Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Greek OSA-18 questionnaire in children undergoing polysomnography

ObjectiveTranslations of validated questionnaires help to compare different countries/cultures populations and establish protocols for global health. OSA-18 is a validated disease-specific questionnaire for pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Our aim was to validate OSA-18 in Greek and correlate it with polysomnography results and OSA severity.Study designProspective instrument validation study.Subjects and methodsOSA-18 was translated in Greek and back into English. Children undergoing polysomnography due to snoring were recruited prospectively. OSA-18 was completed by parents during the initial clinic visit (test), in the evening prior to the sleep study (retest), and 3 months postoperatively for subjects who underwent adenotonsillectomy. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were evaluated. Validity was assessed by exploring correlations between OSA-18 and AHI, by comparing OSA-18 of OSA and non-OSA groups, and by calculating questionnaire's sensitivity and specificity for detecting OSA. Total scores of non-OSA, mild, moderate and severe OSA subgroups were compared. In OSA children who underwent adenotonsillectomy, preoperative and postoperative total scores were compared to assess responsiveness.ResultsTest–retest questionnaires were fully completed for 141 children. OSA-18 in Greek had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.951 for test and 0.947 for retest) and test–retest reliability (Pearson's correlation coefficients between test and retest scores: 0.850–0.946; P < 0.05). Total and subscale OSA-18 scores and AHI were significantly correlated (Spearman's correlation coefficients: 0.376–0.633; P < 0.01), while children with OSA had higher total OSA-18 score than those without OSA [median (interquartile range): 61 (35) vs. 38 (22), respectively; P < 0.001)]. Sensitivity was 53.4%, suggesting poor validity compared to polysomnography. All OSA severity subgroups had significant higher score than non-OSA. OSA-18 scores postoperatively were significantly lower compared to preoperatively (22.91 ± 5.49 vs. 67.13 ± 15.27, respectively; P < 0.001), indicating good responsiveness.ConclusionGreek OSA-18 is an instrument with satisfactory internal consistency, reliability, and responsiveness, but it is a poor predictor of OSA severity.     

量表衡量悬雍垂腭咽成形术后患者生活质量

目的探讨悬雍垂腭咽成形术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome,OSAHS)患者生活质量的影响。方法选择40例行悬雍垂腭咽成形术的OSAHS患者,采用Calgary生活质量指数(SAQLI)在术前及术后3个月进行问卷调查,从量表中的日常活动、社会活动、情感及症状4个方面比较与健康相关的生活质量,各部分的平均分相加即为量表的总分。结果40例OSAHS患者SAQLI总分从术前4.0±0.9提高至术后4.8±1.1(P<0.05),具有显著性的统计学意义,其中以日常活动、症状方面改善更为明显。结论悬雍垂腭咽成形术可有效地提高OSAHS患者与健康相关的生活质量。     

腺样体扁桃体切除术对儿童睡眠结构和生活质量的影响

目的对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿行腺样体扁桃体切除术,并评价手术前后睡眠呼吸参数及生活质量的改善情况。方法对57例OSAHS患儿术前1～2周及术后6～9个月行多导睡眠监测（PSG）和生活质量调查（OSA-18）,分析手术治疗前后患儿PSG参数和OSA-18评分的变化。结果术前呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）或阻塞性呼吸暂停指数（OAI）平均值为17．7,术后降至6．5;术前最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）平均值为82．1,术后升至88．3;术前OSA-18总分为86．9,术后降至45．3,各组术前术后比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论腺样体扁桃体切除术能明显改善OSAHS患儿的睡眠呼吸参数和生活质量。     

腺样体扁桃体切除术对睡眠呼吸紊乱患儿生活质量的影响

目的：评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿行扁桃体和（或）腺样体切除手术治疗前后生活质量的改善程度,并与有睡眠呼吸紊乱（SDB）症状但整夜PSG阴性的患儿进行比较;同时分析PSG与疾病特异性生活质量调查结果之间的相关性。方法：SDB患儿术前1～2周内行整夜PSG监测,根据结果分为PSG阳性组和阴性组,术后6～9个月内进行随访。使用儿童OSAHS疾病特异性生活质量调查量表（OSA-18）对患儿术前及术后的生活质量进行评估,比较2组患儿术后生活质量改善情况。对PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,分析术前整夜PSG与OSA-18指标之间的相关性。结果：共51例患儿入选,其中28例整夜PSG结果达到OSAHS诊断标准（阳性组）,另23例为PSG阴性组。2组的临床资料具有可比性。术前OSA-18评分在2组之间的差异无统计学意义。术后2组患儿的OSA-18总分及各维度评分较术前均明显降低（均P〈0．01）,且术前、术后评分的变化值2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,术前AHI与OSA-18量表中睡眠障碍、身体症状和对监护人影响3个维度的评分有明显相关性（均P〈0．01）,而与总分及其他2个维度无显著相关（均P〉0．05）。结论：对整夜PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,扁桃体和（或）腺样体切除术后整夜PSG指标显著改善伴随生活质量明显提高,但没有发现术前OSA-18量表评分与整夜PSG检测指标之间有显著相关性。对有睡眠呼吸紊乱症状而其他方面健康的患儿,即使整夜PSG阴性,也能从手术治疗中受益。     

