复合骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)的微小颗粒骨修复兔桡骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨自体或深低温冷冻同种异体微小颗粒骨复合胶原、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)修复节段性兔桡骨缺损的效果。方法将兔自体或同种异体骨研磨成微小颗粒，分别与BMP及Ⅰ型胶原复合，并采用兔桡骨干1．5cm缺损的动物模型，通过X线、组织学、骨密度、生物力学等检测手段，与自体微小颗粒骨复合胶原修复节段性骨缺损的疗效比较。结果自体或深低温冷冻同种异体微小颗粒骨复合BMP胶原比自体微小颗粒骨复合胶原成骨效果优良，其中复合BMP组在8周即可使骨缺损修复，髓腔通畅，在骨缺损修复各时期，其成骨速度及成骨量均好于未复合BMP组。结论自体或深低温冷冻同种异体微小颗粒骨复合胶原BMP均可有效地修复节段性骨缺损，两种方法促进新骨形成无明显差异，异体微小颗粒骨复合胶原BMP是良好的骨缺损修复材料。     

磷酸钙人工骨结合骨髓基质干细胞移植修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的制备磷酸钙人工骨(calcium phosphats artifieal bone, CPC)与骨髓基质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs)复合物，通过动物实验研究其对骨缺损的修复作用。方法分离、扩增兔的BMSCs，并以CPC为载体制备cPc／BMSCs复合物，植入兔桡骨15mm骨缺损处。于术后不同时间处死动物，通过X线摄片、组织学染色分析和放射性核素监测，观察新骨形成和材料降解情况。同时以单纯的CPC及空白对照组作为对照研究，评价CPC／BMSCs复合物对骨缺损的修复能力。结果CPC／BMSCs复合物可再生新骨组织并完好地修复桡骨缺损，且其修复能力明显优于单纯的CPC。结论以CPC为载体的自体骨髓细胞移植能有效的修复骨缺损。     

聚磷酸钙纤维/磷酸钙骨水泥/微小颗粒骨修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨聚磷酸钙纤维(calcium polyphosphate fibers,CPPF)、磷酸钙骨水泥(calcium phosphate cement,CPC)、自体微小颗粒骨复合材料修复骨缺损的能力。方法选用新西兰大白兔72只,双侧桡骨制成1.5cm骨缺损模型,随机分成6组分别植入。A组:CPPF/CPC/微小颗粒骨复合材料;B组:CPC/微小颗粒骨复合材料;C组:单纯微小颗粒骨;D组:CPPF/CPC复合材料;E组:单纯CPC;F组:空白对照组,不植入任何物质。在2、4、8、12周各时相点,分别进行大体观察、X线照片、组织学切片、扫描电镜观察及力学测试。结果A组在12周可使骨缺损修复,在骨缺损修复各时期,其成骨速度及成骨量均好于其他各组。结论CPPF/CPC/微小颗粒骨复合材料有良好的成骨能力、力学特性和生物相容性,有望成为骨组织工程中修复骨缺损的理想材料。     

聚磷酸钙纤维/磷酸钙骨水泥复合材料修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的：探讨聚磷酸钙纤维（calcium polyphosphate fiber，CPPF）和磷酸钙骨水泥（calcium phosphate cement．CPC）复合材料修复骨缺损的能力及作为人工骨修复替代材料的可行性。方法：选用新西兰大白兔双侧桡骨制作骨缺损模型，将CPPF／CPC复合材料植入左侧骨缺损处，右侧骨缺损以自体微小颗粒骨植入作为实验对照，另做不植入任何物质的骨缺损作空白对照。在2、4、8、12周时分别进行大体观察、X线摄片、组织学切片观察，8、12周时进行扫描电镜观察及骨密度测定，12周时进行力学测试。结果：CPPF／CPC人工骨组与微小颗粒骨组骨缺损均完全修复，空白对照组骨缺损未见修复，CPPF／CPC与微小颗粒骨两组间X线评分、骨密度及力学测试指标比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：CPPF／CPC复合材料具有良好的骨传导能力、力学特性及生物相容性，有望成为骨组织工程中修复骨缺损的理想材料。     

