脑脊液铜测定在肝豆状核变性中的临床应用

目的研究肝豆状核变性患者脑脊液铜测定的临床意义。方法选取肝豆状核变性初诊患者40例进行神经症状评分,测定脑脊液铜、血清铜、尿铜、血脑屏障指数(AR值)、脑脊液烯醇化酶;正常对照20名。肝豆状核变性患者接受青霉胺治疗3个月后,再次进行神经症状评分和上述指标检查,并进行统计学分析。结果肝豆状核变性患者脑脊液铜明显高于对照组,脑型肝豆状核变性患者脑脊液铜(0.072±0.036mg/L)高于肝型患者(0.061±0.026mg/L,P<0.05)。脑型肝豆状核变性患者脑脊液铜量与神经症状评分呈正相关(r=0.282,P<0.05)。使用青霉胺治疗3个月后,神经症状加重的患者脑脊液铜较治疗前升高(治疗前:0.061±0.028mg/L;治疗后:0.090±0.021mg/L,P<0.05)。结论脑脊液铜可作为肝豆状核变性辅助诊断的一种方法,可为脑型患者神经症状的评估提供一个客观指标。     

24小时尿铜在肝豆状核变性的临床意义

目的研究24h尿铜对肝豆状核变性的临床意义和应用价值。方法选取WD患者85例,其中初诊34例,复诊51例;对照组20例。初诊患者进行神经症状评分、测定24h尿铜、血清铜、脑脊液铜。使用青霉胺治疗后,每个月进行神经症状评分、测定尿铜。分析尿铜意义。结果未经治疗患者尿铜高于正常对照,肝型患者尿铜高于脑型患者。尿铜与神经症状评分无相关性。使用青霉胺治疗后,WD患者尿铜增加。单个患者尿铜量与青霉胺剂量呈正相关。出现症状加重的患者的尿铜量低于未加重患者。尿铜量随治疗时程逐渐降低。结论24h尿铜对于WD的诊断、临床分型有一定提示作用,可以反映青霉胺疗效和治疗时程。但不能反映神经症状严重程度。尿铜排出困难与青霉胺治疗导致神经症状加重有一定联系。     

肝豆状核变性的脑磁共振影像学

用脑磁共振(MRI)研究8例肝豆状核变性(WD)病人,其中7名也接受了脑CT扫描检查。本文的目的是证明MRI在WD的所见与临床表现、疾病进展和预后的相互关系。CT能显示WD脑损害,并已用于疗效随访。对照研究发现MRI优于CT。自从1988年以来,作者连续研究8名病人。全部病例行CT或MRI检查前进行体检。6名(11～27岁)有明显异常的神经症状,2名(5岁,9岁)无症状。诊断标准为:血清铜蓝蛋白、24小时排泄尿铜增加、接受肝活检的病人中肝铜含量增加。开始全部病例用D—青霉胺治疗,后2例由于血小板减少症用三乙烯羟化四胺氢氧化物(triethylene tetraminedihydrochloride)替代青霉胺。     

肝豆状核变性99m Tc-TRODAT-1的SPECT脑DAT显像研究

目的 研究肝豆状核变性(WD)患者99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT脑DAT显像特点及其与神经系统表现的关系.方法 对18例有神经症状WD患者(脑型)、11例无神经症状WD患者(非脑型)和12例正常对照行99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT脑DAT显像,利用计算机感兴趣技术(ROI)进行半定量分析(ST/CB比值作为半定量指标).据WD神经症状改良评分表对18例脑型WD患者的神经症状进行评分.结果 脑型WD患者ST/CB比值与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),非脑型WD患者ST/CB比值与正常对照组比较无显著性差异(P=0.13).脑型WD患者神经症状改良评分与其ST/CB比值呈高度负相关,r=-0.78(P=0.001).结论 本研究结果提示WD患者DA能黑质纹状体通路突触前膜功能下降,其下降越明显,WD的神经症状就越严重.无神经症状的WD患者脑DAT功能无此改变.     

