甘肃省1995年急性弛缓性麻痹病例病毒学监测

甘肃省１９９５年共报告１５岁以下儿童急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例９０例，发病率为１．３２／１０万。省脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）实验室收到ＡＦＰ病例的粪便标本共７９例，占８８％；双份合格粪便标本采集率为６８％（６１／９０）；粪便标本７天内送省脊灰实验室的占６５％（５２／７９）收到粪便标本后７天内分离培养的占８９％（７０／７９）；分离培养结果及时报告率为８７％（６９／７９）。病毒分离阳性率１３．９２％（１１／７９），其中脊灰病毒（ＰＶ）Ⅱ型５株，Ⅲ型１株，非脊灰肠道病毒（ＮＰＥＶ）５株。收到ＡＦＰ病例密切接触者粪便标本３ｌ８份，病毒分离阳性率５．６６％（１８／３１８），其中ＰＶⅡ型８株，ＮＰＥＶ１０株。全部送检粪便标本ＮＰＥＶ分离率３．７８％（１５／３９７）。所分离的ＰＶ均为疫苗株，且Ⅱ型居多。     

吉林省1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统工作评价

吉林省１９９６年共报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例９０例，１５岁以下儿童非脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１３／１０万，ＡＦＰ病例４８小时内调查率为９８９％，１４天内双份合格粪便标本采集率为９２２％，粪便标本７天内送至省卫生防疫站的占９６６％，省卫生防疫站收到粪便标本后７天内分离培养率为９６６％。ＡＦＰ病例密切接触者粪便标本采集率为９８９％，零病例旬报及时率为９５７％。麻痹６０天后随访并将随访表７５天内送至省卫生防疫站的占８６６％。ＡＦＰ病例就诊２４小时内报告率４２２％。     

广西壮族自治区1996年脊髓灰质炎疫情分析

广西壮族自治区１９９６年临床诊断脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）６例，其中因发病６０天后仍残留麻痹诊断５例，失访诊断１例。６例均为２岁以下儿童；未服脊灰疫苗者２例，免疫１～２次者３例。临床诊断６例脊灰均采集了粪便标本，其中病毒分离阴性１例，脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病毒各１例（经国家脊灰实验室鉴定均为疫苗株病毒），非脊灰肠道病毒２例。１９９３～１９９６年未发现脊灰野病毒引起的麻痹病例。     

我国1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

我国１９９６年急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测工作进展显著，以省为单位各项监测指标已接近或达到了世界卫生组织（ＷＨＯ）所提出的质量要求。我国１９９６年未发现本土脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）野病毒病例，仅在云南省与缅甸接壤地带发现３例输入性脊灰野病毒病例（Ⅰ型１例，Ⅲ型２例）。全国仍有５５４个县（区、市、旗，下同）连续４年未报告ＡＦＰ病例，占全国县数的１９４％，主要分布于我国的东北、西北和西南地区。１９９３年以来，我国ＡＦＰ病例主要分布于小年龄组，其中以脊灰和非脊灰肠道病毒感染病例尤为显著，５岁以下病例数分别占８７２％和８６１％。脊灰与脊灰排除病例的“零剂次”服苗率分别为４２４％和１７１％，≥３次服苗率分别为２８６％和６３５％，两者差异显著。我国ＡＦＰ病例均以肢体麻痹为主，脊灰和非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例肢体麻痹者分别占９７０％和９８９％，且均以下肢麻痹为主，其中脊灰病例的残留麻痹率为７６％，显著的高于其他ＡＦＰ病例。     

黑龙江省1997年急性弛缓性麻痹病例的实验室监测结果分析

黑龙江省１９９７年共报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例１２９例，１５岁以下儿童非脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１．７２／１０万，未发现由脊灰野病毒引起的确诊病例。１９９７年合格粪便标本采集率为８９．９２％，７天内及时送检率达９８．５８％。在ＡＦＰ病例的粪便标本中，未分离到脊灰病毒；而非脊灰肠道病毒（ＮＰＥＶ）的分离率，由１９９５年的７．６９％提高到１９９７年的１２．９０％。ＡＦＰ病例接触者的粪便标本采集率为９５．３５％，从中分离到脊灰病毒３株，均均为脊灰病毒疫苗株，其中Ⅰ型１株，Ⅲ型２株；分离出ＮＰＥＶ的３８例，分离率为６．．２８％。     

