鼻泪管内义管植入治疗泪道阻塞及慢性泪囊炎

泪道阻塞及慢性泪囊炎是眼科的常见病，目前对二病的治疗方法很多，但效果多不理想。自2000年以来，采用鼻泪管内义管植入共治疗16例20只眼，疗效极佳，病人感到方便和安全，现报告如下：     

新型泪道逆行置管术治疗鼻泪管阻塞在基层医院的临床体会

正慢性泪囊炎是眼科常见病,为泪囊与鼻泪管的炎症,主要为泪液排泄不畅而长期积滞于泪囊内,刺激泪囊粘膜,使之发炎肥厚,有利于细菌的生长和繁殖[1]而导致溢泪或有脓性分泌物自泪点返流,经局部滴药和冲洗泪道无效者则需手术。随着鼻内窥镜技术的发展,鼻内窥镜下鼻腔泪囊吻合术疗效较好,     

鼻泪管阻塞支架植入术的护理

由于各种原因引起的泪道引流不畅 ,使眼泪从眼睑外流向脸部 ,称为溢泪症。在我国是常见病 ,虽然不影响患者的生命 ,但却造成生活和工作的不便 ,常引起疼痛与不适 ,影响生活质量 ,患者有强烈的求治欲望。　　现将我们对本病支架植入术的护理介绍如下。一、患者准备首先让患者了解治疗的目的和方法 ,进行心理疏导 ,取得患者的理解和合作。嘱患者术前 2 4ｈ口服抗生素 ;询问既往有无鼻腔内手术史 ;鼻部外伤史 ,高血压病史等。查看患者的血常规 ,测血压 ,清洁病腔 ,用 2～ 3片棉片内含 1%地卡因与麻黄素填塞下鼻道约 3～ 5ｍｉｎ ,再用 0 .1%地…     

泪道支架植入术治疗慢性化脓性泪囊炎

目的探讨泪道支架植入术治疗慢性化脓性泪囊炎的临床疗效。方法对37例(42眼)慢性化脓性泪囊炎患者行泪道支架植入术,术后随访3~6个月。结果支架植入成功率100%。2眼于术后3~5 d发生支架阻塞,及时行泪道冲洗后恢复通畅。另1眼发生于术后5个半月,泪道冲洗不通后拔除支架。支架留置期间,41眼泪道冲洗通畅,其中溢泪、溢脓症状完全消除35眼,另外6眼仍有轻度溢泪。取出支架后复发11眼占26.2%,治愈27眼,好转4眼,总有效率73.8%。结论应用泪道支架植入术治疗慢性化脓性泪囊炎手术时间短,出血少,安全性高,具有肯定的临床效果。     

激光泪道成形术联合支架植入治疗慢性泪囊炎

目的：观察激光泪道成形术联合鼻泪管支架植入对慢性泪囊炎的治疗效果。方法：慢性泪囊炎患者61例（69眼），男性5例（5眼），女性56例（64眼）；病程6个月至20年。将特制的空心泪道探针插至泪道阻塞处，从空心插入光导纤维，以功率为8－14W的KTP激光击射阻塞处1－3次。待泪道通畅后从鼻腔逆行置入带有小孔蘑茹头和引流管的鼻泪管支架。术后追踪9－33个月。结果：56眼溢泪完全消失，9眼溢泪减轻，总有效率为94．2％。无并发症发生。结论：激光泪道成形术联合鼻泪管支架植入是治疗慢性泪囊炎安全、有效的方法。     

泪囊以上泪道阻塞的内涵管治疗

自1996年Song等提倡用聚胺脂内涵管置入治疗各种原因引起的泪道阻塞以来,国内采用该法治疗鼻泪管阻塞的报道很多,但有关泪囊以上泪道阻塞介入治疗的报道尚少。我院1998年开始鼻泪管支架的临床应用,2001年至2003年间对11例泪囊以上泪道阻塞的患者采用内涵长头型支架治疗,效果较满意,现报道如下。     

