明显 ,从气管插管中抽吸出大量水样液体 …     

日本肺移植现状

肺移植是治疗终末期肺疾病的有效手段。而目前我国的肺移植仍不成熟。日本自1999年开展第一例肺移植以来已经完成活体部分及脑死亡肺移植40例和18例，术后四年生存率约70％。本文从历史背景、肺保存、术中及术后管理方面介绍了日本肺移植的现状。     

肺移植治疗终末期肺气肿19例报告

目的 探讨肺移植治疗终末期肺气肿的手术适应证、术式的选择及术后疗效.方法 报告肺移植治疗终末期肺气肿19例,患者术前CT检查均以弥漫性肺气肿为主,均经2～3年不同程度的吸氧治疗,其中依赖呼吸机的有5例.手术方式分别为:单肺移植6例;单肺移植加对侧肺减容术7例;双肺移植6例.结合这19例患者的肺移植效果进行分析和总结.结果 单肺移植的受者中,术后第1天内有2例受者胸腔引流量超过2000 ml,再次剖胸探查止血.19例受者术后机械通气时间为3～22 d,平均呼吸机脱机时间为7 d.术后1个月内死亡5例,死亡原因分别为:原发性移植物功能丧失1例、支气管吻合口漏1例、重症急性排斥反应(4A级)1例及重症细菌和霉菌感染2例.6例双肺移植的受者术后早期均康复出院.19例患者术后1、2、3年存活率分别为73.7%、63.2%和52.6%.结论 肺移植是治疗终末期肺气肿最有效的方法;单肺移植口丁作为终末期肺气肿的常用术式,单肺移植结合对侧肺减容术可以更好的利用供肺,同时又解除了术后对侧自体肺的并发症;对年龄较轻及有双肺感染的终末期肺气肿患者,应首选双肺移植,双肺移植较单肺移植术后并发症更少.     

肺移植治疗肺部恶性肿瘤四例

目的 探讨肺移植治疗肺部恶性肿瘤的手术适应证、围手术期的处理及疗效.方法 2002年9月至2012年12月单中心4例肺部恶性肿瘤患者接受了肺移植.1例为肺泡细胞癌,2例为支气管源性肺癌伴终末期肺疾病,1例为转移性肺癌.移植前4例肺功能均差,存在不同程度的呼吸衰竭.4例中,2例行序贯式双肺移植,2例行单肺移植,其中1例单肺移植在体外膜肺氧合辅助下完成.结果 1例于术后25个月死于肿瘤复发,其他3例至随访截止已分别存活11个月、1年和8个月,肺功能良好,未出现肿瘤复发、转移的表现.结论 支气管源性肺癌伴终末期肺疾病(包括弥漫性细支气管肺泡细胞癌)及转移性肺癌,不能耐受其他治疗或对其他治疗无效,短期内会因肺功能进行性下降、呼吸衰竭而导致死亡是肺移植的相对适应证,可考虑行肺移植评估,但受者的长期存活还需进一步随访.     

从多伦多经验谈肺移植进展

1983年多伦多总院进行了全球首例成功的单肺移植，此后，随着供受者选择、肺保存技术、肺移植手术技术、围手术期管理和免疫抑制剂的进步，肺移植得以在全世界范围内广泛开展，术后早期生存率显著提高，肺移植也成为治疗终末期肺病可选择的惟一方法。近5年来，肺移植每年以1500例的速度在增长，而在2000年后全世界每年单、双肺移植的数量已经持平，2002年后双肺移植已超过单肺移植，至2004年底全世界共完成单、双肺移植约19000多例，术后1年生存率为76％。在肺移植发展的历程中，多伦多肺移植中心无论在临床研究还是基础研究均处于领先地位，现根据我们近年来在多伦多肺移植中心的学习体会，从多伦多肺移植经验谈一谈当今肺移植进展。     

四例慢性阻塞性肺病行单肺移植的体会

目的 总结同种异体肺移植治疗慢性阻塞性肺病的体会。方法 4例慢性阻塞性肺病患者，1例为双肺弥漫性肺气肿，另3例为双肺重度弥漫性肺气肿并部分相互融合成肺大疱，但肺大疱占据胸腔不足1／3。4例均接受尸体供肺移植，为双肺弥漫性肺气肿的1例接受右肺移植，弥漫性肺气肿并部分相互融合成肺大疱的3例接受左肺移植，此3例分别于术中（1例）和术后（2例）接受右肺减容术。术后采用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及泼尼松预防排斥反应，同时给予达利珠单抗或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白进行诱导治疗。结果4例手术经过顺利，1例术后第5d发生急性排斥反应，经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗逆转。2例受者顺利出院，并存活至今，最长1例存活已超过2年。2例分别于肺移植术后第74d、77d死亡。结论 终末期双肺弥漫性肺气肿可行单侧肺移植治疗，如果对侧肺有重度弥漫性肺气肿，特别是部分融合成大疱易破裂者，可同期期行对侧肺减容。     