江苏省1995年急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例的流行病学与监测分析

江苏省１９９５年共报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例２１３例，分布在７０个县（市、区，下同），占全省县数的６６．４％，其中脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）５例。１５岁以下儿童非脊灰ＡＦＰ报告发病率为１．６１／１０万，脊灰皇散发。ＡＦＰ病例１４天内合格粪便标本采集率为７０％，４８小时内调查率为９６％；全年共分离６株脊灰疫苗病毒，已有３年末发现脊灰野病毒所致病例。此结果显示：江苏省通过采取综合措施，包括做好口服脊灰疫苗（ＯＰＶ）常规免疫，开展强化免疫，建立ＡＦＰ病例监测系统，加强管理等，消灭脊灰工作取得了很大进展。但仍有不足之处，如双份合格粪便标本的采集率、及时随访率等都较低，尚须进一步努力。     

浙江省1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例病原学分析

浙江省１９９６年报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例１６３例，采集粪便标本１６１例，分离到肠道病毒（ＥＶ）３７株，阳性率为２３０％。其中脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（ＰＶ）８株，分离率为５０％；非脊灰肠道病毒（ＮＰＥＶ）２９株，分离率为１８０％。８株ＰＶ经国家脊灰实验室鉴定均为疫苗株。对２６株ＮＰＥＶ定型，其中柯萨奇Ｂ组（ＣｏｘＢ）１０株，艾可（ＥＣＨＯ）７株，不能被中和９株。１９９６年采集ＡＦＰ病例接触者粪便标本１０２例，分离到ＮＰＥＶ３５株。     

湛江市1994～2003年检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

目的 了解湛江市检出脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的流行病学特征及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)病例的发生情况。方法 对1994～2003年检出脊灰疫苗株病毒的AFP病例进行分析。结果 1994～2003年共报告AFP 199例,其中检出脊灰疫苗株病毒16例,平均检出率为8．04％。对检出脊灰疫苗株的AFP病例分析结果显示：病例以≤1岁儿童为主(14例),男性多于女性;地区分布无明显聚集性,发病季节高峰在每年12～2月;检出的疫苗株以Ⅱ型病毒为主(9例),残留麻痹率较高;VAPP发生率为0．37／100万,服苗VAPP发生率为0．22／100万,首次服苗发生率为1．87／100万,接触者VAPP发生率为0．15／100万。结论 脊灰疫苗株病毒可能在湛江市外环境发生循环．今后必须提高脊灰疫苗免疫覆盖率,以阻止脊灰疫苗株病毒的循环。     

江西省1996年脊髓灰质炎实验室监测分析

江西省１９９６年共检测急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例粪便标本１３４例，分离到３株脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（ＰＶ），阳性率为２２４％；其中Ⅱ型２株，Ⅲ型Ⅰ株，经型内鉴定均为疫苗株。分离到非脊灰肠道病毒（ＮＰＥＶ）１７株，阳性率为１２６９％。ＰＶ阳性率与采便时间、年龄有关，而ＮＰＥＶ阳性率与这些因素无明显关系。     

福建省1994～1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例病毒分离情况分析

对福建省１９９４～１９９６年急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）监测系统送检的２５７例粪便标本进行病毒分离，共检出脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（ＰＶ）２１株，其中４株为Ｉ型野毒株。３年ＰＶ分离阳性率分别为１９．６％、４．９％、６．４％；分离到非脊灰肠道病毒（ＮＰＥＶ）２４株，阳性率分别为０、５．９％、１６．５％。结果表明，福建省ＰＶ季节高峰已消除，野病毒已连续２年未分离到，而ＮＰＥＶ分离率逐年在提高。ＡＦＰ病例的病原型别也从以往的Ｉ型野病毒为主转为以ＮＰＥＶ和疫苗株为主。其中Ⅱ型疫苗株检出率明显上升。此外，还揭示了福建省５岁以下婴幼儿ＰＶ携带率最高，ＮＰＥＶ感染仍以夏秋季为主。     

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a retrospective cohort study of acute flaccid paralyses in Brazil

BACKGROUND: At the present time, in Brazil and other countries in the Americas, the only cases of paralytic poliomyelitis due to poliovirus are caused by vaccine strains. The recognition of possible determinants of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) by public health surveillance and immunization programmes is relevant to inform the debate on criteria for case definition and vaccination strategies. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study based on the cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) reported to the Ministry of Health (MoH) was designed, with the objective of studying cases of VAPP in Brazil between 1989 and 1995. Clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data from 3656 acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases, 30 of them diagnosed as VAPP, were analysed. RESULTS: An 8.88 risk ratio of VAPP (95% CI : 4.37-18.03) was found when comparing individuals who received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) between 4 and 40 days before the onset of paralysis and individuals who did not receive the vaccine within this period. A risk of 1 case/2.39 million first doses and 1 case/13.03 million OPV doses administered was estimated for the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of AFP who received OPV between 4 and 40 days before the onset of paralysis and had fever, a prodrome of gastrointestinal symptoms, history of first dose of OPV, isolation of vaccine poliovirus type 2, and young age deserve careful investigation, since they are at increased risk for the condition studied.     

