Downregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR5 and glutamate transporter EAAC1 in the myenteric plexus of the diabetic rat ileum

Objective: To study the morphologic abnormalities of the myenteric plexus in diabetic rats and to explore the mechanism of their effect on gastrointestinal motility. Methods: Forty rats were randomly divided into a diabetic group and a control group, Gastric emptying and small intestine transit rates were measured and histologic and molecular changes in glutamatergic nerves in the ileal myenteric plexus were observed, mGluR5 receptor and EAAC1 transporter changes in the diabetic rats were studied using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Results:Eighteen weeks after the establishment of the diabetic rats model, gastric emptying and small intestine transit rates were found to be significantly delayed in the diabetic group when compared with the control group. The density of glutamatergic ganglia and neurons in the ileal myenterie plexus were significantly decreased in the diabetic group when compared with control group(P < 0.05) and the mGluR5 receptors and EAAC1 transporters were downregulated in the diabetic rats(P < 0.05). Conclusion: Decreased glutamatergic enteric ganglia and neurons and decreased mGluR5 receptors and EAAC1 transporters in the intestinal myenteric plexus is one of the mechanisms of diabetic gastroenteropathy in rats.     

Immunohistochemical localization of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C and 4A in the normal rat brain.

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Immunohistochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in gastrointestinal tract of rats

Asavcrylmportant1ntracel1u1arand1ntcrccl-1ularmesscngermoleculcL1~4:,nltricoxldchasabroadspectrunlofeffectsonthcgastrointcstinaltract.Forinstance,itcandilatcbloodvcsscIs,rclaxthegastrointestinalsn1oothmuscle,promotemucussecreti0nandenl1ancethcalkalirc1cascinstomachdamage.Nitricox1dc(N())issynthcsizcdfromarglninecatalyzcdbyn1tr1cox1desynthascs(NOSs).NOSsarcgroupcdintotwobroadcate-gories,const1tutiveN()S(cN()S)thatislnvolvcdincellularsigna1andCa2 /CaMdcpcndant,andinducibleN()S(1N0S)thatt…     

Development and distribution of PAG-immunoreactive neurons in the central pathway of trigeminal proprioception of the rat brainstem

Objective: To investigate the development and distribution of phosphate-activated glutaminase like immunoreactive (PAG-LI) neurons in the central pathway of trigeminal proprioception of the rat brainstem. Methods: The immunohistochemitry techniques were used. Results: (1) At embryonic day 17 (E17), PAG-LI neurons were initially observed in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme). All PAG-LI neurons were large round neurons with moderate immunostaining. The immunoreactivity grew intense and attained adult-like pattern at P10. (2) Not until postnatal day 10 (P10) did a few PAG-LI neurons appear in the area ven-tral to the motor trigeminal nucleus (AVM) and area dorsal to the superior olivery nucleus (ADO), and not until P12 in the dorsomedial part of the subnucleus oralis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vodm) and dorso-medial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vpdm). As development proceeded, more and more neurons in them were immunostained, and some PAG-LI neurons were detected in the lateral reticular forma-tion adjacent to the Vodm(LRF)and the caudolateral part of the supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup-CL) at P21. Conclusion: In the central pathway of trigeminal proprioception of the rat brainstem, PAG-LI neurons ap-peared during two stages: The first stage from E17 to P10, PAG-LI neurons appeared in the Vme and reached adult-like pattern; the second stage from P10 to P21, PAG-LI neurons appeared in the Vodm, LRF, Vpdm, Vsup-CL, ADO, AVM and gradually reached adult-like pattern. This might be relative to the estab-lishment of jaw movement patterns.     

