Potential application of ocular and cervical vestibular‐evoked myogenic potentials in meniere's disease: A review

By stimulating the ear with air‐conducted sound or bone‐conducted vibration stimuli, vestibular‐evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) can be recorded on the contracted neck muscles, termed cervical VEMP (cVEMP), and on the extraocular muscles, termed ocular VEMP (oVEMP). These two electrophysiological tests expand the test battery for clinicians to explore the dynamic otolithic function, adding a potential usefulness to the sacculocollic reflex and vestibulo‐ocular reflex, respectively. The inner ear test battery, including audiometry, and cVEMP, oVEMP and caloric tests, is designed for complete evaluation of the inner ear function, namely, the cochlea, saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals, respectively. Using this test battery to study the localization and prevalence of hydrops formation reveals that the declining function in the cochlea, saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals mimics the declining sequence of hydrops formation in temporal bone studies. This study reviewed the physiological results in Meniere's patients via the inner ear test battery, especially the potential application of the oVEMP and cVEMP tests, to correlate with the histopathological findings of Meniere's disease. Laryngoscope, 2012     

Superior canal dehiscence reveals concomitant unilateral utricular loss (UUL)

Conclusion: We report enhanced symmetrical cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) but asymmetrical ocular VEMP (oVEMP) responses in a patient with CT-verified bilateral superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD) but with acute vestibular syndrome. This implies that absence of unilateral utricular macula function alone is sufficient to cause symptoms of acute vertigo. Acute vertigo should not automatically be presumed to originate from semicircular canal dysfunction. Objectives: To identify the cause of an acute vertigo attack in a patient with bilateral SCD. Methods: The functional state of all peripheral vestibular sense organs was tested using the video head impulse test (vHIT) for all semicircular canals and VEMPs to air-conducted sound (ACS) or bone-conducted vibration (BCV) to test all otolith organs. The cVEMP tested mainly saccular function and the oVEMP mainly utricular function. Results: All semicircular canals showed normal function. The cVEMPs showed enhanced, but symmetrical saccular function. In contrast, oVEMPs showed an enhanced but asymmetric n10 component – it was greatly reduced beneath the left eye, implying decreased function in the right utricular macula. That result was confirmed using very high frequency stimuli which are effective in SCD: 4000 Hz BCV stimuli showed that oVEMP n10 was present beneath the right eye but absent beneath the left eye.     

眼性前庭诱发肌源电位影响因素的研究进展

眼性前庭诱发肌源电位是气导声刺激或骨导振动刺激人体前庭感受器(椭圆囊)或直流电刺激前庭上神经,于对侧眼下斜肌表面记录到的短潜伏期电位变化,是临床评价椭圆囊和/或前庭上神经通路功能的常用手段.国内外研究发现,oVEMP除存在个体间差异外,也会受测试方法、参数设置等因素影响.本文在前人研究结论基础上,对oVEMP常见影响因...     

骨导振动刺激诱发的前庭诱发肌源性电位

目的探讨B81骨振子在前庭诱发肌源性电位(vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, VEMPs)检测中的应用。方法对25例正常志愿者的双耳行插入式气导声刺激(air conducted sound, ACS),单侧乳突B81骨导振动刺激(bone conducted vibration, BCV)的VEMPs检查,并对ACS ,BCV VEMPs检查结果进行统计学分析。结果ACS ,BCV 眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, oVEMP)的引出率分别为92%（46/50）,98%（49/50）。BCV oVEMP与ACS oVEMP比较,两者引出率差异无统计学意义（P=0.36）;两者N1波潜伏期（P=0.00）、P1波潜伏期（P=0.00）、N1 P1波间期(P=0.01)及振幅(P=0.00)差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;BCV oVEMP的N1、P1波潜伏期,N1 P1波间期均较短,而振幅较大。ACS ,BCV 颈肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential, cVEMP)的引出率均为100%（50/50）。BCV cVEMP与ACS cVEMP比较,N1波潜伏期差异无统计学意义（P=0.96）,P1波潜伏期（P=0.02）,P1 N1波间期(P=0.00)、振幅(P=0.04)均有统计学差异（P＜0.05）;BCV cVEMP的P1波潜伏期较短,P1 N1波间期较长,振幅较大。BCV oVEMP、ACS oVEMP、BCV cVEMP和ACS cVEMP的两耳间振幅不对称率（%）分别为：28.08±21.10、27.95±18.13、23.60±17.86、32.24±18.92。结论B81骨振子可以用于VEMPs的检测,骨导振动刺激在评价传导性听力损失患者的前庭耳石器功能时优于气导声刺激,可作为气导声刺激诱发VEMPs的补充检查。     