用青霉胺治疗后的Wilson病患者的神经病理发现

本文对11例Wilson's病患者的晚期神经精神障碍、青霉胺总摄入量、尸检神经病理发现和脑组织铜浓度〔mcg/g(干脑组织)〕四者的相互关系进行了研究.11例用青霉胺治疗最长达17年;结果5例症状完全缓解,6例显著改善.大部份死于肝脏病变及其并发症,仅1例因抑郁症自杀.尸检发现所有患者脑中都存在异常胶质细胞,8例壳核有空腔形成.作者综合资料认为:1.神经精神障碍和神经病理改变及青霉胺摄入量或脑铜含量基本无相关.如病例S_17和A_2,震颤和构音困难很快被青霉胺控制,临床表现正常;但尸检壳核病变显著(前部大量微小空腔形成).而W_3有明显神经精神障碍、严重扑翼样震颤,病理改变却仅有纹状体纤维变性及少量异常胶质细胞.观察其中9例,有8例用青霉胺治疗后症状明显改善,而脑铜含量仍高(如D_6、T_7、G_1和M_5分别为451、     

利奈唑胺联合抗结核药物治疗重症结核性脑膜炎临床观察

目的探讨利奈唑胺联合常规抗结核药物对重症结核性脑膜炎的临床疗效。方法将84例重症结核性脑膜炎患者随机分为观察组(43例)和对照组(41例),2组均给常规抗结核药物治疗,观察组在此基础上给予利奈唑胺治疗,均治疗4周。比较治疗前后格拉斯哥昏迷指数(GCS)评分、脑脊液白细胞数、葡萄糖、蛋白质、氯化物以及C反应蛋白(CRP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经生长因子(NGF)等指标水平。结果观察组治疗后GCS评分以及脑脊液各项指标水平均有明显改善,并且观察组GCS评分(11.80±1.90)分以及脑脊液葡萄糖[(2.61±0.70)mmol/L]、氯化物[(136.72±25.82)mmol/L]水平高于对照组,脑脊液白细胞数[(10.75±2.60)×10~6/L]、蛋白质[(0.62±0.18)g/L]、[CRP(2.77±0.74)mg/L]、NSE[(10.50±2.25)mg/L]和[NGF(14.25±3.07)ngl/L]低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论利奈唑胺联合常规抗结核药物治疗可改善重症结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液各项指标水平,有效促进临床症状和体征的恢复。     

癫痫持续状态患者血及脑脊液神经特异性烯醇化酶含量的变化及Mg2+的影响

目的　探讨癫痫持续状态 (SE)患者血及脑脊液神经特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)的含量变化 ,并观察Mg2 + 的作用。方法　将 40例SE患者分为 2组 :常规治疗组 2 0例 ,给予地西泮 1 0～ 2 0mg缓慢静注等常规综合治疗 ;Mg2 + 组 2 0例 ,辅助性应用硫酸镁治疗 ;两组患者在症状控制后 2 4h和 72h检查静脉血和脑脊液中NSE的含量。并分别与 2 0例非脑和脊髓病变的其它疾病患者 (无血和脑脊液NSE的异常 )作对照 (正常对照组 )。结果　正常对照组患者血和脑脊液NSE的含量分别为 9.1 1± 3 .2 4 μg/L和 1 1 .32± 3 .2 2 μg/L ;常规治疗组在症状控制后 2 4h和 72h血中NSE含量平均为 2 9.76± 6 .77μg/L和 2 6 .72± 5 .39μg/L ,均较对照组明显增加 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,脑脊液NSE平均为34 .31± 7.64μg/L和 31 .84± 6 .41 μg/L ,均较对照组明显增加 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;Mg2 + 组在症状控制后 2 4h和 72h血NSE平均为 1 6 .68± 3 .31 μg/L和 1 1 .35± 5 .68μg/L ,与常规治疗组比较均P <0 .0 1 ,与正常对照组比较在 2 4h时差异较显著(P <0 .0 5) ,72h时差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5) ;脑脊液NSE平均为 1 8.63± 6 .2 0 μg/L和 1 3 .94± 6 .2 3μg/L ,与常规治疗组比较差异均显著 (P <0 .0 5) ,与正常对照组比较在 2 4h时差异较显     