Long-term effect of adenotonsillectomy on quality of life in pediatric patients

HYPOTHESIS: Adenotonsillectomy improves general and disease-specific quality of life for properly selected patients suffering for upper airway obstruction secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy (UAO) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized questionnaire. SPECIFIC AIMS: To evaluate quality of life in patients with UAO and OSA using general quality of life instruments as well as disease-specific instruments. The results will be compared both pre- and postoperatively. METHODS: Fifty-five patients aged 2 to 16 with the clinical diagnosis of UAO or OSA were recruited. The caregivers completed Children's Health Questionnaire Parent Form-28 (CHQPF-28) and OSA-18 quality of life measures both pre- and postoperatively in the long and short term. Statistical analysis was performed using the unpaired Student t test, P value less than.05, and Spearman Rank coefficient. RESULTS: CHQ-PF28 scores were improved in the Physical Summary parameter in long-term follow-up. Psychosocial scores did not improve significantly. OSA-18 scores showed improvement in both the short-and long-term scores. Physical findings and symptoms did not impact scores in any domain. CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life in children with OSA does improve after adenotonsillectomy. Disease-specific clinometric instruments show improvement in domains affected by the disease process. However, instruments used to assess general quality of life may show physical improvement but not psychosocial.     

Quality of life in children with sleep-disordered breathing

Children may present sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and suffer with adverse effects upon their quality of life.ObjectiveThis study assessed the quality of life of children with SDB, compared subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and primary snoring (PS), and identified which areas in the OSA-18 questionnaire are more affected.MethodsThis is a historical cohort cross-sectional study carried out on a consecutive sample of children with history of snoring and adenotonsillar hyperplasia. The subject's quality of life was assessed based on the answers their caregivers gave in the OSA-18 questionnaire and on diagnostic polysomnography tests.ResultsA number of 59 children participated in this study with mean age of 6.7 ± 2.26 years. The mean score of the OSA-18 was 77.9 ± 13.22 and the area most affected were “caregiver concerns” (21.8 ± 4.25), “sleep disturbance” (18.8 ± 5.19), “physical suffering” (17.3 ± 5.0). The impact was low in 6 children (10.2%), moderate in 33 (55.9%) and high in 20 (33.9%). PS was found in 44 children (74.6%), OSAS in 15 (25.6%). OSAS had higher score on “physical suffering” area than PS (p = 0.04). The AI (r = 0.22; p = 0.08) and AHI (r = 0.14; p = 0.26) were not correlated with OSA-18.ConclusionSleep disordered breathing in childhood cause impairment in quality of life and areas most affected the OSA-18 were: “caregiver concerns”, “sleep disturbance” and “physical suffering”. OSAS has the domain “physical suffering” more affected than primary snorers.     

儿童多导睡眠监测与体质指数关系研究

目的:研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)对儿童生长发育的影响。方法:对582例2.5～10岁儿童进行多导睡眠监测,得出AHI,同时测量其身高及体重,得出体质指数(BMI)。按AHI从0～6次/h以每增加1次/h为一组分为6组,与正常同年龄段同性别儿童BMI进行比较研究。结果:男性儿童在AHI≥2,女性儿童在AHI≥1时,BMI均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论:当AHI≥2时,患儿的生长发育与正常儿童相比出现明显异常。     

OSA-18量表评估腺样体肥大儿童生活质量

目的 采用儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)疾病特异性生活质量调查(OSA-18)量表, 评估腺样体肥大患儿生活质量, 以期了解OSA-18量表是否可作为临床评估腺样体肥大患儿生活质量状况的指标。方法 对符合入选标准的腺样体肥大患儿56例, 行电子鼻咽镜及多导睡眠监测(PSG)检查, 并采用OSA-18量表对其进行生活质量评估, 分析腺样体肥大病情程度与OSA-18评分的相关性。结果 80.36%的腺样体肥大患儿生活质量受到明显影响, OSA-18总体评分为"中度+重度"。OSA-18总体评分与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO₂)及腺样体大小存在明显的相关关系。结论 腺样体肥大程度与OSA-18评分之间存在相关性, OSA-18量表评分可作为临床评估腺样体肥大患儿生活质量状况的指标。     

