垂体转移瘤误诊1例分析

对垂体转移瘤误诊1例分析如下. 1 病历摘要 男,47岁.因头晕、恶心、呕吐1个月,腹痛、左眼视力减退10 d入院.外院头部MRI检查提示鞍内占位,考虑垂体瘤.入院检查:Na+ 131 mmol/L,K+ 2.9 mmol/L,Hb 9.8 g/L,提示低钾、低钠,贫血.入院后第2天患者感左侧视力丧失,急查头部MRI提示鞍内占位信号高低不均,考虑垂体卒中.为挽救视力而于当天急诊行开颅垂体瘤切除术.     

《中国误诊学杂志》2007年第一批特约编辑名单

对垂体转移瘤误诊1例分析如下。 1病历摘要 男，47岁。因头晕、恶心、呕吐1个月，腹痛、左眼视力减退10d入院。外院头部MRI检查提示鞍内占位，考虑垂体瘤。入院检查：Na^＋131mmol／L，K^＋2．9mmol／L，Hb9．8g／L，提示低钾、低钠，贫血。     

腺垂体功能减退症致精神异常二例分析

目的 探讨腺垂体功能减退症导致精神异常的机制,以减少误诊误治.方法 回顾性分析2例腺垂体功能减退症致精神异常的临床资料.结果 本组2例,1例因间断头昏、恶心,嗜睡入院,查血钠、血糖降低,甲状腺功能减退,诊断为腺垂体功能减退症、希恩综合征.予甲泼尼龙、泼尼松、甲状腺素及补液、补糖治疗,患者出现兴奋多语、烦躁不安,调整补钠速度后,症状消失.另1例因间断头痛、呕吐,乏力加重,幻听入院,查血钠、血糖降低,甲状腺功能减退;垂体MRI检查示垂体前叶萎缩、空泡蝶鞍,诊断为空泡蝶鞍综合征、腺垂体功能减退症.予泼尼松、甲状腺素及补液治疗,好转出院.结论 腺垂体功能减退症导致的甲状腺功能减退、低钠、低血糖及其治疗过程中的用药不当均可表现为精神异常,临床应引起高度重视.     

鞍区动脉瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的 :探讨鞍区动脉瘤的临床表现、影像学特点及鉴别诊断。方法 :分析 1例鞍区动脉瘤并复习文献。结果 :术前诊断考虑为垂体腺瘤 ,术中发现为动脉瘤 ,术后 DSA确诊。该患者有内分泌障碍 ,主要表现垂体功能减退 ,高泌乳素血症 ;有视力障碍和视野缺损 ;CT显示鞍区类圆形占位 ;手术治疗。结论 :鞍区动脉瘤术前诊断困难 ,易与垂体腺瘤混淆。对于鞍区占位 ,如有下列情况 ,应考虑动脉瘤的可能 :1病史中有 SAH史 ;2单侧视野缺损 ;3一侧 、 或 颅神经麻痹 ;4影像学表现鞍区类圆形病变 ,CT有钙化 ,MRI有流空现象 ;5内分泌紊乱呈垂体功能减退 ,高泌乳素血症者。确诊依靠 DSA。治疗以手术和介入治疗为主。     

1例垂体胶质瘤病人术后并发垂体危象的护理

正垂体胶质瘤位于鞍区,起源于神经垂体,属于恶性肿瘤,其发病率低,术前CT和核磁共振成像(MRI)均难与垂体瘤相区别,术前易误诊,确诊需依赖病理检验[1]。术前被误诊为垂体瘤及颅咽管瘤,与国外报道一致[2]。因肿瘤呈侵袭、破坏性生长,故术后易发生严重反应,如尿崩、高热、昏迷、垂体功能低下、水电解质紊乱,甚至导致垂体危象[3]。垂体危象是指垂体前叶功能减退病人,在手术、麻醉、感染、创伤等各种应激因     

经蝶窦垂体瘤切除术后并发垂体危象患者1例护理

垂体瘤是一组从垂体前叶和后叶及颅咽管上皮残余细胞发生的肿瘤,垂体瘤约占颅内肿瘤的10%,此肿瘤以前叶的腺瘤占大多数。垂体瘤生长于重要功能区鞍区,周围有视神经、颈内动脉瘤、下丘脑等重要结构。因此,垂体瘤手术难度大,术后易岀现并发症,如尿崩症、低钠血症、垂体功能低下等而垂体功能低下又可导致垂体前叶功能减退,增加患者甲状腺制剂使用剂量。     

