女中学生经期心身健康调查

采用女中学生经期心身健康状况问卷（自拟），抑郁自评量表（ＳＤＳ），焦虑自评量表９ＳＡＳ），对１５９名女中学生进行经期心身健康状况及其相关问题调查，结果显示，经期存在多种心身症状，以情绪症状为著，症状的发生与学习紧张，经量异常，痛经，月经不规则等因素有明显关系，提示要重视对女中学生经期卫生保健宣教，解除抑郁，焦虑等心理症状。     

湖南农村育龄妇女绝育术后心身反应的预测与治疗随访研究

本文采用“节育术心身状况检测手册”中的预测筛选工具，对２４４２例湖南农村育龄妇女在接受输卵管绝育术前进行检测，筛选出５６２例有轻、中度以上心身症状并伴有潜在危险因子受术者，筛选率为２３．０１％；按成组配对（２∶１）和随机的原则分为治疗组（Ｎ＝３７１）与对照组（Ｎ＝１９１）；治疗组依据预测模型提示的心理和生理的潜在危险因子的联合效应，术前和术后一周内给予相应的心理疏导支持和短期小剂量镇静、抗焦虑药物等综合治疗。术后一年随访，治疗组恢复正常率为７８．４％，明显优于对照组恢复正常率的３７．２％，差异有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

汶川地震对青少年心身健康的影响及其干预性研究

目的探讨汶川地震灾区青少年心身健康特点及其干预效果。方法使用简易心身健康调查表对867名震区青少年和1016名非震区青少年进行测试。结果研究组所有心身因子分均显著高于对照组（P＜0.001）。震区女生、高年龄组青少年心身因子分分别高于男生和低年龄组（P＜0.01-0.05）。震区青少年躯体症状与心理状态关系密切（r=0.155-0.494,P＜0.01）。震区青少年心身健康受多因素影响。给予心理及药物干预后心身症状明显好转,好转率97.3%。结论震区青少年心身健康受到明显损害,经干预后好转。     

34例女性生殖器畸形病人术前心身特点及相关性研究

使用症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０）、艾森克人格问卷（ＥＰＱ）、医学应对调查表（ＭＣＭＱ）、社会支持调查表（ＰＳＳＳ）对女性生殖器畸形患者作心身特点及相关因素研究。结果显示：①患者心身状况明显差于正常女性群体；②患者的人格特征与正常女性存在差异；③应对方式“面对”与患者心身症状呈负相关，但无统计学显著性；“屈服”与患者心身症状呈正相关，且与总分、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、其它有高度相关；④社会支持对改善此类病人的心身症状的作用不大。     

脑血管病人主要照顾者心身障碍调查及其影响因素分析

作者通过对病后三个月１０８例脑血管病病人及其主要照顾者心身健康状况调查发现：由于照顾病人，２８名（２５．９％）照顾者认为健康受到影响，２７人（２５．０％）合并抑郁障碍，１５人（１３．９％）合并焦虑障碍，并且出现各种应激症状，如睡眠被打扰，担心病人出意外等。多因素相关分析提示照顾合并心理障碍的病人及所受社会支持不良者更易出现抑郁、焦虑障碍，应激水平也较高，结果提示为提高医疗服务质量，干预的对象应扩展到照顾者，甚至到整个家庭     

自我和谐量表的编制

在Ｒｏｇｅｒｓ关于自我和谐概念的论述基础上，结合心理治疗实践编制了自我和谐量表。经５０２名大学生初步测试，确定量表由“自我与经验的不和谐”，“自我的灵活性”，以及”自我刻板性”三个分量表，共３５个项目组成。三个分量表的同质性倍度分别为，８５，．８１，．６４．效度检验表明，“自我与经验的不和谐”与ＳＣＬ－９０所测的心身症状均有显著的正相关（．１６～．３９），“自我的灵活性”均与心身症状有显著的负相关（－．２５～－．１８）。文中还讨论了自我和谐量表的应用范围及其局限性。     

输卵管结扎术后患者心身反应对照研究

为比较对节育手术不同心态的农村妇女术后心身反应状况,对751例输卵管结扎妇女采用简式艾森克问卷、暗示性测查、心身症状自评量表进行检测．结果显示．69例有明显心身症状,患病率为9.19％．30～39岁年龄段最高。各相关因素中、情绪稳定性好差与暗示性强弱不同的受术者患病率有显著差异,社会与家庭支持好差的患病率有显著差异,平时扎管患病率大大低于“计育运动”中扎管。提示心理和生理素质欠缺是患病的潜在易感因子,不良的心理生理应激状态和负性情绪是心身疾病的促发条件。     

北京市司法行政系统人民警察心身健康的调查

目的了解司法行政系统人民警察的心身健康状况。方法用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和自测健康评定量表（SRHMS）,于2003年9月对北京市监狱局直属的836名司法警察进行抽样问卷调查,抽样率为20％。结果①自诉躯体方面不适或疾病的司法警察有527人（63．04％）;自诉有精神／心理方面的烦恼和不适的有638人（76．32％）;自诉同时存在躯体和精神／心理两方面问题的504人（60．29％）③司法警察的SCL-90各因子分及总分比全国常模明显增高,具有统计学意义。③女性在SCL-90各因子分及总分低于男性,在SRHMS中的得分高于男性;一线司法警察在SCL-90的各因子分及总分明显高于二线,在SRHMS中的得分低于二线。均具有统计学意义。④从警时间在11～20年之间的司法警察的SCL-90各因子及总分高于从警时间10年度其以下和20年以上的两组,具有统计学意义。结论司法警察的心身健康问题比较严重,且女性和一线司法警察比较突出,应该重视和改善并加强司法警察的心身健康状况。     

贫困大学生心身健康与自尊、人际关系、成就动机的相关

目的：探讨贫困大学生的心身健康问题，为贫困大学生心理健康教育提供理论依据。方法：测验法探讨西安地区三所高校242名贫困生及392名非贫困生的心身健康与自尊、人际关系困扰、成就动机及其相关关系。结果：贫困大学生呼吸系统、皮肤、神经系统等八项心身症状得分及CMI总分（P〈0．01）、CMI心理项目分值（P〈0．05）显著高于非贫困生，自尊得分显著低于非贫困生（P〈O．01），人际关系困扰、成就动机得分显著高于非贫困生（P〈0．001，P〈0．05）。贫困生心身症状总分、心理项目分值与自尊、成就动机分值显著负相关，与人际关系困扰分值显著正相关。结论：贫困生心身健康水平低于非贫困生，并与其自尊水平、成就动机水平显著正相关，与其人际困扰显著负相关。     

应对方式,社会支持与癌症病人心身症状的相关性研究

使用医学应对调查表（ＭＣＭＱ）、社会支持调查表（ＰＳＳＳ）和症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０），对２０６名癌症病人作应对方式、社会支持与心身症状的相关研究。结果显示：①面对与屈服应对方式与癌症病人的心身症状呈低相关，而回避应对方式与癌症病人的心身症状呈较高的负相关；②社会支持，尤其是家庭外源性支持具有减轻癌症病人心理症状的作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.