精神分裂症首次发病未治疗患者血清脑源性神经营养因子水平测定

目的:了解首发精神分裂症未治疗患者脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平的变化,为临床诊治提供一定的依据。方法:抽取初诊的住院或门诊符合ICD-10精神分裂症诊断标准首发未治疗患者计66例,正常对照组40例。入组后使用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)判别精神症状程度,抽取晨血,测定血清BDNF浓度。结果:精神分裂症患者血清BDNF水平(21.35±3.94)ug/L,显著低于正常对照组[(23.68±6.14)ug/L,P0.05];未治疗时间与血清BDNF水平具有相关性(r=3.216,P0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者未治疗期越长,BDNF水平下降越明显,提示BDNF水平或许是精神分裂症患者发展的生物学指标之一。     

肝豆状核变性精神症状特点、影响因素及排铜治疗的临床研究

目的研究肝豆状核变性（Wilson disease,WD）精神症状的特点、影响因素及排铜治疗对精神症状的治疗效果。方法选取WD患者80例（脑型60例,肝型20例）,正常对照20例,用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、简易智能量表（MMSE）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）进行精神症状评估。脑型WD患者神经症状用改良Young量表进行评估。所有患者进行脑脊液铜、血清铜、尿铜、头部核磁共振检查。二巯基丙磺钠排铜治疗后,进行上述量表评分,复查铜代谢指标,对结果进行统计学分析。结果WD患者SCL-90显著高于正常对照者。精神症状依次是：行为障碍、情感障碍、智能障碍、记忆力下降、思维障碍、感知障碍。改良Young评分与精神量表评分无相关（P〉0．05）。改良Young量表震颤项目评分与SCL-90量表中躯体化、焦虑、敌对项目评分呈正相关（P〈0．05）;咽喉肌张力障碍、肢体肌张力增高、步态异常项目评分与抑郁项目评分呈正相关（P〈0．05）。基底节、丘脑病变是出现情感障碍的影响因素（P〈0．05）。脑脊液铜、血清铜、尿铜与精神量表评分无相关性（P〉0．05）。排铜治疗后,40％患者SCL-90量表总分降低,其中躯体化、焦虑、敌对项目评分明显下降（P〈0．05）。结论WD患者出现精神症状比例高。基底节、丘脑病变可能涉及WD患者异常情绪产生的病理机制。单独排铜治疗对精神症状的治疗效果不佳。精神症状的治疗应以排铜为基础,结合抗精神病药物。     

肝豆状核变性神经症状评价量表-改良Young量表

目的 设计用于评价肝豆状核变性(Wilson disease,WD)神经系统症状的量表(改良Young量表),并对该量表的信度和效度及临床意义进行了研究.方法 选取住院的脑型WD初诊患者60例,对所有WD患者分别用改良Young量表、WD全面评价量表(Globle assessment scale,GAS量表)、帕金森联合量表(Unified parkinson disease rating scale,UPDRS量表)、日常生活活动量表(activity of daily living scale,ADL)进行评分.间隔1 d后再次用改良Young量表进行评分.所有患者进行脑脊液铜检查.接受二巯基丙磺钠排铜治疗1个月后再次用上述量表进行评分.应用统计方法分析量表的信度、效度、反应度.并结合WD患者脑脊液铜来分析量表在WD的临床意义.结果 改良Young量表的内部一致性系数Cronbach α系数＝0.8733,重测信度系数在0.8以上,评定者间一致性系数维持在0.75到0.94.结构效度因子分析证明量表由肌张力障碍、其他运动障碍、高级神经功能3个方面构成,与临床构想一致.改良Young量表得分与GAS量表、UPDRS量表、ADL量表得分具有相关性.改良Young量表评分与脑脊液铜有相关性,与临床症状严重程度的相关系数高于其他量表.量表的效标尺度((治疗后得分-治疗前得分)/治疗前得分)为0.23.结论 改良Young量表有较好的信度和效度,有较高的灵敏度.能有效反映WD的症状严重程度和生活质量,可监测治疗效果,在一定程度上能反映WD患者脑内的代谢异常程度.     