垂体柄阻断综合征的临床及MR表现

分析垂体柄阻断综合征(PSIS)的MRI表现,以提高诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析4例PSIS患者的临床和MRI检查资料.结果:4例患者实验室检查示单或多种垂体激素缺乏,具备相应临床症状.MRI检查显示2例患者垂体柄未显示,1例中断,1例纤细,3例前后叶体积缩小,均见垂体后叶异位,其中3例表现为高信号.结论:PSIS表现为部分性或完全性垂体前叶功能减退,MRI特点为垂体体积缩小,垂体柄变细或缺如,垂体后叶异位.     

垂体后叶素对大咯血患者电解质的影响

大咯血为临床常见病，临床应用止血药比较多．其中垂体后叶素效果公认比较理想，但应用后很多患者出现乏力、呕吐、纳差等症状，查血很多患者为低钠、低氯血症或低钾血症．为此本研究拟观察垂体后叶素治疗大咯血的疗效和对电解质钠、氯、钾的影响。     

空蝶鞍综合征MRI研究

目的:研究空蝶鞍综合征的MRI特征并比较其垂体及垂体柄径线与正常志愿者间有无差异,以判断鞍区压力增高对垂体及垂体柄各径线有无影响。材料与方法:回顾性分析30例女性空蝶鞍综合征患者及30例正常垂体MR图像,测量其垂体上下径、前后径、左右径、垂体柄高径、直径、垂体柄与水平线成角并对各径线进行比较,分析有无差异性。结果:空蝶鞍综合征患者MR图像显示鞍区扩大,鞍内充填脑脊液,垂体受压,体积缩小,垂体柄偏移、拉长。空鞍综合征患者与正常志愿者垂体左右径、垂体前后径、垂体上下径、垂体柄高径、直径及垂体柄与水平线成角之间均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:鞍区压力增高对垂体及垂体柄各径线均有影响,MRI清晰地显示蝶鞍区垂体的形态及毗邻关系,准确测量其相关径线,是空蝶鞍综合征的最佳影像诊断手段,具有广阔的应用前景。     

空蝶鞍：附23例报告

对２３例经ＣＴ、ＭＲ诊断的空蝶鞍的临床表现和影像学改变进行了分析。结合文献，认为本症主要是由于先天性鞍隔缺损、脑脊液压力增高、鞍区蛛网膜下腔粘连、以及各种原因的垂体萎缩所致；可引起垂体功能低下、视力障碍、脑脊液鼻漏等严重症状，影像学特征为：鞍内充盈脑脊液信号，垂体受压变扁、垂体柄移位。ＭＲ是检查空蝶鞍的最好方法。     

The empty sella.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the diagnostic imaging findings of an empty sella in a chiropractic patient with emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of normal and abnormal pituitary appearances. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 44-year-old woman started having headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea after an argument with her boyfriend. She had been treated for acute torticollis for three weeks when the new symptoms began. Consultation with an internist led to an MRI examination of the cerebellopontine angles to exclude an acoustic neuroma. The MRI demonstrated an enlarged empty sella. There was no history of pituitary tumor or other sellar disease. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: There was complete remission of the symptoms after 1 additional dizzy spell that occurred 3 days after the initial symptom. No intervention was performed, but the stress levels in her life had been reduced. CONCLUSION: An enlarged empty sella can be present without symptoms and can represent an incidental finding on radiography and MRI. However, an enlarged sella seen on lateral cervical spine radiographs should prompt further evaluation to rule out pituitary disease. The normal pituitary has a varied appearance and signal intensity on MRI depending on the patient's age and pregnancy status.     

An RF breast coil for 0.2T MRI

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. High field studies have shown the diagnostic value of breast MRI, but the examination costs greatly exceed those of competing conventional mammography. Low field MRI offers typical MRI contrast at substantially lower cost, but has suffered from lower spatial resolution. Specificity of breast MRI can potentially be increased by acquiring MR imaging with higher spatial or temporal resolution, but the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) achievable in a given imaging time becomes limiting. SNR for the particular pulse sequence and magnet field strength is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the radio‐frequency coil. An optimal breast coil should yield excellent SNR but also generate a homogeneous B₁ field, while allowing imaging of the both breasts simultaneously and maintaining patient comfort. RF receiver coil design is a key determinant of image quality, thus to address this we have designed and constructed a low field breast imaging coil. The coil was tested with a 4‐post 0.2T MRI providing high quality breast images. Designed and constructed saddle rf coil allows to obtain good quality image of the breast using low 0.2 T MRI system within 2 minutes. The coil provides patient comfort as breast compression is not required and minimizes artefacts caused by respiration or motion. A high contrast, low‐cost and pain‐free breast examination using optimized low field MRI system has the potential to serve a large patient population for whom current technologies have deficiencies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 46B: 3–7, 2016     