前庭诱发肌源性电位检查的点评

借由气导声刺激或骨导振动刺激可成功诱发前庭诱发肌源性电位(vestibular-evoked myogenic potential, VEMP)。从颈部胸锁乳突肌表面记录得到的VEMP称为颈肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(cVEMP),从眼外肌表面记录得到的VEMP称为眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(oVEMP)。这两项新兴的耳神经科学功能检查开启了科学家探索耳石器官(球囊与椭圆囊)的纪元,分别用来检测“球囊-颈肌反射”和“椭圆囊-眼肌反射”神经通路。内耳功能检查序列,包括听力检查、cVEMP检查、oVEMP检查、温度试验检查等,可以对内耳终末器官诸如耳蜗、球囊、椭圆囊及半规管的功能进行全面检测,目前已经广泛应用于动物及人体。这一系列内耳功能检测项目将有助于描绘内耳终末器官受侵犯的范围、厘清过去医学上的盲点,进一步阐明内耳及中枢前庭系病变的机制。     

Acute bilateral vestibulopathy with simultaneous involvement of both superior and inferior vestibular nerves

We report a case of acute vestibulopathy with the simultaneous involvement of both superior and inferior vestibular nerves on both sides. A 36-year-old female presented with dizziness, oscillopsia and a walking impairment subsequent to a high fever. Vestibular function tests including caloric testing, video head impulse testing (vHIT) and cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs and oVEMPs) were performed. In the first examination, vHIT and caloric testing showed severe impairments in all three semicircular canals in each ear, and both cVEMPs and oVEMPs were absent on both sides. During a 1-year follow-up, the gain of vHIT gradually recovered by more than 0.5 to normal. cVEMPs also recovered to normal on both sides while oVEMPs remained absent on both sides. This is the first reported case of acute bilateral vestibulopathy with simultaneous involvement of both superior and inferior vestibular nerves on both sides. Repeated evaluation of vestibular function using vHIT, cVEMPs and oVEMPs is helpful to assess the time course of recovery in patients with vestibulopathy.     

Does blindness affect ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials?

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of blindness on ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMP) responses.

原发性良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者前庭诱发肌源性电位检测的意义

目的：探讨检测眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位（oVEMP）和颈肌前庭诱发肌源性电位（cVEMP）对单侧原发性良性阵发性位置性眩晕（BPPV）患者进行可能发病部位的定位诊断价值。方法：对52例单侧原发性BP-PV患者（BPPV组）和38例正常人（对照组）分别进行气导短纯音诱发的oVEMP和cVEMP检测,分析两种反射的引出率、潜伏期、振幅等数据。结果;BPPV组患侧oVEMP的引出率为46．15％,cVEMP的引出率为67．31％;其健侧oVEMP的引出率为48．08％,cVEMP的引出率为65．38％。对照组左侧oVEMP的引出率84．21％,cVEMP的引出率92．11％;右侧oVEMP的引出率为81．58％,cVEMP的引出率为94．74％。对照组双侧cVEMP和oVEMP的P1、N1潜伏期及N1-P1振幅值差异均无统计学意义。BPPV组和对照组cVEMP和oVEMP耳间振幅比及不对称率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：单侧原发性BPPV患者双侧前庭耳石器传导通路功能受损状况,可以通过oVEMP和cVEMP检测进行客观评估,并且oVEMP的异常率比cVEMP高。     

气导声刺激前庭诱发肌源性电位在正常儿童中的表现

目的 探讨研究正常儿童中气导声刺激诱发的眼性前庭诱发肌源性电位(oVEMP)和颈性前庭肌源性诱发电位(cVEMP)的各项参数指标,并对正常值进行统计学处理分析。 方法 选择4~10岁听力正常健康儿童52例,以500 Hz短纯音作为刺激音,分别行 oVEMP和cVEMP检测,记录左、右耳引出率及波形参数,并采用SPSS统计软件进行统计学处理分析。 结果 双耳皆未引出oVEMP 2例,单耳可引出oVEMP4例,oVEMP总体引出率为92%。双耳皆未引出cVEMP 2例,cVEMP总体引出率为96%。oVEMP与cVEMP的P1潜伏期分别为(17.07±0.89)ms、(15.55±1.58)ms;N1潜伏期分别为(12.39±0.91)ms、(23.10±2.29)ms;N1P1间期分别为(4.68±0.88)ms、(7.83±1.56)ms;oVEMP与cVEMP的振幅分别为(7.24±4.79)μV、(197.40±118.37)μV。双耳间oVEMP及cVEMP振幅不对称比分别为(19.03±12.50)%、(22.16±18.64)%。患儿左右耳的潜伏期,P1N1间期及振幅差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 绝大部分正常儿童经气导声刺激可引出oVEMP与cVEMP。该检测患儿依从性高,可用来评估儿童前庭功能。此研究结果可为我国的儿童气导VEMP提供正常参考值范围。     