自固化磷酸钙复合BMP及同种异体骨修复兔股骨大段骨缺损

[目的] 观察一种新型自固化磷酸钙（CPC）复合BMP与同种异体骨修复兔股骨节段性骨缺损的效果，为临床复合应用大段同种异体骨移植提供参考。[方法] 54只新西兰大白兔随机分成3组，于一侧股骨中上段造成2cm长皮质骨缺损模型，分别进行：A组复合BMP与CPC的新鲜冷冻同种异体骨移植；B组单纯新鲜冷冻同种异体骨移植；C组自体大段骨移植。移植骨均用直径3mm三棱髓内针固定。于术后4、8、12周，进行影像学、组织学检查，对比各组移植骨愈合过程与修复效果。[结果] CPC复合BMP大段同种异体骨移植早期骨修复效果优于单纯异体骨移植（P〈0．01），与自体骨移植修复效果相似，至12周3组均达骨性愈合，以A组及C组骨修复塑形较好。CPC复合BMP组骨痂量较多，分布于移植骨与宿主骨结合部及移植骨周围，形成皮质骨外骨桥，并较早在异体骨外表面形成破骨与成骨，异体骨内哈佛氏管扩大，衬垫细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞及血细胞较其它组多。CPC随着新骨的形成及改建塑形逐步缓慢降解。[结论] CPC复合BMP对大段同种异体骨移植的愈合及替代有增强和促进作用。     

自体成骨细胞--nBGC复合物修复犬胫骨骨缺损

目的：评价搭载自体骨细胞的纳米仿生材料在体内的组织反应性和骨修复作用。方法：4只犬的双侧胫骨各制作一直径l0mm的单侧皮质骨缺损，一侧骨缺损植人复合自体成骨细胞的仿生生物材料作为实验组，另一侧植人自固化磷酸钙(CPC)作为对照组。于术后8周取材，观察各组X线片、组织学、四环素荧光标记变化，比较骨缺损修复情况。结果：X线检查显示nBGC支架与周围骨组织很快融合，界限模糊；而对照组骨缺损界限仍清晰。nBGC支架内大量新骨组织形成，而在CPC植人组新生骨只沉积于植入物的表面，CPC周围有厚纤维组织条带包裹。结论：nBGC支架在体内既能降解又具有生物活性，能融入骨重塑过程，具有良好的组织反应性和骨修复作用，是一种皂好的组织工程骨支架材料．     

抗结核骨组织工程复合体局部治疗兔脊柱结核的对比研究

目的探讨以羟基磷灰石与/β-磷酸三钙(hydroxyapatite and/β-tricalcium phosphate,HA/β-TCP)复合体材料及同种异体骨为支架材料构建的抗结核性骨组织工程复合体,评价两种不同抗结核骨组织复合体治疗兔脊柱结核的效果。方法取3月龄经造模成功后的新西兰大白兔36只,行病灶清除术,随机分为3组,每组12只,A组于骨缺损处植入利福喷丁微球-rADSCs/HA/β-TCP抗结核骨组织工程复合体,B组于骨缺损处植入利福喷丁微球-rADSCs/同种异体骨抗结核骨组织工程复合体,C组清创后未做任何处理。术后4、8、12周行影像学(DR)检查,术后第12周将实验动物处死,取标本,行大体观察、组织病理学观察骨缺损修复情况。结果大体观察发现A组骨缺损区被新生骨组织取代;B组骨缺损基本修复,周边可见大量骨组织形成;C组骨缺损处有少量骨组织形成,可见大量纤维组织覆盖。X线观察发现:4周时,A组骨缺损区可见少量骨痂形成,材料与周围骨组织紧密接触。B组骨缺损区可见骨痂形成,C组骨缺损区界限清晰,可见片状低密度影。8周时,A组骨缺损区明显缩小,材料吸收,边界稍模糊。B组骨缺损区可见片絮状高密度影,C组骨缺损区可见点状钙化影。12周时,A组骨缺损区材料基本吸收,B组骨缺损材料部分吸收,椎间隙部分融合,C组骨缺损区界线尚清,椎间隙破坏缺损。组织病理学检查发现:术后12周,A组材料吸收明显,可见大量纤维骨痂组织生成骨组织。B组可见部分同种异体骨残留,周边可见大量纤维骨痂组织生成骨组织。C组可见大量纤维组织形成。结论利福喷丁微球-rADSCs/HA/β-TCP构建的抗结核骨组织工程复合体具有良好的生物相容性,能够有效填充兔腰椎结核病灶清除术后的骨缺损。     