Motor impairment in Wilson's disease, I: slowness of voluntary limb movements

Twenty-three patients with Wilson's disease (WD) treated with D-penicillamine underwent clinical examination, as well as laboratory and motor testing. The clinical findings were scored. Laboratory tests included determination of the caeruloplasmine level, the free serum copper level, 24 h urinary copper excretion, liver enzymes and in 10 patients liver copper content of a liver biopsy. Laboratory tests and clinical scores were correlated. To quantify impairment of voluntary movements in WD fastest possible isometric index finger extensions and fastest alternating finger movements were analysed. Eleven patients presented with abnormally slow and 15 with abnormally irregular voluntary movements. Slowness of alternating movements correlated with the clinical score. The clinical score also correlated with the duration of symptoms prior to onset of therapy. Motor testing turned out to be sensitive enough to monitor improvement of neurological symptoms after onset of therapy. Comparison with motor testing in other basal ganglia diseases and cerebellar patients showed differences to patients with Parkinson's and Huntington's disease and similarities to patients suffering from AIDS-related dementia. In a small number of WD-patients similar results as in patients with a degenerative cerebellar disease were found.     

CSF copper concentrations, blood-brain barrier function, and coeruloplasmin synthesis during the treatment of Wilson's disease

Summary. During the treatment of four patients with cerebral manifestation of Wilson's disease, we measured the copper concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, the serum coeruloplasmin concentration, the free copper concentration in the serum, and the albumin ratio CSF/serum (AR). These measurements were treated as indicators of the copper-related toxic effects on the brain and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The half – life of the decrease in the CSF copper concentration during therapy was 23.5 ± 5.78 months (mean ± S.E.M.). The therapeutic – target – copper concentration in the CSF (mean normal concentration) is below 20 μg/l. The average length of therapy needed to normalize CSF – copper values in our patients with an average initial value of 76.25 μg/L was 47 month. During the first 10 month of treatment there was an increase in all cases of the measured disturbance in the blood-brain barrier (measured as the ratio of albumin in CSF to albumin in serum, AR). All patients showed an initial worsening of the neurological condition, on average after 1.75 ± 0.25 months. The maximal rise in AR, from the initial values, was on average 18.4 ± 5.08%; this maximum was reached after an average of 6.9 ± 1.5 months. The AR normalized during therapy, indicating a reduction in toxicity in the blood-brain barrier region. The extent of the AR increases in individual patients did not correlate significantly with CSF copper half-life, serum copper half-life, the initial half – life of the reduction in the ratio (copper in serum)/(coeruloplasmin in serum), the initial copper concentration in CSF or serum, the initial free copper concentration in serum, or the initial dose of penicillamine (within the first 2 months). We conclude that the normalization of the CSF copper concentration in patients with the cerebral manifestation of Wilson's disease is a slow process, even if therapy is sufficient. The initial worsening of the neurological condition which has often been reported may be reflected in the disturbance of blood-brain barrier function, which we have measured here for the first time (using the parameter of the albumin ratio CSF/serum). Based on repeated measurements of the AR during the course of treatment it seems that the brain toxicity of mobilized copper can be assessed and the therapy adjusted. Received April 21, 1999; accepted August 18, 1999     

Observation on the changes of clinical symptoms,blood and brain copper deposition in Wilson disease patients treated with dimercaptosuccinic acid for 2 years