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in India during 1999: decreased risk despite massive use of oral polio vaccine

OBJECTIVE: Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare but serious consequence of the administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV). Intensified OPV administration has reduced wild poliovirus transmission in India but VAPP is becoming a matter of concern. METHODS: We analysed acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance data in order to estimate the VAPP risk in this country. VAPP was defined as occurring in AFP cases with onset of paralysis in 1999, residual weakness 60 days after onset, and isolation of vaccine-related poliovirus. Recipient VAPP cases were a subset with onset of paralysis between 4 and 40 days after receipt of OPV. FINDINGS: A total of 181 AFP cases met the case definition. The following estimates of VAPP risk were made: overall risk, 1 case per 4.1 to 4.6 million OPV doses administered; recipient risk,1 case per 12.2 million; first-dose recipient risk, 1 case per 2.8 million; and subsequent-dose recipient risk, 1 case per 13.9 million. CONCLUSION: On the basis of data from a highly sensitive surveillance system the estimated VAPP risk in India is evidently lower than that in other countries, notwithstanding the administration of multiple OPV doses to children in mass immunization campaigns.     

我国现阶段维持无脊髓灰质炎状态面临的挑战和对策

中国通过使用口服脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）减毒活疫苗（OralPoliomyelitisAttenuatedLiveVaccine,OPV）、加强OPV常规免疫和开展补充免疫活动,以及加强急性弛缓性麻痹（AcuteFlaccidParalysis,AFP）病例监测,消灭脊灰已取得了重大进展。1994年报告最后1例本土脊灰野病毒（WildPoliovirus,WPV）病例,2000年包括中国在内的世界卫生组织西太平洋区实现无脊灰目标。随后中国实施了维持无脊灰策略和措施,但2011年新疆维吾尔自治区发生了输入脊灰疫情。在现阶段中国维持无脊灰状态面临的挑战包括：WPV输入风险很大,疫苗衍生脊灰病毒（Vaccine—derivedPoliovirus,VDPV）和疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰病例时有发生,常规免疫存在薄弱环节,脊灰疫苗免疫策略需要调整。为继续维持无脊灰状态,直至全球消灭脊灰,中国要大力加强OPV常规免疫,适时引入脊灰病毒灭活疫苗和调整脊灰疫苗免疫策略,保持高水平AFP病例监测质量,及时和有效地处置可能发生的WPV输入和VDPV循环事件,开展WPV、VDPV及其感染或潜在感染性材料的封存和安全处理。     

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and other diseases with acute flaccid paralysis syndrome in Belarus

According to the WHO global polio eradication initiative acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance has been conducted in Belarus since 1996. For the period 1996-2002, 295AFP cases were reported. The main indices ofAFP surveillance in Belarus met the WHO criteria. A11 AFP cases, with the exception of one, were virologically examined. Polioviruses (PV) were isolated from 28 (9.5%) of them. Results of intratypic differentiation (a neutralization test with type-specific monoclonal antibodies and a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay) proved vaccine origin of all isolated PV. According to the final classification, 11 AFP cases were classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Nine VAPP cases were recipient [six of them developed after the first, two--after the third and one--after the fourth oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) dose] and two cases in non-vaccinated children were classified as contact VAPP cases. PV of all three serotypes were isolated with an equal frequency from the recipient cases and only PV2--from contact ones. Immunological investigations of children with VAPP showed that the majority of them had disorders in B-cell immunity. A risk of one VAPP case per 96,000 first OPV doses and per 745,000 distributed ones was estimated. The other 284 AFP cases were classified as AFP of non-polio etiology (non-polio AFP). Among them Guillain-Barré syndrome (118 cases, 41.5% of all non-polio AFP cases), traumatic neuritis (63 cases, 22.2%), transient monoparesis of limb (35 cases, 12.3%), myelitis (26 cases, 9.2%) were registered most frequently. Vaccine PV were isolated from 19 (6.7%) children with non-polio AFP, 28 (9.9%) children excreted non-polio enteric viruses. In contrast to VAPP, other AFP with PV isolation had no clinical picture typical of poliomyelitis, and had no any residual paralysis 60 days after the onset of paralysis. PV isolation from them seemed to be not related to the etiology of the disease, but was a mere coincidence of paralysis with the recent vaccination. Results of AFP surveillance supported the previous data on the absence of classical poliomyelitis cases caused by wild PV in Belarus for more than 35 years.     