同种异体骨复合氨基胍对兔桡骨缺损愈合的影响

目的探讨同种异体松质骨和iNOS选择性抑制剂氨基胍(AG)复合物对兔桡骨中段骨缺损愈合的影响。材料和方法制备同种异体松质骨并和氨基胍复合。制备兔桡骨骨缺损动物模型。左侧前肢植入同种异体松质骨,右侧前肢植入氨基胍和同种异体松质骨复合物。术后2、4、8、12周,行肉眼观察、X线片、骨密度检查和组织学切片检查。术后12周,用材料性能试验机行三点弯曲试验。并与正常桡骨比较。结果氨基胍和同种异体松质骨复合物在骨缺损愈合过程中成骨量、成骨速度、时间均优于单纯同种异体松质骨。术后12周骨缺损基本得到修复。结论iNOS选择性抑制剂氨基胍可促进骨缺损愈合。     

磷酸钙骨水泥人工骨的制备及修复兔桡骨大段骨缺损的实验研究

目的制备水泥型羟基磷灰石(CPC)人工骨,并研究CPC人工骨修复兔桡骨大段骨缺损的成骨效果.方法高温法制备出磷酸四钙,然后在模拟体内环境下将其与无水磷酸氢钙发生水化固化反应,合成水泥型羟基磷灰石人工骨,将自制的CPC人工骨植入新西兰兔桡骨大段骨缺损模型中,术后4、8、12、16周取材,采用HE染色和Masson三色染色分析评价骨缺损修复效果.结果 CPC植入后4周有新生软骨形成及未成熟的骨组织,可见大量的软骨细胞、成骨细胞、胶原组织及较多的小血管.8～16周新骨继续生成,人工骨逐渐改建为成熟的板层骨、骨小梁和髓腔结构.结论 CPC人工骨制备简单,有良好的生物相容性和成骨效果,可能是一种较理想的骨移植替代材料.     

颗粒骨的制备及修复骨缺损的研究

目的 观察聚磷酸钙纤维(CPPF)磷酸钙骨水泥(CPC)、微小颗粒骨复合物体外降解特性及体内修复骨缺损的能力.方法 将CPPF、CPC、微小颗粒骨按质量比1∶4∶4制成复合人工骨,通过PH值、重量、抗压强度的变化,观察人工骨在pH7.4的37℃磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中的降解性能.通过大体、X光片、组织学观察及力学测试来检测复合人工骨的体内修复骨缺损的能力.结果 体外实验证实:CPPF/CPC/颗粒骨复合材料孔隙率为72.1%,CPC/颗粒骨孔隙率为58.2%;扫描电镜显示CPPF/CPC/颗粒骨复合材料的孔径为100～400 μm,CPC/颗粒骨为50～300 μm;两组样品溶液pH值在12周内基本维持恒定;CPPF/CPC/颗粒骨复合材料0～4周重量变化较小,4～8周下降较快,12周为初始重量50%,CPC/颗粒骨复合材料在0～6周变化较小,6周后重量下降较快,12周时为初始重量70%;CPPF/CPC/颗粒骨复合材料初始抗压强度9.28 MPa,CPC/颗粒骨复合材料初始抗压强度6.21 Mpa,两者有统计学意义.CPPF/CPC/颗粒骨强度在0～4周下降较慢,4周后下降较快,12周时为0.1,8 MPa,CPC/颗粒骨强度均匀下降,12周时为0.24 MPa.体内实验:CPPF/CPC/颗粒骨复合材料修复骨缺损效果优于其他各组,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 复合材料以其优良的生物学性能有望成为理想的骨替代材料.     