Immunohistochemical distribution of Calkbindin D-28K immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of adult cat

Abstract Objective:In order to get more information about the possible functions of Calbindin D-28K in the central nervous system of adult cat ,the distribution of Calbindin D-28K in the central nervous system of adult cat was examined.Methods:Immunohistochemical staining techniques were used, and immunostained sections were observed under a light microscopy.Results:A high density of both immunoreactive perikarya and fibers were observed in the basal ganglia, amygdaloid complex ,nucleus of the fields of Forel, subthalam-ic nucleus,paracentral nucleus, pulvinar nucleus, subthalamus, dorsal hypothalamic area, lateral hypothala-mic area, anteriox hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus,superior colliculus,inferior colliculus,oculomo-tor nucleus,superior olivary complex,marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, vestibular nuclei,the spinal trigeminal nucleus,nucleus of the solitary tract,cuneate nucleus,inferior colliculus,oculomo-tor nucleus,superior olivary complex,marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum,vestibular nuclei,the spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract,cuneate nucleus, inferior olivary complex,dorsal mo-tor nucleus of the vagus nerve,the molecular latyer of the cerebellum, the purkinje cell layer of the cerebel-lum and in the laminae II of the spinal cord, whereas the dentate gyrus,the central medial nucleus of the tha-lamus, the paracentral and central lateral nucleus of the thalamus,the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus,the ventrolateral complex of the thalamus,the medioventral nucleus of the thalamus,the posterior hypotha-lamic area,the dorsal hypothalamic area,the infundibular nucleus,the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and the interfascicular nucleus had just a high density of immunoreactive perikarya, and no positive fibres were detected in these aress.Conclusion:The present results showed that Calbindin D-28K-like immunore-activity was widely distributed throughout the central nervous system of adult cat and might play an impor-tant role in the activities of the neurons in the central nervous system of adult cat.     

Immunohistochemical distribution of Calbindin D-28K immunoreac-tivity in the central nervous system of adult cat

Objective: In order to get more information about the possible functions of Calbindin D-28K in the central nervous system of adult cat, the distribution of Calbindin D-28K in the central nervous system of adult cat was examined. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining techniques were used, and immunostained sections were observed under a light microscopy. Results: A high density of both immunoreactive perikarya and fibers were observed in the basal ganglia, amygdaloid complex, nucleus of the fields of Forel, subthalam-ic nucleus, paracentral nucleus, pulvinar nucleus, subthalamus, dorsal hypothalamic area, lateral hypothala-mic area, anterior hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, oculomotor nucleus, superior olivary complex, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, vestibular nuclei, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, cuneate nucleus, inferior olivary complex, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, the molecular layer of the cer     

IGF-1 mRNA expression of adult rat thyroid cell cultured in vitro

Withageincreasing ,fibrosis,cellinfiltration ,folliclevariation ,nodformation ,thyroidweightloss ,lessthyroidhormoneoccursinthyroid .Inrecentyears ,thereweremanyresearchesfortherelationshipbetweenthyroidfunctionandagingaswellasthethy roidfunctioninpostponingaging[1] ,butthestudyofmolecularlevelonthechangeofthyroidcellandageingisless .IGF 1distributesinallorgansandtissues .IGF 1ofthyroidcellplaysanimportantroleinthyroidfunctionregulation[2 ] .Ourexperimentinvestigatesthelawofage relatedchange…     

The expression of TRPA1 mRNA in the rat brain

Objective： To investigate the distribution of TRPA1 （one kind of the TRP-like ion channel family） channel in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rat. Methods： RT-PCR was used to amplify the fragment of TRPA1 in the DRG （dorsal root ganglion）, hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult SD rat. In situ hybridization staining was used to show the distribution of TRPA1 mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult rat brain. Results： Both RT-PCR and in situ hybridization staining showed that TRPA1 mRNA was expressed in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the adult rat brain. Conclusion： Our results suggest that there is expression of TRPA1 mRNA both in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the adult rat brain.     