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical symptoms, brain copper deposition changes of Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and penicillamine therapy in patients with Wilson disease (WD) within 2 years.Methods68 drug-naive patients with WD were enrolled. 10 WD patients treated with zinc gluconate alone were used as the control group. Neurological symptoms were scored using the modified Young Scale. Liver function tests, copper indices and sensitive weighted imaging (SWI) examination were collected. The values of corrected phase (CP) were collected. WD patients were treated with DPA (group 1) or DMSA (group 2) for two years, and followed up every 2 months.ResultsThe ratio of neurological improvement in group 2 was higher than that in group 1 (P = 0.029). Higher rate of neurologic worsening was noticed in patients treated with DPA vs DMSA (P = 0.039). The post-treatment neurological score of DMSA group was lower than that of Zn group (P = 0.037). Hepatic function in 63.3% of patients was stable, while 16.7% was improved, and 20% was deteriorated, after DMSA therapy. Urinary copper levels were lower 1 month (p = 0.032), 4 months (p = 0.041), 12 months (p = 0.037) after initiation of treatment in group 2 than in group 1. At the first year of treatment, the CP values in globus pallidus and substantia nigra in group 2 were higher than those in group 1 (P = 0.034,0.039). At the second year of treatment, the CP values of substantia nigra in group 2 were higher (P = 0.041). Discontinuation was more common in patients on DPA therapy (P = 0 0.032).ConclusionsDMSA could remove metal from brain tissue faster than DPA. DMSA is effective for neurologic symptoms, while the outcome for hepatic symptoms is not entirely satisfactory. DMSA therapy is better tolerated than DPA.     

Clinical presentation and treatment of Wilson's disease: a single-centre experience

Thirty patients with Wilson's disease (WD) were observed at a movement disorder clinic between 1970 and 2000. Disease onset was at the mean age (SD) of 14.5 (+/-5.9) years. Presentation with hepatic disease occurred in 12 of 30 patients and with neurologic disease in 15. Three patients were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. The mean (SD) delay to diagnosis was 5.9 (+/-5.7) years. Five patients diagnosed in an advanced stage of disease died before initiating treatment. Eighteen patients were followed and treated with D-penicillamine alone or in combination with zinc sulphate. Treatment improved most of neurological symptoms. Dystonic postures, behavioural disturbances and dysarthria were the most resistant neurological signs. 'Pseudo-sclerotic' neurologic involvement predicted a good outcome, whereas hepatic onset and 'classic' neurologic involvement were associated with a poorer prognosis. Two of the 18 treated patients died of hepatic failure due to voluntary discontinuation of therapy. Both D-penicillamine and zinc sulphate were well tolerated. No teratogenic effect of D-penicillamine was observed throughout 5 pregnancies. Our results suggest that D-penicillamine or a combination of D-penicillamine and zinc sulphate is a safe and effective long-term treatment in patients with WD.     

Wilson's disease with cerebral manifestation: monitoring therapy by CSF copper concentration

The clinical courses, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum copper concentrations and urinary copper excretions under different schemes of drug treatment in four patients with cerebral manifestations of Wilson's disease were monitored over 6–11 years. CSF copper concentration measurements were performed from the beginning of therapy onwards in three patients and from 16 months after initial treatment onwards in the fourth. CSF copper levels decreased slowly over the years in parallel with clinical improvements, and increased in one patient who interrupted therapy for 2 years. These findings confirm our hypothesis that the concentration of copper in the CSF is a valuable quantitative parameter reflecting the normalization of copper in the brain. Copper measurements during phases of initial neurological deterioration in two patients receivingd-penicillamine, and in one patient receivingd-penicillamine and zinc sulphate, revealed decreased free serum copper and CSF copper levels.     