肺移植治疗特发性肺间质纤维化32例报告

目的 探讨肺移植治疗特发性肺间质纤维化(IPF)的手术适应证、手术方式及疗效.方法 76例肺移植中32例为肺移植治疗IPF.移植前,患者均经高分辨螺旋CT检查显示为典型的弥漫性蜂窝肺,经开胸或纤维支气管镜肺活组织病理检查确诊为IPF的有16例,动脉血气分析显示动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)≤50 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的有28例,平均肺动脉压≥30 mm Hg的有15例.32例IPF患者中,28例接受单肺移植,其中常规体外循环下完成2例,体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持下完成14例;4例双肺移植均在ECMO支持下进行,取双侧前胸切口不横断胸骨,依次完成双侧单肺移植.术后对所有受者进行了随访,观察患者的预后情况.结果 所有受者均顺利完成手术.18例应用ECMO辅助的受者中,术后有17例成功撤除ECMO辅助,1例于术后2周因多器官功能衰竭而死亡.除上述死亡的1例外,术后早期还有4例死亡,1例术后发生支气管吻合口漏,经手术修补后发生吻合口裂开而死亡,1例死于移植肺活动性出血,2例死于移植肺功能丧失.术后1年内有12例发生急性排斥反应,发生率为37.5%,1例因重症排斥反应死亡,2例因严重感染死亡.受者术后3个月、1年及3年存活率分别为84.3%、75%和54.5%,中位存活时间为51个月,受者肺功能改善明显,生活质量显著提高.结论 肺移植是治疗IPF的有效方法,术后可明显延长受者存活时间,单肺移植可作为IPF的常用术式.对年龄较轻者应选择双肺移植.     

肺移植治疗终末期肺病18例报告

陈静瑜郑明峰朱艳红胡春晓何毅军王永功周敏陆国础陆明华【摘要】目的探讨国内开展临床肺移植的可行性以及目前存在的主要问题。方法2002年9月至2005年4月共完成临床肺移植18例,其中肺气肿9例、肺纤维化5例、矽肺1例、支气管肺扩张1例、肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病1例及室间隔缺损合并艾森曼格综合征1例。受者术前均为重症呼吸衰竭,长期靠呼吸机依赖3例。手术方式为:单肺移植15例(左肺移植9例,右肺移植6例),其中2例受者的供肺为同一供者同期的左、右单肺,有1例为左侧供肺植入右胸腔,1例为体外循环下室间隔缺损修补后行右肺移植;非体外循环下序贯式双侧单肺移植3例。结果术后短期内死亡3例,1例于术后15d死于急性排斥,1例于术后30d死于感染后多脏器功能衰竭,1例术后36d死于肺梗死。其余15例均痊愈出院,肺功能明显改善,生存1年以上3例,生存2年以上2例,中位生存时间10个月。结论肺移植是治疗各种终末期肺病的有效的手段;但术后的缺血再灌注损伤、排斥反应和感染仍是肺移植短期死亡的主要原因。     

肺移植术后早期原发性移植物失功的危险因素与防治CSCD

目的 探讨肺移植患者术后早期（〈7天）发生原发性移植物失功（primary graft dysfunc-tion,PGD）的危险因素与预后分析.方法 回顾性分析2002年9月至2013年12月接受肺移植治疗的286例终末期肺病患者临床资料,术后均在重症监护病房连续有创监测生命体征、机械通气及免疫抑制治疗.根据早期PGD发生情况,将286例患者分为PGD组和非PGD组.对两组患者的年龄、术式（单肺或双肺移植）、肺动脉压力、供肺缺血再灌注时间、是否应用体外循环（CPB）等进行多因素logistic回归分析比较.结果 术后早期发生3级PGD 22例,死亡10例,病死率45.4％.单肺移植7例,其中体外膜式氧合（ECMO）辅助下3例;双肺移植15例,其中CPB辅助下2例,ECMO辅助下6例.PGD患者术后30天、1年、5年生存率分别为55％、40％、25％,显著低于非PGD组84.9％、78.6％和49.2％.统计学分析显示,术前合并肺动脉高压、供体缺血再灌注时间、术中失血量是肺移植患者术后早期发生PGD的危险因素,术中ECMO支持则是PGD发生保护因素.而年龄、性别、手术方式、手术时间、术前呼吸机依赖并非影响移植术后早期PGD发生的危险因素.结论 3级PGD是肺移植术后常见的严重并发症,病死率极高,对于合并危险因素较多患者,应在围手术期加强管理,进行积极预防;早期诊断,及时治疗能有效提高肺移植手术的成功率.     

Horseshoe lung with left lung hypoplasia.

Horseshoe lung is an uncommon congenital malformation in which the bases of the right and the left lungs are fused to each other by a narrow isthmus posterior to the cardiac apex. So far 22 cases have been described: most of these were associated with right lung hypoplasia and the scimitar syndrome. A horseshoe lung anomaly with left lung hypoplasia is described.     