人工鼻泪管植入术治疗鼻泪管阻塞42例

鼻泪管阻塞是眼科常见病,主要症状为溢泪,如不及时治疗,患者将终生流泪,给生活和工作带来不便和痛苦,并且由于泪液和细菌潴留在泪囊内,可刺激泪囊内壁,引起急、慢性泪囊炎,成为眼部潜在的感染源,一旦受到外伤或施行内眼手术,极易引起化脓性感染。     

鼻泪管支架植入术的改良方法

目的探索经鼻口导丝轨道鼻泪管支架置入的方法,以克服传统治疗溢泪症手术方法的不足。方法用5F导管自制鼻泪管支架,动脉鞘改制支架输送器。先做顺行泪道造影,明确梗阻部位,用珠头导丝穿过泪道及鼻腔,用新方法建立支架输送轨道,逆行经鼻腔植入支架。结果用该法治疗传统方法支架植入困难泪溢症患者5例,手术技术成功率100%,无严重并发症发生,追踪观察6个月疗效稳定,未发生再次堵塞。结论经眼-鼻-口-鼻-鼻外建立轨道可提高鼻泪管支架植入术的成功率。     

143例泪囊内鼻泪管插管术疗效分析

鼻泪管阻塞引起的慢性泪囊炎是一种常见病,女性易罹患。我院自1993年1月～1998年10月共行住院和门诊病例143例151眼鼻泪管插管术,效果满意,现报告如下。1　临床资料本组143例151眼;年龄最小16岁,最大58岁,平均37岁;女性132例,男性11例。就诊时病程最短1月,最长8ａ。术前98例病人曾行泪道探通术1～4次而无效,占6853%。本组住院病例124例,门诊病例19例,术后随访时间1月～3ａ,平均185月。2　手术方法和要点眶下孔、滑车下神经阻滞麻醉,局部皮下浸润;内眦弧形切口,长约1～15ｃｍ;以内眦韧带为标志,暴露泪囊,切开泪囊前壁2～4ｍｍ,用庆大霉素稀释…     

介入性塑料支架置入术治疗鼻泪管阻塞

目的介绍鼻泪管阻塞的介入性塑料支架置入术并评价其疗效。方法对23例患者的25个由泪囊炎引起阻塞的泪道置入Song601型塑料支架,阻塞部位均位于泪囊与鼻泪管交界处。按Song方法透视下将导丝由泪点顺行插入,再从鼻腔逆行引入支架。术前与术后行泪道造影,随访期均超过1年。结果所有泪道支架均放置成功,术后造影均显示通畅,1周后23个（92%）无溢泪,7个（28%）泪道于术后2～10个月溢泪复发,其中3个是由泪总管阻塞引起。3个阻塞的支架被取出,取出的支架内2个有肉芽组织,1个有粘液样物质。2个取出后仍不通,另一个取出后3周溢泪复发,将原支架重新置入后缓解。未出现严重并发症。结论鼻泪管阻塞后可用介入性置入塑料支架治疗,随访1年以上疗效显著,安全性好,可作为首选治疗手段。     

Morphometric Evaluation of Bony Nasolacrimal Canal in a Caucasian Population with Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: A Multidetector Computed Tomography Study

Objective

The bony nasolacrimal duct (BNLD) morphology as a contributory factor in primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) is still controversial. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the morphometric differences of BNLDs in unilateral PANDO patients between PANDO and non-PANDO sides, as compared with the control group using multidetector computed tomography (CT).

Materials and Methods

Bilateral BNLDs in 39 unilateral PANDO patients and 36 control subjects were retrospectively reviewed. CT images with 0.5-mm thickness were obtained with a 64-slice scanner. The length, volume, coronal orientation type, sagittal orientation angle of BNLD, and relative lacrimal sac-BNLD angle were assessed. The entrance, minimum and distal end transverse diameters (TD) of BNLD was investigated.

Results

The mean minimum and distal end BNLD TDs measurements were significantly narrower in PANDO patients, both in PANDO and non-PANDO sides, as compared with the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.040, respectively); however, there were no significant differences between PANDO and non-PANDO sides within PANDO patients. The length, entrance TD, volume, coronal orientation type, sagittal orientation angle of BNLD, and relative lacrimal sac-BNLD angle were not significantly different between PANDO patients and control subjects, as well as between PANDO and non-PANDO sides within PANDO patients.

