大学生人格特征、父母教养方式与其成就动机关系的研究

目的了解大学生成就动机状况,探讨父母教养方式、人格特征对大学生成就动机的影响。方法采用成就动机问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克人格问卷对150名大学生进行调查。结果①艾森克人格问卷的精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与大学生的成就动机存在显著的相关。②精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与父母教养方式量表的各维度存在不同程度的相关。③大学生成就动机与父母教养方式大部分维度不存在显著的相关。④大学生人格特征,尤其是神经质、内外向两个维度是预测其成就动机的关键变量,父母亲情感温暖理解和过分干涉以及父亲拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉、母亲过度保护是预测个体人格特征的关键变量。结论大学生父母教养方式对其人格特征有显著影响,大学生人格特征对其成就动机有显著影响。     

社会心理因素对青少年网络成瘾患者的影响

目的 探讨青少年网络成瘾患者及其父母的个性特征、父母教养方式;进一步探寻网络成瘾形成的病理机制.方法 采用病例对照研究对64名青少年网络成瘾患者和56名健康青少年学生进行艾森克人格问卷、父母教养方式问卷的测试.所有统计处理均采用社会科学统计分析软件包SPSS 11.5完成.结果 艾森克人格问卷评定显示,研究组的精神质、...     

工读男生不良行为归因与人格、父母教养方式的关系

目的探讨工读男生的不良行为归因及其与人格特征、父母教养方式的关系。方法使用自编问卷对工读男生不良行为归因进行调查，用艾森克人格问卷、父母教养方式评价量表考查工读男生人格特征、父母教养方式。结果工读男生不良行为归因结构包括能力、努力、克服不良行为的难度和不良行为形成的条件4个因素；工读男生人格的P特征与不良行为归因的多个因素负相关显著；N特征与能力正相关显著；工读男生父母教养方式的FF1、FF4、MF5与不良行为归因的某些因素相关显著。结论工读男生的人格特征及父母教养方式影响其不良行为归因。     

工读男生与普通男生人格特征及父母教养方式差异比较

目的调查工读男生与普通男生人格特征及其父母教养方式的差异,并探究二者的关系。方法用艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）考查工读男生与普通男生人格特征的差异,用父母教养方式评价量表（EMBU）考查工读男生与普通男生父母教养方式的差并。结果①工读男生在P、E、N和L4种人格特征上,与普通男生之间均存在显著差异。②工读男生在FF1、MF1、FF3、FF5和FF65种父母教养方式上,与普通男生之间存在显著差异。③工读男生人格特征的N分与父母教养方式中的FF2、FF3、FF5正相关显著,L分与MF3负相关显著;普通男生人格特征的P分与父母教养方式中的FF2、MF2、MF4正相关显著．N分与FF2、FF5、FF6正相关显著。结论工读生的人格发展具有显著不良倾向;这与其所受不良的父母教养方式有关。     

大学生个性心理特征、应付方式与父母教养方式的相关研究

目的 了解父母教养方式对大学生个体人格特征、应付方式的影响.方法 采用艾森克人格同卷、应付方式量表争父母教养方式问卷对233名大学三年级学生进行集体施测.结果 ①大学生个性心理特征、应付方式与父母教养方式三者之间存在相关;②不同性别大学生个性心理特征、父母教养方式和应付方式上也存在显著差异;③父母文化水平程度也会影响到其教养子女的方式.结论 大学生个性心理特征和应付方式与父母亲教养方式有重要关系.     

北京,宁夏两地青少年父母教养方式的比较研究

目的：探讨不同地区、不同民族青少年的父母教养方式的异同及特点。方法：采用父母教养方式问卷（ＥＭＢＵ）分别对北京和宁夏银川市的高中学生进行了测查，共有北京的汉族学生２３４人，宁夏的汉族学生３６８名和回族学生２８９人参加了本研究。结果：除宁夏汉族学生的父母对子女表现出较少的情感温暖与理解外，北京和宁夏的汉族学生父母的教养方式基本一致。两地汉族学生父母教养方式与宁夏回族学生父母的教养方式差异主要表现为：（１）回族学生的父母对其子女有过分干涉和过度保护倾向；（２）汉族学生的母亲对子女有更多的拒绝与否认倾向。作者最后对上述差异与民族特点的关系进行了讨论。     

青少年归因方式与父母教养方式的关系研究

目的：研究青少年归因方式和父母教养方式之间的关系。方法：采用父母教养方式问卷（ＥＭＢＵ）和儿童归因方式问卷（ＣＡＳＱ）对２６９名１４￣１６岁的青少年进行测查。结果：与具有乐观归因方式的青少年相比,具有悲观紧因方式的青少年回忆出较少的父母的温暖,较多的母亲的拒绝、否认和父亲的惩罚;具有悲观归因方式的女孩比男孩回忆出更多的母亲的惩罚;悲观的紧因方式与父母的过度保护无明显关系。结论：青少年的归因方式与早     

青少年归因方式在教养方式与抑郁情绪间的中介作用

目的：探索青少年归因方式在父母教养方式与抑郁情绪之间的中介作用。方法：采用儿童抑郁问卷（CDI）、父母教养方式问卷（EMBU）和儿童归因方式问卷（CASQ）对269名14－16岁的青少年进行测查。结果：父母的温暖与青少年抑郁有显著的负相关，母亲的拒绝、否认和父亲的惩罚、严厉与青少年的抑郁有显著的正相关，青少年的归因方式在这4种教养方式和抑郁之间中起中介作用；父母的过度保护、过度干涉与青少年的抑郁之间没有相关关系。作者最后对父母教养方式与青少年抑郁及归因方式之间的关系进行了进一步的分析与讨论并对研究结果以及东西方文化差异做了深入的探讨。     

青少年人格特点与父母教养方式的关系

目的：探究青少年人格特点和人格偏离与父母教养方式之间的关系。方法：采用人格形容词检测表（PACL）和父母教养方式问卷（EMBU）对393名初高中生进行了调查。结果：父母教养方式各因子得分不同，青少年的人格特点也相应发生变化；反社会型人格偏离主要受到父母情感温暖理解、父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过度保护因子的影响．分裂样人格偏离主要受到父母情感温暖理解因子的影响，被动一攻击型人格偏离主要受到父亲情感温暖理解因子的影响。结论：父母教养方式对青少年人格特点有着显著的影响。     

父母教养方式、学生人格对私立学校高中生心理健康的影响

目的 了解父母教养方式、学生人格特征与私立学校高中生心理健康之间的关系。方法 以222名私立学校高中学生为研究对象,对他们进行心理健康、人格和父母教养方式测查,通过假设检验、偏相关分析和路径分析对测查数据进行分析处理。结果 发现私立学校普通高中生心理健康状况良好,但在恐怖倾向、身体焦虑方面值得关注;学生人格特征的差异主要体现在情绪稳定性难度上,学生人格因素在父母教养方式与学生心理健康之间起中介作用。结论 父母教养方式通过学生人格因素的中介作用对学生心理健康发展产生影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.