空蝶鞍综合征X线、CT、MR影像分析

目的：研究空蝶鞍综合征（ESS）患者的X线、CT、MRI表现,探讨三种诊断方法在ESS的诊断价值。材料与方法：32例ESS具有完整的X线、CT、MRI及临床资料。结果：X线、CT、MRI均能发现蝶鞍扩大,X线不能分辨鞍内结构;CT可显示垂体萎缩,识别75%的垂体柄,有少量伪影干扰,观察细节受影响;MRI完全显示鞍区解剖结构及信号变化。结果：MRI是ESS的最佳影像学诊断手段。     

烦渴-间歇性低钠血症-精神病综合征诊断学特征并文献复习

目的探讨烦渴-间歇性低钠血症-精神病综合征(PIP)的诊断学特征。 方法回顾性分析2021年2月1日临沂市精神卫生中心内科收治的1例PIP患者的临床资料，并复习相关文献，总结PIP的诊断学特征。 结果44岁男性，患精神分裂症29年，自2011年出现烦渴、大量饮水，近2年饮水量多时每天达30 000 ml。入院当日大量饮水后出现目光呆滞、呼之不应、小便失禁、言语紊乱。入院时血压158/102 mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa),神志模糊；四肢肌张力偏高、肌力检查不合作；生理反射存在、病理反射未引出。入院时血钾3.13 mmol/L，血钠105.3 mmol/L，血氯70.9 mmol/L。心电图示心率101次/min，窦性心动过速。颅脑CT和鞍区MRI均未见异常。支持治疗后血钾水平渐恢复正常，但血钠、血氯水平一直未恢复，严重时达到危急值。应用丙戊酸钠缓释片、帕利哌酮缓释片、氯氮平等药物治疗，患者病情变化不明显，仍无法控制地饮水。试用盐酸氟西汀胶囊20 mg/d，逐渐增量至60 mg/d，应用1个月后患者饮水量渐减少，两个月后血钠、血氯水平恢复正常。出院7个月后随访患者规律服药，病情稳定，饮水量正常。 结论临床上发现精神疾病患者精神症状突然恶化，突发抽搐、意识障碍等，应考虑低钠及水中毒的可能性，及时抢救以降低病死率。     

Missense dopamine transporter mutations associate with adult parkinsonism and ADHD

Parkinsonism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are widespread brain disorders that involve disturbances of dopaminergic signaling. The sodium-coupled dopamine transporter (DAT) controls dopamine homeostasis, but its contribution to disease remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed a cohort of patients with atypical movement disorder and identified 2 DAT coding variants, DAT-Ile312Phe and a presumed de novo mutant DAT-Asp421Asn, in an adult male with early-onset parkinsonism and ADHD. According to DAT single-photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT) scans and a fluoro-deoxy-glucose-PET/MRI (FDG-PET/MRI) scan, the patient suffered from progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In heterologous cells, both DAT variants exhibited markedly reduced dopamine uptake capacity but preserved membrane targeting, consistent with impaired catalytic activity. Computational simulations and uptake experiments suggested that the disrupted function of the DAT-Asp421Asn mutant is the result of compromised sodium binding, in agreement with Asp421 coordinating sodium at the second sodium site. For DAT-Asp421Asn, substrate efflux experiments revealed a constitutive, anomalous efflux of dopamine, and electrophysiological analyses identified a large cation leak that might further perturb dopaminergic neurotransmission. Our results link specific DAT missense mutations to neurodegenerative early-onset parkinsonism. Moreover, the neuropsychiatric comorbidity provides additional support for the idea that DAT missense mutations are an ADHD risk factor and suggests that complex DAT genotype and phenotype correlations contribute to different dopaminergic pathologies.     