同步检测眼性和颈性前庭诱发肌源性电位的可行性研究

目的 探讨同步检测眼性前庭诱发肌源性电位(ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential,oVEMP)和颈性前庭诱发肌源性电位(cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential,cVEMP)的可行性.方法 对20例正常人及23例梅尼埃病患者分别进行oVEMP和cVEMP同步检测和单独检测,两种检测方式所用仪器和坐姿相同,检测参数设置相同,分别比较两种检测方式下两组对象oVEMP和cVEMP的振幅、潜伏期、波间期及双侧耳不对称比.结果 正常人左、右耳的oVEMP及cVEMP的引出率、振幅、潜伏期、波间期与不对称比在两种形式同步检测与各方式单独检测之间无显著差异;两种方式同步检测时梅尼埃病患者的患耳及对侧耳的oVEMP及cVEMP引出率、振幅、潜伏期、波间期及不对称比与各方式单独检测的结果也无显著差异.结论 对正常人和梅尼埃病患者,oVEMP和cVEMP检测可同步进行,但检测参数应与单独检测时设置一致.     

骨导刺激与气导刺激的眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位对比研究

目的探索利用骨导耳机振子、激振器输出振动直接刺激颅骨记录眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(bone conducted ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential,BC-oVEMP),为BC-oVEMP的临床应用提供最理想的振动刺激参数;比较骨导振动刺激和气导声刺激引出电位波形的参数差异。方法2017年3-5月,选取空军军医大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科招募的健康志愿者共20名,其中男10名,女10名,年龄20~25(22.05±2.01)岁。声学分析仪采集骨导耳机振子、激振器的输出振动刺激的信号频谱和瞬态波形,依据国际标准计算得到输出的振动作用力的峰值等效力值(peak-to-peak equivalent force level,peFL)。分析选择可以获得稳定骨导振动刺激的最优参数。20名志愿者同时接受最大输出强度的气导声刺激、振动力刺激,记录双侧oVEMP波形及N1潜伏期、P1潜伏期、振幅等参数。数据采用SPSS 24.0统计学软件分析,正态分布两组间数值方差齐采用t检验,不齐则采用校正t检验。偏态分布两组间数值比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。结果不同频率的原始声刺激信号经声学分析仪记录到输出振动刺激的时域波形图、频谱图,输出振动的峰值频率与原始声信号频率一致。相同的原始信号强度时,500 Hz信号对应的频谱图输出峰值最高。原始声刺激参数频率相同时激振器的输出振动刺激的峰值等效力值随刺激声强度增加而增加,相同强度时激振器的输出振动刺激的峰值等效力值随频率增加而减小;以500 Hz短纯音输出的峰值等效力值最大,为139.8 dB peFL;同时大于相同原始声刺激信号时通过骨导耳机振子输出的峰值等效力值130 dB peFL。40耳中5耳在气导声刺激下未记录到对侧oVEMP电位波,即气导刺激和骨岛刺激的N1-P1波引出率分别为87.5%(35/40)和100%(35/40)。气导声刺激和骨导振动刺激N1的潜伏期分别为(11.33±1.05)ms和(10.14±0.38)ms,P1潜伏期分别为(16.24±1.56)ms和(15.65±1.19)ms,波间期分别为(4.59±1.26)ms和(5.55±0.81)ms,左右耳对称性系数分别为12.22%[5.5%,21.85%]和8.74%[3.37%,14.08%],振幅分别为3.07[2.05,4.43]μV和11.96[7.42,14.75]μV;N1潜伏期、P1潜伏期、波间期、振幅值差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论500 Hz短纯音原始刺激经激振器获得振动输出能最大,优于B-81骨导耳机振子;与传统气导声刺激相比,BC-oVEMP的引出率更高,波形幅度更大,更稳定可靠,更具临床应用价值。     

Ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) to test utricular function: neural and oculomotor evidence

A new test for utricular function has recently been introduced and validated, namely the ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP), which refers to the myogenic potentials recorded by surface EMG electrodes beneath both eyes in response to bone conducted vibration (BCV) of the head or air conducted sound (ACS). The oVEMP test differs from another vestibular-evoked myogenic potential recorded by surface EMG electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles in that the cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) due to saccular activation is measured. oVEMP is a reliable clinical test that relies on extensive physiological evidence from studies on guinea pigs, and in particular on recording the vestibular primary afferent responses to BCV, demonstrating that the same BCV causes similar eye movements in both guinea pigs and humans. This review briefly integrates the most recent physiological and behavioural evidence that substantiates the clinical use of oVEMP.     

Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential in patients with myasthenia gravis: A prospective clinical study

Objective

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an archetypic disorder of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and autoantibody-mediated disease causing fatigable weakness of skeletal muscles with an ocular onset in up to 85%. The aim of this study was to detect extra ocular muscles (EOMs) abnormalities in MG patients using ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) n10 response.

年龄因素对直流电刺激诱发的前庭诱发肌源性电位的影响

目的 评估年龄因素对直流电刺激(GVS)诱发的颈肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(cVEMP)和眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(oVEMP)的影响。 方法 选择健康志愿者61名(122耳)作为研究对象,22~81岁,平均(45.0±13.8)岁。按年龄分为20~40岁组(26例,52耳)、41~60岁组(24例,48耳)以及>60岁组(11例,22耳),分别记录GVS-cVEMP和GVS-oVEMP。计算GVS-c/oVEMP在不同年龄段的引出率、阈值、潜伏期、振幅、振幅不对称比(interaural amplitude asymmetryratio,IAR),采用SPSS18.0软件进行统计学分析。 结果 GVS-cVEMP在20~40岁、41~60岁、>60岁年龄段的引出率分别为96.15%、89.58%和95.45%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。GVS-oVEMP在20~40岁、41~60岁、>60岁年龄段的引出率分别为98.07%、91.67%和72.13%,随着年龄增长逐渐降低(P<0.05)。从参数分析来看,cVEMP的引出率、阈值、p1潜伏期、n1潜伏期、振幅和振幅不对称比在不同年龄组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);随着年龄增大,oVEMP的引出率下降、阈值增高、振幅减小(P<0.05),其他参数年龄组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 随着年龄的增长,周围前庭系统的功能降低,有可能会对直流电刺激诱发的VEMP产生影响。     

全聋型突发性耳聋患者的预后与前庭症状及前庭功能关系的回顾性分析

目的 探讨全聋型突发性耳聋患者的预后与前庭症状及前庭功能的关系。 方法 回顾性分析52例单侧全聋型突发性耳聋患者的前庭症状,以及眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(oVEMP)、颈肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(cVEMP)、视频头脉冲试验(vHIT)和冷热试验结果,观察这些患者的听力结果与前庭症状及前庭功能的关系。 结果 在52例单侧全聋型突发性耳聋患者中,有前庭症状、前庭功能异常的全聋型患者与无前庭症状者、功能正常者相比疗效差异有统计学意义。oVEMP、cVEMP、vHIT和冷热试验四项结果异常的全聋型患者显示出更低的治疗总有效率,oVEMP、cVEMP、vHIT和冷热试验正常的突发性耳聋患者有更高的听力恢复数值。 结论 有前庭症状、前庭功能异常的全聋型突发性耳聋患者疗效较差,oVEMP、cVEMP、vHIT和冷热试验正常的全聋型突发性耳聋患者有更好的听力恢复。前庭功能异常提示突发性聋患者的内耳病变范围较大、程度较重。     

前庭诱发肌源性电位对前庭下神经炎的诊断价值

目的　探讨前庭诱发肌源性电位（VEMP）对前庭下神经炎的诊断价值。方法　回顾分析我科眩晕门诊18例前庭下神经炎的临床资料,尤其是VEMP检测结果。结果　18例患者中,15例表现为旋转性眩晕,3例为平衡障碍,所有患者纯音测听、冷热试验及眼性前庭诱发肌源性电位（oVEMP）正常而颈性前庭诱发肌源性电位（cVEMP）异常。其中14例cVEMP检查不能引出,4例振幅低下。3个月后复诊10例患者症状消失,复查cVEMP 9例恢复正常,1例振幅低下;半年复诊18例患者症状全部消失,复查cVEMP只有2例振幅低下,其余均恢复正常。结论　VEMP检查对前庭下神经炎的精准诊断及判断预后有重要临床价值,值得临床推广。     

Input–Output Functions of Vestibular Afferent Responses to Air-Conducted Clicks in Rats

