无腹腔镜辅助内镜全层切除术治疗胃黏膜下肿瘤患者的护理

对20例源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤患者采用无腹腔镜辅助内镜全层切除术治疗,手术均获成功,完整切除率100％;术后仅1例出现腹腔感染和气腹,经对症处理治愈;术后2个月左右复查胃镜无一例病变残留或复发.提出对行无腹腔镜辅助内镜全层切除术患者,予以完善的术前准备、术中密切配合和术后监测、护理,是手术治疗成功的重要保证.     

经胸腔内镜下肝癌切除三例

目的 探讨经胸腔内镜下肝脏肿瘤切除的可行性、安全性和疗效.方法 2007-2011年,北京大学第三医院完成3例经胸腔内镜下肝脏单发肿瘤切除术.其中1例为原发性肝癌,2例为肝脏转移癌.术前通过影像检查对肿物进行三维定位,以确定术中套管的位置.患者置于左侧卧位,在肿瘤周围的胸壁放置3个套管.内镜超声确认肿物位置后打开膈肌,在肝脏表面内镜超声再次明确肿物边界并标记切除线.依照标记逐步切开肝脏组织,切除过程中反复行内镜超声确认肿瘤位置和切除深度,以保证肿瘤的完整切除.创面止血满意后关闭膈肌,放置胸腔引流.结果 3例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间110～210min,平均150 min,术中出血量130～600 ml,平均297 ml.术后患者恢复顺利,无并发症.术后分别随访9～42个月,1例死于其他疾病,所有患者均无肿瘤复发.结论 对于特定的病例,经胸腔内镜下肝脏肿瘤切除术安全、可行,在术后并发症、住院时间等方面有明显的优势.     

NOTES-经自然腔道(阴道)内镜下胆囊切除术31例

目的：探讨临床开展经自然腔道（阴道）内镜下胆囊切除术的可行性、安全性和优越性。方法：31例胆囊疾病患者行经阴道内镜下胆囊切除术。脐下缘做-5mm切口,置入腹腔镜引导胃镜和NOTES操作器械经阴道后穹窿15mm切口进入腹腔。胃镜获得稳定图像后,撤出脐部腹腔镜置入普通腹腔镜操作器械。在胃镜监视下,通过脐部和阴部两把操作器械完成胆囊切除术。结果：31例患者均顺利完成经阴道内镜胆囊切除术。手术时间60～150min,平均85min。未放置引流,无出血、胆瘘等并发症发生。腹壁无明显瘢痕遗留,术后疼痛轻微,平均住院日缩短,医疗花费鼎氏。结论：经阴道内镜下胆囊切除术技术可行,操作安全,相比传统腹腔镜手术有明显优越性,建议在有剽牛的医院逐步推广应用。     

经脐胸交感神经切断术1年随访

目的 回顾性总结经脐胸交感神经切断术(transumbilical thoracic sympathectomy,TTS)1年随访结果,评估采用TTS技术的手术效果.方法 2010年4月至2011年8月,38例手汗症患者接受经脐胸交感神经切断术,男17例,女21例;年龄14 ～35岁,平均22岁.单纯手汗22例,手汗合并腋汗16例.从治愈率、疼痛持续时间、术后满意率以及并发症发生率等方面进行随访.结果 38例手术均成功完成,手术40 ～86 min,平均47 min;术中无严重并发症发生.35例随访1.0～1.6年,平均1,2年.所有手汗症均达到临床治愈,腋汗治愈率81.3％(13/16例),总复发1例(2.9％);代偿性出汗10例(28.6％),气胸2例(5.7％),刀口疼痛平均持续时间2天;无霍纳综合征、膈疝等并发症发生.结论 经脐内镜下胸部交感神经切断术治疗手汗症安全、可行,远期疗效稳定,可为部分人群提供新的手术入路选择.     

后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性肾切除术168例

目的 介绍后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性肾切除术的手术方法及临床效果. 方法对168例肾癌患者实施后腹腔镜下解剖性根治性.肾切除术.肿瘤位于左肾87例,右肾81例.肿瘤直径2.0～6.9 cm,平均4.7 cm.T1.N0M0 92例,T10N0M0.76例.常规制备后腹腔间隙.按顺序分别进入4个相对无血管解部层面进行分离.第一分离层面位于腰肌前间隙,此层面可以在手术初期快速找到肾蒂;第__二分离层面位于Gerota筋膜前叶与融合筋膜之间;第三分离层面位于肾上腺与肾上极之间或膈肌与肾上腺间隙;第四分离层面位丁Gerota筋膜的锥尖部. 结果 168例手术均成功完成,平均手术时间(138±46)min,平均术中出血量(90±30)ml.恢复饮食和下床活动时间分别为1.3 d和1.2 d.术后平均住院日5.8 d.14例发生腹膜破口,未影响手术进行.18例术后有不同程度肩痈,2 d后自行消失.123例随访6～18个月,平均8个月,均无瘤生存. 结论 后腹腔镜下解削性根治性肾切除术具有解剖层次清楚、术中出血少、术野清晰、疗效确切、并发症少、恢复快等优点,为需要根治性肾切除术的患者提供了更好的选择.     