Characterization of empty capsids from a conditionally replicating adenovirus for gene therapy

As virus vectors for gene therapy approach the goal of successful clinical treatment, it is increasingly necessary for the product to be fully characterized. Empty capsids are perhaps the main extraneous component of recombinant adenovirus (rAd) products that are purified by column chromatography. Two diverse rAd products, one a replication-defective rAd and the other a conditionally replicating rAd, show different protein compositions of their empty capsids. The empty capsid type from the replication-defective rAd carrying the gene for p53 was previously determined to have approximately 1400 copies per particle of pVIII, the precursor to the hexon-associated protein VIII (Vellekamp et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 2001;12:1923-1936). Quantification of this protein is a useful measure of the amount of empty capsids in preparations of this vector. Here we purify and characterize empty capsids from the conditionally replicating rAd. This empty capsid type lacks any appreciable amount of pVIII but contains pVI and multiple forms of the L1 52/55K protein, mostly as disulfidelinked oligomers. Empty capsid from conditionally replicating rAd present new challenges in terms of its quantification, but sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis densitometry analysis suggests that the amount of this empty capsid in a preparation, like that of rAd p53 empty capsid, declines with increased time of infection. This empty capsid demonstrates heterogeneity by anion-exchange chromatography, electron microscopy, and CsCl density gradient centrifugation.     

脑静脉(窦)血栓形成的影像学特点

目的:探讨脑静脉(窦)血栓形成(CVST)的影像学表现。方法:回顾性分析61例CVST患者的头颅CT、MRI、磁共振静脉血管造影(MRV)及数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现。结果:分别有61、49及59例患者行头颅CT、MRI及DSA检查。6例(6/7)急性患者,CT存在直接和间接征象,而11例(11/13)亚急性与33例(33/41)慢性患者CT无异常。急性与慢性患者MRI主要表现为静脉窦内T1低信号、T2高信号,亚急性期主要是T1、T2高信号。随着病程延长,静脉性脑梗死发生率下降(3/6,5/11,6/32),但空蝶鞍的机率增加(0,1/11,10/32)。8例行MRV检查的患者,均发现静脉(窦)充盈缺损或中断。MRI结合MRV技术可对行MRI检查的49例患者中的35例进行确诊,但11例慢性与3例亚急性患者,CT、MRI(V)均未发现异常,行DSA检查才得以确诊。结论:对急性CVST而言,头颅CT是一种简单、有效的诊断方法;而对亚急性与慢性患者,MRI具有更高敏感度与特异性;MRV可快速、无创地诊断CVST。如果头颅CT、MRI、MRV仍不能明确诊断,应尽快行DSA检查,尤其是皮层静脉以及深静脉血栓形成患者。     

自发性脑脊液鼻漏伴发空蝶鞍的影像学分析

目的 通过影像学研究自发性脑脊液鼻漏伴发空蝶鞍的发生率。方法 22例自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者均接受MR检查,其中18例接受CT检查;将影像学所见漏口与鼻内镜手术结果进行比较。结果 手术证实22例患者共24处漏口,其中21例为单发,1例有3处漏口。18例CT检查共显示11处骨质缺损,显示率为55.00%(11/20)。22例冠状面MR T2WI共显示13处漏口,显示率为54.17%(13/24),冠状面水成像序列上共显示20处漏口,显示率为83.33%(20/24)。17例CT(94.44%)显示蝶鞍扩大并充满脑脊液样密度影;16例MR(72.73%)呈完全空蝶鞍表现,6例(27.27%)呈部分空蝶鞍表现。另外,17例MR(77.27%)冠状面水成像序列显示视神经蛛网膜下腔增宽。完全空蝶鞍组与部分空蝶鞍组患者病程之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.60)。结论 自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者均伴有空蝶鞍,空蝶鞍可作为自发性脑脊液鼻漏辅助诊断的有力旁证。     

MRI and cerebral venous thrombosis

Difficulties in the diagnosis of cerebral thrombosis are due to the nonspecificity of symptoms and signs and the infrequent occurrence on computed tomography (CT) of direct signs of cerebral sinus thrombosis, i.e. the empty delta sign and cord sign. We present two patients, a 24/12-year-old girl with nephrotic syndrome, coma, papilledema, and hyperdensity along the sagittal sinus on CT; and a 34-year-old man with headaches, episodic visual loss, papilledema and a normal CT following posterior fossa craniotomy. On MRI, there was increased signal in sagittal and straight sinuses in the first patient, and in the lateral sinus in the second patient. The increased signal from clot, and the absence of signal from flowing blood, make MRI the procedure of choice for the initial diagnosis of cerebral sinus thrombosis.