Conclusion

The narrow mean minimum and distal end BNLD TD in PANDO patients, in both PANDO and non-PANDO sides, may be associated with PANDO development. The lack of difference between PANDO and non-PANDO sides within PANDO patients and some overlap between PANDO patients and control subjects suggest that narrow BNLD is not the sole factor.     

激光泪道成形术治疗难治性先天性鼻泪管阻塞

目的　评价激光泪道成形术治疗难治性先天性鼻泪管阻塞的效果。方法　采用KTP激光泪道成形术对 15例 (15眼 )难治性先天性鼻泪管阻塞患儿进行治疗 ,观察其临床效果。结果　术后随访 6～ 2 4个月 ,治愈率为 93 3% ,无并发症发生。结论　激光泪道成形术能够安全、有效治疗难治性先天性鼻泪管阻塞。     

Primary Patency of Wallstents in Malignant Bile Duct Obstruction: Single vs. Two or More Noncoaxial Stents

The purpose of this study was to determine the primary patency of two or more noncoaxial self-expanding metallic Wallstents (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) and to compare this with the primary patency of a single stent in malignant bile duct obstruction. From August 2002 to August 2004, 127 patients had stents placed for malignant bile duct obstruction. Forty-five patients were treated with more than one noncoaxial self-expanding metallic stents and 82 patients had a single stent placed. Two patients in the multiple-stent group were lost to follow-up. The primary patency period was calculated from the date of stenting until the first poststenting intervention for stent occlusion, death, or the time of last documented follow-up. The patency of a single stent was significantly different from that of multiple stents (P = 0.0004). In the subset of patients with high bile duct obstruction, the patency of a single stent remained significantly different from that of multiple stents (P = 0.02). In the single-stent group, there was no difference in patency between patients with high vs. those with low bile duct obstruction (P = 0.43). The overall median patency for the multistent group and the single-stent group was 201 and 261 days, respectively. In conclusion, the patency of a single stent placed for malignant low or high bile duct obstruction is similar, and significantly longer than, that of multiple stents placed for malignant high bile duct obstruction. Given the median patency of 201 days, when indicated, percutaneous stenting of multiple bile ducts is an effective palliative measure for patients with malignant high bile duct obstruction.     

泪道挂线与泪道插管治疗阻塞性泪道疾病的对比观察

目的　探讨泪道阻塞的两种治疗方法的不同效果。方法　将病员分为两组 ,一组行泪道挂线术 ;另一组行泪道插管术观察治疗结果。结果　泪道挂线组治愈率为 6 1% ,总有效率为 90 % ;泪道插管组治愈率为 36 % ,总有效率为 70 %。结论　泪道挂线术优于泪道插管术     

恶性胆道梗阻的磁共振胰胆管造影诊断

目的 评价磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）对胆道恶性梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。材料与方法 43例恶性胆道梗阻患者（胆管癌15例,壶腹癌4例,胰头癌10例,转移性癌10例,原发性肝癌4例）行MRCP检查,结合PTC、ERCP检查、手术、病理结果、临床资料进行综合分析。结果 43例患者MRCP检查均一次成功,胆管及扩张胰管显示满意,定位诊断准确率为100％、定性准确率为83．7％。肝门区癌肿MRCP表现为肝门区不规则或类圆信号缺损,肝内胆管扩张以肝门区为中心呈“枯枝”状或“蟹足”样扩张;肝外胆管癌胆管断端呈模形或“鸟嘴”样截断;壶腹癌胆管断端呈横形、“鸟嘴”样或“鼠尾”状截断;胰头癌胆管断端呈“鸟嘴”样或“鼠尾”状截断,90％（9／10）伴“双管征”;转移性癌肿MRCP表现与转移部位有关;转移至肝门附近与肝门区癌肿相似,肝外转移者与相应部位胆管癌、胰头癌相似,常规MRI可见明显转移肿块或淋巴结。结论 MRCP是胆道恶性梗塞影像学检查的有效补充手段,可为恶性胆胰肿瘤术前可切除性提供评价,对不可切除的癌肿行介入治疗提供参考。     