Technetium-fibrinogen lung scanning in canine lung contusion

To detect experimentally induced acute lung contusion in anesthetized dogs, serial radionuclide images of the lung were recorded following intravenous infusion of 99mTc-labelled human fibrinogen (Tc-HF). The accumulation of Tc-HF in canine lungs was serially quantitated for up to 20 hours after lung contusion. A contusion (#1) was produced in one lung, Tc-HF was injected IV after 15 minutes, and 75 minutes later a contralateral lung contusion (#2) was produced in a series of 14 dogs. At autopsy the excised lungs were scanned, sectioned, and counted for radioactivity. Radiolabelled fibrinogen accumulated within 2-4 minutes of contusion #2 and remained stable over the next 20 hours in 14 dogs; contusion #1 was barely visible in four dogs. Lung Tc-HF activity in the central region of contusion #2 remained sixfold higher than in normal lung tissue. These data suggest that following lung contusion, fibrinogen deposition occurs rapidly and remains stable over a 20-hour interval of observation.     

Septic lung and shock lung in man.

Two series of patients were studied by serial measurements of blood gas exchange and pulmonarmonary dysfunction and to evaluate the dangers of respiratory failure in post traumatic patients. There were 27 patients who had sustained profound hemorrhagic shock and massive blood replacement averaging 9.7 liters and 38 patients who suffered general peritonitis or other forms of fulminating nonthoracic sepsis. All were supported by endotrachael intubation and volume controlled ventilators. The overall mortality for the post shock patients without sepsis was 12% while in the septic patients it was 35%. The maximal pulmonary arteriovenous shunt encountered in the post hemorrhagic shock patients at 36 hours averaged 20 plus or minus 8% and was accompanied by high cardiac indices (average 5.1 plus or minus 1.3 L/M-2/min) but no significant rise of pulmonary arterial pressure or peak inspiratory pressure (PIP). Severe pulmonary dysfunction subsequently occurred only in those patients who later became septic. The studies on the septic patients were divided according to the magnitude of the cardiac indices (the high indices averaged 4.8 plus or minus 1.6L/M-2/min) and thelow indices averaged 1.9 plus or minus 1.0 L/M-2/min. In the former, the average maximal shunt of 30 plus or minus 6% was sustained for 4 or more days, accompanied by an elevation of PIP to 36 plus or minus 6 cm H2O and by Pa pressure of 28 plus or minus 5 mm Hg. The patients in low output septic shock usually had an associated bronchopneumonia and had an average venous admixture of 34 plus or minus 8% and PIP values of 41 plus or minus 8 cm H2O. The mean Pa pressure in this group was 29 plus or minus 6 mm Hg.     

Living-donor lobar lung transplantation for infectious lung diseases

The rate of infection among lung transplant recipients is several times higher than that among recipients of other organs and is most likely related to the exposure of the allograft to the external environment. Meticulous peri-operative management is mandatory in performing living-donor lobar lung transplantation for patients with infectious lung diseases. All 5 patients with end-stage infectious lung diseases are currently alive for 17-104 months after receiving living-donor lobar lung transplantation at Okayama University Hospital.     

Videothoracoscopy-assisted surgical lung biopsy for interstitial lung diseases

Objectives

Surgical lung biopsy (SLB) by videothoracoscopy for diffuse interstitial lung diseases is recommended for detailed diagnosis. Because substantial mortality and morbidity are associated with this procedure, its safety and diagnostic yield should be validated.

Methods

Sixty-four patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease who received SLB by videothoracoscopy between 2007 and 2013 were retrospectively analyzed for mortality, surgical complication, and diagnosis. Criteria for the procedure included patients <70-year old, who had at least 60 % vital capacity and at least 40 % diffusion capacity. Patients with radiologically definite usual interstitial pneumonia were not eligible.

Results

One conversion from the 3-port approach to thoracotomy due to bleeding occurred. Mean operation and anesthesia times were 63 and 133 min, respectively. The mean hospital stay was 6 days. Only 10 patients (16 %) received prophylactic steroid and/or elastase inhibitor administration. Neither deaths nor acute exacerbations of interstitial pneumonia occurred within 60 days after surgery. Pneumothorax occurred in four cases (6 %) after discharge, which was associated with lower % vital capacity and intraoperative steroid administration. Prolonged air leak and postoperative pneumonia were observed in 2 and 1 patients, respectively. Postoperative diagnosis was obtained in all patients. A group of connective tissue disease-related interstitial pneumonia (n = 15) and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 18) were the major diagnoses. Discordance between pre- and postoperative diagnoses was observed among usual interstitial pneumonia, non-specific interstitial pneumonia, and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia.

Conclusions

Surgical lung biopsy for diffuse interstitial lung diseases is safe under appropriate inclusion criteria and provides definite diagnosis.