Immunohistochemical changes of synaptophysin in the rat spinal cord after chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve and ketamine intervention study

Immunohistochemical changes of synaptophysin in the rat spinal cord after chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve and ketamine intervention study@陈敏$Dept Anesthesiol,Tongji Hosp,Tongji Med Col,Huazhong Univ Sci Technol,Wuhan 430030     

Distribution of SP receptor in the auditory centre of brainstem and in the medial geniculate body of guinea pigs

SubstanceP(SP)hasbeenaffirmedasaprimaryafferentsensoryneurotransmitter.Intheauditorysystemofthemammal,SPisalsowidelydistributed.YlikosikietallljreportedthatSPmightbeaprimaryafferentneurotransmitterormodulatorinrabbitcochlea.WehavereportedthedistributionofSPandsubstancePreceptor(SPR)inthecochleaofguineapigsL'j.ButthereisnoreportaboutthedistributionofSPandSPRintheauditorycentreandmedialgenicularbodyofguineapigs.Inthispaper,wedescribethedistributionofSPR--positiveneuronsandfibersintheco…     

Ultrastructure of the marginal division in the rat striatum.

The discovery of a new subdivision in the striatum of the rat, the marginal division, has recently been reported. The marginal division is located at the caudal extent of the striatum, surrounding the rostrolateral border of the globus pallidus, and has different cellular morphology, immunohistochemistry and an efferent projection pattern from those of the main body of the striatum. In the present study, the ultrastructural organization of the marginal division was investigated. Most neuronal somata in the marginal division were fusiform in shape and had a large pale oval nucleus without in-foldings. There were four types of synapses in the marginal division: axo-somatic, axo-dendritic, axo-spinous and axo-axonic. Both symmetric and asymmetric synapses were observed on the somata, dendrites, or dendritic spines. Most of the symmetric synapses contained pleomorphic vesicles, whereas the asymmetric ones contained mainly round vesicles. Individual axo-axo-spinous synapses, which were first described in the striatum, were also observed in the marginal division. These ultrastructural characteristics distinguish the marginal division from the rest of the striatum.

     

Distribution of peptidergic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat

Distribution of peptidergic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus(PVN)of the rat was investigated by means of immunohistochemical technique,and thearea,perimeter,maximum diameter,minimum diameter and grey scale of peptidergicneuronal cell bodies were measured with an image analyser.All of these peptidergicneurons,oxytocin(OXY)-,vasopressin(VP)-,substance P(SP)-,corticotropin releasingfactor(CRF)-,thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH)-,neurotensin(NT)-,cholecystokinin(CCK)-,somatostatin(SOM)-,galanin(GAL)-,leucine-enkephalin(L-ENK)-,vasoactive intestine polypeptide(VIP)-,and ACTH-like neurons,were ob-served in the PVN.The data of image analysis showed that the area of peptidergicneuronal cell bodies in the magnocellular subnucleus part of the PVN was similar,but wasdifferent in the parvocellular subnucleus part of the PVN.     

Comparative proteomic analysis of rat juvenile and adult dura

Background It has been widely observed that infants and young children can reossify large calvarial defects when they are younger than 2 years of age; afterwards, they lose this regenerative potential. Previous studies have implicated that the dura mater serves as a key regulator of calvarial regeneration. However, the molecular mechanism of calvarial reossification remains elusive. Methods In order to identify the proteins that may participate in this process, we performed a proteome-wide comparison of the protein expression levels of immature and mature dura using 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The Western blotting was used to verify the results of the 2D electrophoresis/MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Results Eleven proteins were found to express with significant differences in the immature and the mature dura. Among them, the emergence of vimentin, tropomyosin, 13-actin and y-actin were further confirmed by the Western blotting analysis. Conclusion The proteins and proteomic profiles provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of calvarial regeneration.     

Distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the premotor neurons of the rat pharyngeal muscle

Pharyngealmusculatureisanimportantmuscleofswallowing.Themotorneuronsinnervatingthepharyngealmusculaturearelocatedinthesemicompactpartofthenucleusambiggus(NA)Lij.Theneuronsinthenucleusofthesolitarytract(NTS)andtheadjacentreticularformationarepremotorneuronsofthepharyngealmusculature[2].However,thechemicaltransmittersoftheseneuronsarestillunknown.Somatostatin(SOM)isaneuropeptide,whichdistributeswidelyinthebrainandperipheralstructure.Inadditiontoanimportantregulationforneuroendocrinesystem,S…     

Nestin expression and proliferation of ependymal cells in adult rat spinal cord after injury

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Immunohistochemical Expression of ABCG2 in Lung Cancer

ABCG2 （ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2） is a member of the adenosine triphosphate （ATP）-binding cassette （ABC） transporter superfamily and confers high resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in tumor treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of ABCG2 in lung cancer tissues. Eighty three lung cancer specimens （64 NSCLC, 19 SCLC） were analyzed for ABCG2 protein expression using immunohistochemistry. ABCG2 expression was found in 71.88% （46/64） of NSCLC and 10.53% （2/19） of SCLC. The level of ABCG2 expression was significantly greater in NSCLC than in SCLC （P〈0.05）. Additionally, there were significant correlations between expression of ABCG2 and lymph node metastasis, ABCG2 and differentiation in NSCLC.     

Effects of different fixatives on the TrkB-immunoreactivity in rat brain

Objective: To find out an effective fixative in immunohistochemistry for high-affinity neurotrophin receptor-tyrosine kinase (Trk) B. Methods: Comparing the results from four groups of adult rats which were fixed by different fixatives before the brain sections were processed for TrkB immunohistochemistry. Results: In the four groups, TrkBcells were observed throughout the whole brain, but the intensity of immunoreactive cells and the back-ground staining exhibited a marked difference among the groups. Conclusion: Using 0.3% -0.5% paraformaldehyde in 75% saturated picric acid 0.1 mol/L di-sodium hydrogen phosphate buffer as the fixative may yield the best quality of TrkB immunoreactivity.     

Morphological characteristics of the synaptic structures of substance P-immunoreactive terminals in the marginal division of the rat striatum

In the present study,the morphological characteristics of the synaptic structure(MCSS)of the substance P immunoreactive(SPIR)teminals in the marginal division(MrD)of the ratstriatum were studied by using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry.Four major typesof SPIR symnapses were identified in teh MrD.axodendritic,axo-spinous,axo-axonic,and com-pound.Axo-dendritic and axo-spinous synapses were more common,and a few axo-axonic andcompound synapses wer observed as well.In the postsynaptic target zones of axo-dendritic,andaxo-spinous synapses,there were small or large dendrites or spires.Some synapses with morethan two synaptic components are referred to as compound synapses.Both symmetric andasymmetric SPIR synapses were seen in the MrD.The vesicles in the SPIR presynaptic boutonswere mostly pleomorphic although a few of them were round,The MCSS distinguishes theultrastructure of the MrD from that of the other part of striatum,which suggests that the func-tion of the MrD may be different from that of the rest of the striatum.     

High glucose decreases the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 in human vascular smooth muscle cells

Objective:ATP-binding cassette transporters(ABC)A1 and G1 play an important role in mediating cholesterol efflux and preventing macrophage foam cell formation.In this study,we examined the regulation of ABC transporters by high glucose in human vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs),the other precursor of foam cells.Methods:Incubation of human VSMCs with D-glucose(5 to 30 mM)for 1 to 7 days in the presence or absence of antioxidant and nuclear factor(NF)-κB inhibitors,the expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were analyzed by real time PCR and Western blotting.Results:High glucose decreased ABCG1 mRNA and protein expression in cultured VSMCs,whereas the expression of ABCA1 was not significantly decreased.Down-regulation of ABCG1 mRNA expression by high glucose was abolished by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC)and NF-κB inhibitors,BAY 11-7085 and tosyl-phenylalanine chloromethyl-ketone(TPCK).Conclusion:High glucose suppresses the expression of ABCG1 in VSMCs,which is the possible mechanism of VSMC derived foam cell transformation.