KTP激光治疗泪道阻塞的临床应用

目的　评价KTP激光泪道成形术对泪道阻塞治疗的效果。方法　泪道阻塞患者 136例 181眼用KTP Nd∶YAG激光第 1次治疗后泪道未通者 ,间隔 2周再次治疗 ,2次治疗后泪道仍未通者不宜再行激光治疗。激光波长 5 32nm ,功率 8～ 14W ,脉宽 10 0～ 15 0ns,脉冲频率 30 0 0～ 5 0 0 0Hz,光纤芯径 0 3～ 0 6mm。结果　第 1次治疗后 4 5例 5 8眼再次阻塞 ,2次治疗后 2 1例 2 7眼泪道恢复通畅。治愈率 82 3% ,随访 6～ 12个月 ,无并发症发生。结论　泪道KTP激光成形术是一种安全、简便、有效的治疗泪道阻塞的方法。     

Percutaneous Biliary Drainage Using Open Cell Stents for Malignant Biliary Hilar Obstruction

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility, safety and the effectiveness of the complex assembly of open cell nitinol stents for biliary hilar malignancy.

Materials and Methods

During the 10 month period between January and October 2007, 26 consecutive patients with malignant biliary hilar obstruction underwent percutaneous insertion of open cell design nitinol stents. Four types of stent placement methods were used according to the patients'' ductal anatomy of the hilum. We evaluated the technical feasibility of stent placement, complications, patient survival, and the duration of stent patency.

Results

Bilobar biliary stent placement was conducted in 26 patients with malignant biliary obstruction-T (n = 9), Y (n = 7), crisscross (n = 6) and multiple intersecting types (n = 4). Primary technical success was obtained in 24 of 26 (93%) patients. The crushing of the 1st stent during insertion of the 2nd stent occurred in two cases. Major complications occurred in 2 of 26 patients (7.7%). One case of active bleeding from hepatic segmental artery and one case of sepsis after procedure occurred. Clinical success was achieved in 21 of 24 (87.5%) patients, who were followed for a mean of 141.5 days (range 25-354 days). The mean primary stent patency period was 191.8 days and the mean patient survival period was 299 days.

Conclusion

Applying an open cell stent in the biliary system is feasible, and can be effective, especially in multiple intersecting stent insertions in the hepatic hilum.     

Evaluation of Polyurethane Nasolacrimal Duct Stents: In Vivo Studies in New Zealand Rabbits

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic and biological effects of different polyurethane nasolacrimal duct stents in an animal model. Fifteen polyurethane nasolacrimal duct stents (n = 5 mushroom-type stents, n = 5 newly designed S-shaped TearLeader stents without hydrophilic coating, and n = 5 S-shaped TearLeader stents with hydrophilic coating) were implanted in the nasolacrimal ducts of eight unaffected New Zealand rabbits. One nasolacrimal system served as control. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed at 1-, 2-, and 4-week intervals, then after a 3-month interval, after which the animals were euthanized. All stents were implanted without major periprocedural complications. The stents proved to be patent by the end of the procedure. During follow-up, all mushroom-type stents were occluded at 4 weeks. None of these stents opened to forced irrigation. Clinically, all rabbits demonstrated severe dacryocystitis. Three out of five TearLeader stents without hydrophilic coating were blocked at 4 weeks; one out of five was open to irrigation. Best results were observed in the stent group with hydrophilic coating. Follow-up dacryocystography demonstrated patent stents in nasolacrimal ducts of all animals after 4 weeks. In only one of five cases, the coated stent became partially occluded after 2 months. These animals were free of clinical symptoms. After 3 months, at least three out of five stents still opened to forced irrigation and only one stent was completely blocked. Dislocation of the stents was not observed. Refinement of the stent surface and stent design improves the results of nasolacrimal duct stenting in this animal model. Implantation of hydrophilic-coated S-shaped stents is highly superior to conventional mushroom-type stents and noncoated stent types. Hydrophilic coating seems to prevent foreign-body reactions, resulting in maximized stent patency.