Elevation of neuron-specific enolase in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of early stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with early stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). METHODS: The levels of NSE in serum and CSF were examined in 6 cases with CJD patients. The levels of NSE in CSF were measured in 8 age matched control patients with other neurological diseases and the levels of serum NSE were also measured in another 8 age matched control patients with other neurological diseases. The groups of 8 age matched control patients consisted of 1 same patient and 7 different patients in the 2 control groups both for serum and CSF. RESULTS: The level of serum NSE in CJD (17.3 +/- 7.0 ng/ml, mean +/- SD) was significantly higher than that of controls (6.5 +/- 1.6) (P < 0.02) as was the case in CSF (79.3 +/- 53.3 ng/ml) vs (9.6 +/- 2.9) (P < 0.03). CONCLUSION: Although mean NSE levels of CJD were higher in CSF than in the serum, there still is a case with higher serum NSE level than CSF. These results suggest that the mechanism of elevation of serum NSE may not be a simple leakage from CSF, and that the measurement of serum NSE level may be useful for diagnosis of early stage CJD.     

The spectrum of central nervous system involvement in Whipple's disease

Background and purpose

To assess the clinical spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) involvement as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging findings in patients with Whipple's disease (WD) and to analyze the association of neurological symptoms with CSF and imaging findings.

Methods

Neurological involvement was retrospectively analyzed in a series of 36 patients diagnosed with WD at a single center between 1992 and 2019. Findings of 81 comprehensive CSF examinations from 36 patients, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for Tropheryma whipplei (TW) in CSF from 35 patients, were systematically evaluated. The prevalence of ischemic stroke in patients with WD was compared to a matched control cohort.

Results

Neurological symptoms occurred in 23 of 36 (63.9%) patients, with cognitive, motor, and oculomotor dysfunction being most frequent. TW was detected by PCR in CSF of 13 of 22 (59.1%) patients with and four of 13 (30.8%, p = 0.0496) patients without neurological symptoms. Total CSF protein (p = 0.044) and lactate (p = 0.035) were moderately elevated in WD with neurologic symptoms compared with WD without. No intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis was observed. Three of 36 (8.3%) patients had hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis. Patients with WD had an unexpectedly high prevalence of ischemic stroke (10/36, 27.7%) compared to matched controls (10/360, 3.2%).

Conclusions

Neurological involvement in patients with WD is common. Detection of TW DNA in CSF is only partly associated with neurological symptoms. Elevated CSF parameters suggest CNS parenchymal infection. Stroke is a hitherto underrecognized manifestation of WD. These findings suggest that mechanisms beyond CNS infection contribute to the spectrum of CNS involvement in WD.     

Profound midbrain atrophy in patients with Wilson’s disease and neurological symptoms?

Wilson’s disease (WD) is characterized by impaired hepatic copper secretion and subsequent copper accumulation in many organs predominantly liver and brain, secondary to loss of function mutations in the copper transport protein ATP7B. If the disease is recognized too late or treatment is not adequate, brain copper accumulation leads to progressive neurodegeneration with a variety of clinical symptoms. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system seems rather vulnerable. Midbrain atrophy, however, has not been recognized as one of the prime features of patients with WD. Here we report quantification of midbrain diameter in 41 patients with WD. Data were correlated to the severity of neurological symptoms and the integrity of dopaminergic neurons measured via dopamine transporter binding. For control, we measured midbrain diameter in 18 patients with no evidence for brainstem dysfunction and 5 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Patients with WD had a reduced midbrain diameter (15.5 ± 0.4 mm) compared to controls (18.5 ± 0.2 mm). WD patients without neurological symptoms had midbrain diameter that were not different from controls (18.0 ± 0.3 mm), while patients with neurological symptoms showed midbrain atrophy similar to patients with PSP (14.4 ± 0.3 mm versus 14.1 ± 0.3). There was a strong and significant correlation between midbrain atrophy and the severity of neurological symptoms (r= −0.68, p < 0.001) while midbrain atrophy and dopamine transporter binding correlated significantly but was less pronounced (r=0.46, p < 0.001). In summary, we were able to show, that midbrain diameter is an easy to perform quantification of neurodegeneration induced by brain copper accumulation and that other structures than substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons seem to contribute to midbrain atrophy in WD.