淮安市消灭脊髓灰质炎策略及效果分析

目的 评价淮安市消灭脊髓灰质炎防制策略效果。方法描述1956年以来脊髓灰质炎发病趋势；分析不同时期该病防制策略及发病特点。结果 随着脊灰疫苗的广泛使用和消灭脊灰活动的深入开展，淮安市脊灰发病率逐年下降，80年代脊灰发病开始得到有效控制，1995年以来已无确诊病例发生。主要防制策略是在常规免疫的基础上，开展强化免疫；加强免疫监测和急性弛缓性麻痹病例的监测。结论 淮安市已阻断了脊灰野病毒的传播；脊灰控制后，免疫策略应作相应调整，以控制疫苗相关病例的发生。     

Predictors of poliomyelitis case confirmation at initial clinical evaluation: implications for poliomyelitis eradication in the Americas.

In 1985, the Pan American Health Organization adopted the goal of eradication of poliomyelitis from the Americas by 1990. Strategies to accomplish this included high vaccination coverage, aggressive outbreak control, and active surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Although the sensitivity of AFP surveillance for detecting paralytic poliomyelitis cases is high, studies have shown the specificity to be low. In 1990, 2497 notified cases of AFP were investigated in the Americas of which 2146 had stool specimens collected. However, only 18 were confirmed as poliomyelitis by isolation of wild poliovirus from stool specimens, 71 were classified as being compatible with poliomyelitis. Cases of AFP due to causes other than poliomyelitis result in extensive but unnecessary outbreak control measures. To predict, at initial clinical evaluation, the likelihood of future confirmation as a case of poliomyelitis, likelihood ratios (LR) were calculated for different combinations of clinical characteristics of AFP cases (249) from Mexico in 1989 and 1990. The best predictors in a child with AFP were proximal muscle involvement which progressed '4 days together with fever at onset of paralysis, and proximal and unilateral involvement with either fever at onset or paralysis which progressed '4 days. The odds would increase by 12 that the child would eventually be confirmed as poliomyelitis (19), based on a stool culture positive for wild poliovirus (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6-55.9). A guide for use in the field is proposed whereby local health officials, often with little training in neurological evaluation, can predict at initial clinical examination the likelihood that an AFP case will subsequently be confirmed as poliomyelitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Update: Outbreak of poliomyelitis--Dominican Republic and Haiti, 2000-2001

From July 12, 2000, through September 18, 2001, a total of 21 cases of poliomyelitis (including two fatal cases) were reported from the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. In the Dominican Republic, 13 of 168 reported cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) were confirmed as polio by isolation of poliovirus type 1 from either patients or their healthy contacts. The median age of the patients was 3 years (range: 9 months-14 years). None was vaccinated adequately. The most recent confirmed case-patient in the Dominican Republic had paralysis onset on January 25, 2001. In Haiti, eight of 40 AFP cases were confirmed virologically; seven of the confirmed cases occurred during January-July 2001. The median age of the patients was 7 years (range: 2-12 years). One patient had received at least 3 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). The most recent confirmed case occurred in Haiti and the patient had paralysis onset on July 12, 2001. Eighteen AFP cases from the Dominican Republic and three from Haiti are pending final classification.     

Outbreak of poliomyelitis due to type 3 poliovirus,northern India, 1999-2000: injections a major contributing factor

BACKGROUND: A large outbreak of poliomyelitis due to poliovirus type 3 (P3) occurred in India in 1999. This raised concerns about oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) effectiveness, particularly the type 3 component, in preventing clinical disease and offered an opportunity to describe the epidemiology of a P3 outbreak. METHODS: We reviewed data collected by the National Polio Surveillance Project to describe the outbreak and conducted a case-control study to determine risk factors for the development of paralytic poliomyelitis. The P3 cases with paralysis onset in 2000 were enrolled with four controls per case, matched for age and neighbourhood. RESULTS: Of 1126 virologically confirmed poliomyelitis cases reported in 1999, 719 (64%) were due to P3. We enrolled 48 (80%) of 60 cases and 175 matched controls. Age (30.6 months, cases versus 30.4 months, controls) and vaccination status (median 5.8 OPV doses, cases versus 6.1 OPV doses, controls) were similar among cases and controls. The only significant difference between the groups was the proportion that received any injection in the last 30 days prior to paralysis onset or the corresponding reference date for controls (35.4% versus 12.3%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.8-12.5). CONCLUSIONS: Cases and controls had similar vaccination histories. The only significant risk factor for paralytic illness was having received any injection in the 30 days before onset. Our study confirms that injections administered during the poliovirus incubation period can provoke paralytic poliomyelitis. Injections in polio-endemic countries should only be indicated when other therapeutic options have failed or are not available.