Sound-evoked vestibular myogenic potentials recorded from the sternocleidomastoid muscles (the cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential or cVEMP) and the extraocular muscles (the ocular VEMP or oVEMP) have proven useful in clinical assessment of vestibular function. VEMPs are commonly interpreted as a test of saccular function, based on neurophysiological evidence showing activation of saccular afferents by intense acoustic click stimuli. However, recent neurophysiological studies suggest that the clicks used in clinical VEMP tests activate vestibular end organs other than the saccule. To provide the neural basis for interpreting clinical VEMP testing results, the present study examined the extent to which air-conducted clicks differentially activate the various vestibular end organs at several intensities and durations in Sprague–Dawley rats. Single unit recordings were made from 562 vestibular afferents that innervated the otoliths [inferior branch otolith (IO) and superior branch otolith (SO)], the anterior canal (AC), the horizontal canal (HC), and the posterior canal (PC). Clicks higher than 60 dB SL (re-auditory brainstem response threshold) activated both semicircular canal and otolith organ afferents. Clicks at or below 60 dB SL, however, activated only otolith organ afferents. Longer duration clicks evoked larger responses in AC, HC, and SO afferents, but not in IO afferents. Intra-axonal recording and labeling confirmed that sound sensitive vestibular afferents innervated the horizontal and anterior canal cristae as well as the saccular and utricular maculae. Interestingly, all sound sensitive afferents are calyx-bearing fibers. These results demonstrate stimulus-dependent acoustic activation of both semicircular canals and otolith organs, and suggest that sound activation of vestibular end organs other than the saccule should not be ruled out when designing and interpreting clinical VEMP tests.     

不同分期梅尼埃病患者眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位及冷热试验检测分析

目的 探讨不同听力分期梅尼埃病(Meniere disease,MD)患者眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential,oVEMP)及冷热试验(caloric test)的特征及临床意义.方法 对确诊的MD患者55例(52.8±15.8岁),按MD听力分期标准分为1期9例(48.8±13.8岁),2期9例(46.0±16.3岁),3期23例(50.3±13.5岁),4期14例(53.5±16.2岁),分别行oVEMP检测及冷热试验,分析其结果.结果 1、2、3、4期MD患者oVEMP异常率分别为55.6%(5/9)、66.7%(6/9)、78.3%(18/23)、78.6%(11/14),冷热试验异常率分别为22.2%(2/9)、33.3%(3/9)、78.3%(18/23)、85.7%(12/14);可引出oVEMP的1、2、3、4期MD患者其振幅分别为4.3±4.0、3.5±2.3、2.5±2.4、1.3±0.5 μV.结论 MD患者oVEMP及冷热试验异常率随其听力受损程度加重呈上升趋势,oVEMP振幅呈下降趋势,提示椭圆囊与水平半规管的损伤加重.     

非综合征型听神经病患者前庭上下成分功能障碍定位研究与频率特征

目的 探讨听神经病伴发前庭功能障碍的可能性,并分析其部位和频率特征。 方法 以眼肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(oVEMP)、颈肌前庭诱发肌源性电位(cVEMP)、视频头脉冲试验(vHIT)、头脉冲抑制试验(SHIMP)和冷热试验对20例(40耳)非综合征型听神经病患者进行前庭功能评估,对统计学处理结果进行客观分析。 结果 20例患者(40耳)接受oVEMP和cVEMP测试,oVEMP异常率为85%,cVEMP异常率为95%,差异无统计学意义。11例(22耳)接受vHIT和SHIMP测试,外、上、后半规管vHIT和SHIMP的异常率分别为14%、18%、9%和9%,组间差异无统计学意义。19例患者行冷热试验,异常率为74%。11例接受vHIT和SHIMP测试的患者,冷热试验异常率为82%,显著高于vHIT和SHIMP异常率,差异有统计学意义。 结论 听神经病患者存在前庭功能障碍,前庭上下成分(包括感受器和前庭上下神经)受累概率相当,耳石器和半规管均可受累,各半规管受累概率相当,半规管功能损伤主要累及低频。     

Sequence of vestibular deficits in patients with noise-induced hearing loss

This study utilized audiometry, and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP), ocular VEMP (oVEMP) and caloric tests to investigate the sequence of vestibular deficits in patients with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Thirty patients with NIHL underwent an inner ear test battery. Another 30 normal controls with age- and sex-matched were included for comparison. The abnormal percentages of the audiometry, and cVEMP, oVEMP and caloric tests were 100, 70, 57 and 33 % in NIHL patients, which showed significant differences from 13, 13, 7 and 3 % in normal controls, respectively. A significantly decreasing trend among the four tests, with the sequence of damage from the cochlea, followed by the saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals was noted in NIHL patients, but not in normal controls. In conclusion, the decreasing order of abnormal percentages in the function of the cochlea, saccule, utricle and semicircular canals after chronic noise exposure further supports that the pars inferior (cochlea and saccule) is more vulnerable to noise exposure than the pars superior (utricle and semicircular canals).