Whole Bone Mechanics and Bone Quality

Background  

The skeleton plays a critical structural role in bearing functional loads, and failure to do so results in fracture. As we evaluate new therapeutics and consider treatments to prevent skeletal fractures, understanding the basic mechanics underlying whole bone testing and the key principles and characteristics contributing to the structural strength of a bone is critical.     

骨形态发生蛋白复合同种松质骨载体修复节段性骨缺损的实验研究

目的　本实验将探讨同种松质骨作为 BMP的载体修复节段性骨缺损。方法　将 rh BMP- 2复合同种松质骨载体 (其中含 rh BMP- 2 0 .4 mg)植入兔桡骨 15 m m人工缺损处 ,以新鲜自体松质骨植入 ,单纯同种松质骨植入作为对照 ,通过放射学骨缺损修复 L ane评分 ,Nilsson骨愈合组织学评分 ,扫描电镜观察 ,比较术后 4、8、12周各组修复骨缺损的效果。结果　 rh BMP- 2复合同种骨载体组术后 4、8、12周各项评分与同期自体骨组之间无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,明显优于单纯同种骨组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 rh BMP- 2具有高效的骨诱导能力。同种骨是一种较理想的 BMP载体 ,rh BMP- 2复合同种松质骨载体的骨修复效果与自体骨基本一致     

A Bone Replaceable Artificial Bone Substitute: Osteoinduction by Combining with Bone Inducing Agent

Bone inducing agent (BIA) isolated from Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells was added to an artificial bone substitute composed of 980 degrees C-heated carbonate apatite (CAp) and Type I atelocollagen (AtCol) extracted from bovine tail skins (88/12 in wt/wt %), and a CAp-AtCol-BIA substitute was prepared as an osteoinductive bone substitute. Rat calvaria osteoblasts treated by the isolated BIA demonstrated significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after 3 days (p < 0.05). In vitro cell attachment and proliferation and ALP activity were investigated for the bone substitute combined with BIA. Osteoblasts cultured onto the surface of the CAp-AtCol-BIA substitute demonstrated remarkable morphological changes such as radial spreading, flattening, and projecting filopodia after 5 days. In comparison with the substitute without BIA, osteoblasts grown in the BIA-combined CAp-AtCol substitute expressed significantly increased proliferation and ALP activity, respectively (p < 0.05). Both the substitutes combined with and without BIA were implanted into artificial defects created in rabbit radii. After 4 weeks, the CAp-AtCol-BIA substitute implanted lesion was completely replaced by regenerated host bone in radiological observation whereas the substitute without BIA was partially resorbed. No histologic abnormalities appeared in the substitute either with or without BIA.     

Bone Transport for Reconstruction in Benign Bone Tumors

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the results of using the Ilizarov apparatus to transport bones in the treatment of benign bone tumors.

Methods

Seven patients (six males and one female) with benign bone tumors were treated by bone transport with an Ilizarov apparatus at our institution. Their mean age at surgery was 14.4 years (range, 4.8 to 36.9 years). The histological diagnoses were osteofibrous dysplasia (4), giant-cell tumor (1), intraosseous cavernous hemangioma (1), and aneurysmal bone cyst (1). Three radiological indices were used for evaluating the results: an external fixation index, a distraction index, and a maturation index. The bone and functional results were evaluated according to the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov classification.