经脐单孔腹腔镜联合胃镜治疗微小胃间质瘤30例临床分析

目的探讨经脐单孔腹腔镜联合胃镜治疗微小胃间质瘤(gastric stromal tumors,GIST)的可行性和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2010年10月至2011年5月期间行经脐单孔腹腔镜联合胃镜治疗微小GIST 30例患者的临床资料。结果 30例病灶直径(1.0±0.2)cm(0.5～2.0cm),术后病理检查均证实为极低危险程度GIST。24例在单孔腹腔镜辅助下成功完成内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD);3例因ESD术中发生胃壁穿孔而改行内镜全层切除术(endoscopic full-thickness resection,EFR),其中2例继续在单孔下完成穿孔修补术,1例于左上腹壁另加一Trocar,在双孔下完成穿孔修补术;另3例因ESD剥离瘤体困难,改行胃局部切除术,其中2例继续在单孔下完成手术,1例在双孔下完成手术。ESD成功率为80.0%(24/30),经脐部单孔完成率为93.3%(28/30)。手术时间(87.5±10.3)min(45～150min)。全组术后(4.3±0.5)d(3～8d)出院。术后随访期3～7个月(平均4.6个月),均无病变复发。结论经脐部单孔腹腔镜联合胃镜治疗微小GIST是安全可行的,早期疗效令人满意。     

腹腔镜下幽门肌切开术治疗 CHPS 的临床分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜下幽门肌切开术治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄（CHPS）的临床疗效。方法选取2012年5月－2014年3月期间我院共收治的采用腹腔镜下幽门肌切开术治疗36例CHPS 患儿,经脐轮上缘偏右侧的弧形切口,直视下置入一次性利用的5 rnm Trocar,建立气腹,置入30°视镜。在左右上腹部利用11号刀片各戳出一个3 mm 腹壁戳孔,经左侧戳孔直接置入肠钳固定幽门管,右侧戳孔先后直接置入幽门肌切开刀和幽门肌分离钳,完成幽门肌切开术。结果本组36例CHPS 患儿均在腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开腹,手术时间25～61 min,平均36 min,术后3～6 d 出院。随访3～6个月,生长发育均恢复正常。结论初学腹腔镜下幽门肌切开术,需要一定的知识储备和腹腔镜的手术操作经验,并牢记手术注意事项和技巧。     

经阴道内镜胆囊切除术的实验研究

目的:探讨在动物模型上完成经阴道联合经脐入路内镜胆囊切除术的安全性及可行性。方法:用6只3~5个月、体重28~30kg的三元杂交雌猪行经阴道内镜胆囊切除术。实验猪取仰卧位,经脐部切口穿刺两个自制直径5mm Trocar,插入腹腔镜探查腹腔,并在腔镜直视下从阴道后穹窿穿刺自制5mm Trocar及操作器械。在腔镜下解剖胆囊三角,电刀游离胆囊,分离出胆囊管,用可吸收线圈套器圈扎胆囊管后用超声刀离断胆囊管,切除胆囊标本后由阴道取出。阴道切口不予缝合。实验动物术后24h开始进食,饲养1周后处死解剖。结果:6例手术均成功完成,手术时间24~42m in,平均(31.7±10.6)m in。术中无明显出血及周围脏器损伤。术后饲养1周,均生长良好,未见明显并发症。尸检见手术创面及阴道切口愈合良好,腹壁未见疤痕。结论:经阴道联合经脐胆囊切除术安全可行,此手术径路具有手术效率高、美容效果好等优点。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术35例报告

目的:探讨用普通器械完成经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性及安全性.方法:回顾分析2010年3月至10月为35例患者行经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料.结果:全组均成功完成手术,手术时间35~110min,平均45.3min,术中出血5~20ml,平均8.5ml,无并发症发生.术后2~4d出院.术后1个月复诊,无不良后...     

后腹腔镜下肾蒂解剖定位的临床研究

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾蒂解剖定位的特征及临床应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2007年7月至2009年9月行后腹腔镜下肾切除术患者278例的影像学和手术视频资料。男148例,女130例。年龄(54.7±16.5)岁。其中,T1 N0 M0期肾癌117例,T2N0M0期肾癌59例,上尿路上皮癌36例,无功能肾66例。病变位于左肾132例,右肾146例。术中在腰肌前间隙内以腰大肌和膈肌内侧弓状韧带为解剖标志寻找肾蒂。记录寻找肾蒂时间、手术时间、术中估计出血量、恢复饮食时间、下床活动时间、术后住院日、并发症发生率等。 结果 278例手术均成功,无中转开放及输血病例。寻找肾蒂时间(3.5±1.3) min、手术时间(95.6 ±23.8) min,术中估计失血量(72.4±27.5) ml,恢复饮食时间(2.1±0.7)d,下床活动时间(1.8±0.9)d,术后住院日(8.5±2.7)d。 结论 后腹腔镜下肾切除术寻找肾蒂的最佳解剖层面是腰肌前间隙;肾蒂的确切位置为腰大肌与下腔静脉（腹主动脉）间隙内,膈肌内侧弓状韧带下方约2 ～4 cm处。熟悉后腹腔镜下肾蒂的解剖定位特征可以缩短寻找肾蒂时间,减少手术创伤。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.