Results

Five patients had bone union at the reconstructed site, one patient had a local recurrence, and the other had a nonunion at the docking site. The mean length of distraction was 7.3 cm (range, 5.1 to 12.1 cm). The mean external fixation index was 26.0 day/cm (range, 19.8 to 32.5 day/cm), the distraction index was 9.6 day/cm (range, 6.8 to 12.0 day/cm), and the maturation index was 14.9 day/cm (range, 8.0 to 22.5 day/cm). Ultimately, the bone and the functional results were rated excellent in six cases and good in one case.

Conclusions

Bone transport using the Ilizarov apparatus is a good treatment option in patients with bone defects after the resection of an active or aggressive benign bone tumor.     

Penetration of Acrylic Bone Cements into Cancellous Bone

The depth of penetration of five commercial acrylic bone cements into cancellous bone was measured in vitro. Under standard, idealized conditions, cement penetration was found to vary significantly with different cements. Penetration was critically influenced by the coarseness of the cancellous bone and increased directly with the effective volume of the “cells” within the osseous matrix. An inverse correlation was determined between the mean cement viscosity during flow into the bone and final penetration depth. The dough time, set time and working time of each acrylic formulation was found to have no significant effect upon the depth of cement penetration.

It is suggested that in addition to the techniques adopted for introduction of cement to the bone, the selection of the bone cement itself may critically influence the incidence of late loosening following total joint replacement.     

Repair of Bone Defects by Bone Inductive Material

Experimental fibular defects in 16 rats were filled with an acid decalcified homogenous bone matrix (bone inductive material). Autogenous bone grafts in corresponding defects in the other legs of the same rats served as controls. After 3 months, 11 of the 16 defects filled with bone inductive material healed with bony union, but only 4 of the 16 defects treated with autogenous bone grafts had healed. The results suggest that bone inductive material can repair bone defects which are too large to be healed by autogenous bone grafts.     

Penetration of Acrylic Bone Cements into Cancellous Bone

The depth of penetration of five commercial acrylic bone cements into cancellous bone was measured in vitro. Under standard, idealized conditions, cement penetration was found to vary significantly with different cements. Penetration was critically influenced by the coarseness of the cancellous bone and increased directly with the effective volume of the “cells” within the osseous matrix. An inverse correlation was determined between the mean cement viscosity during flow into the bone and final penetration depth. The dough time, set time and working time of each acrylic formulation was found to have no significant effect upon the depth of cement penetration.

It is suggested that in addition to the techniques adopted for introduction of cement to the bone, the selection of the bone cement itself may critically influence the incidence of late loosening following total joint replacement.     

Solid Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Metacarpal Bone

Background: A solid aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare tumor-like lesion of bone. As conventional aneurysmal bone cyst it is a benign, although locally destructive lesion. While the aneurysmal bone cyst is characterized by cyst-like walls of predominantly fibrous tissue filled with free-floating blood, the solid variant shows essential findings identical to those seen in the walls of conventional aneurysmal bone cysts, except that the lesion almost completely lacks the blood-filled spaces and the cyst walls. Differential Diagnosis: Aneurysmal bone cysts and solid aneurysmal bone cysts may easily be mistaken for a malignant tumor, both radiologically and histologically, due to their great rate of growth, tremendous destruction of bone, and marked cellular exuberance in the early to mid phase of development. Case Study: A case of solid aneurysmal bone cyst of the fourth metacarpal is presented. In spite of the relatively unusual location it allows to clearly demonstrate both, the task of correct differential diagnosis and the surgical spectrum of therapy including local recurrence.     

Bone cement

The knowledge about the bone cement is of paramount importance to all Orthopaedic surgeons. Although the bone cement had been the gold standard in the field of joint replacement surgery, its use has somewhat decreased because of the advent of press-fit implants which encourages bone in growth. The shortcomings, side effects and toxicity of the bone cement are being addressed recently. More research is needed and continues in the field of nanoparticle additives, enhanced bone–cement interface etc.