Impact of the pediatric tonsillectomy and polysomnography clinical practice guidelines

Objective

To evaluate the effect of the recently published guidelines on Tonsillectomy in Children and Polysomnography for Sleep-Disordered Breathing Prior to Tonsillectomy in Children on physician practice patterns.

Study design

Cross-sectional survey.

Method

Survey of members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery.

Setting

Academic tertiary referral center.

Results

A total of 280 physicians completed the survey, with a response rate of 41.7%. 93% of respondents had read the clinical practice guidelines. Many respondents had completed a pediatric otolaryngology fellowship (46%). A large group of physicians (46%) continue to prescribe antibiotics within 24 h after surgery. One-third of respondents stopped prescribing antibiotics because of the guidelines. Discord between severity of symptoms and tonsil size was the most common reason cited for ordering a polysomnogram prior to tonsillectomy (76%). The most common reason cited for admission post-tonsillectomy was age less than 3 (40%). Less than half of physicians prescribe NSAIDs for pain control (43.8%) despite its safety profile, and only 23% reported that the guidelines influenced their use of NSAIDs postoperatively. Most respondents use intra-operative steroids (90%) as recommended.

Conclusion

The guidelines are intended to provide evidence based direction in tonsillectomy practices and improve referral patterns for polysomnography prior to tonsillectomy. The majority of the surveyed otolaryngologists reviewed these guidelines and some have changed their practice secondary to the guidelines. However, many physicians continue to prescribe post-operative antibiotics and do not use NSAIDs.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征儿童生活质量的评价

目的:①评价儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停疾病特异性生活质量调查表(OSA-18)的信度及效度;②探讨OSA-18调查表是否可以作为一种较好的评价手段对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患儿手术前后生活质量进行评价。方法:①以问卷访谈的形式调查122例OSAHS患儿家长,用重测信度、内部一致性、结构效度和内容效度等指标对OSA-18调查表进行评判;②用OSA-18调查表对122例患儿分别进行睡眠监测前4周和术后6～12个月的生活质量评价及扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术后生活质量改善情况的评价。结果:①OSA-18调查表具有良好的内部一致性;重测信度、结构效度和内容效度也令人满意。②OSA-18总分、各个维度得分及各条目得分术后均较术前明显下降,OSAHS患儿的生活质量改善明显。结论:①OSA-18调查表具有良好的信度和效度,适用于OSAHS患儿生活质量的评价;②OSA-18调查表有助于儿童OSAHS的临床诊断和对干预治疗措施进行量化评价。     

Effects of adeno-tonsillectomy on polysomnography patterns in Down syndrome children with obstructive sleep apnea: A comparative study with children without Down syndrome

Objective

To determine if adeno-tonsillectomy (T&A) in children with Down syndrome (DS) improves breathing, measured by apnea hypopnea index (AHI), rapid eye movement AHI (REM-AHI) and the lowest oxygen desaturation (SaO₂), and sleep disruption, measured by arousal index (ArI) and time spent in stages 1-4 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and compare these results with a group of non-DS children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Study design

Retrospective chart review at pediatric sleep center.

Patients

Eleven DS and nine non-DS children underwent pre- and post-T&A polysomnography between 1997 and 2005.

Outcome measures

Pre- and post-T&A polysomnography parameters were compared using paired t-test and independent samples test.

Results

Mean age in DS group was 101 months and non-DS group was 80 months (64% males in DS and 88% in non-DS group). The average BMI was 29.8 and 27.6 for DS and non-DS group. The total AHI showed significant improvement after T&A but this was not as marked as the non-DS group. REM-AHI and lowest SaO₂ did not show significant change in the DS children. The non-DS group showed significant improvement in all respiratory parameters. Both groups showed mild improvement in sleep parameters. With the modest overall improvement, 27% of the DS children required no further treatment. However, 73% required CPAP, BiPAP or oxygen for persistent OSA.

Conclusion

This study supports the fact that T&A in DS children improves some parameters of OSA, however not as markedly as in non-DS children.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者健康相关生命质量与多导睡眠监测结果相关性

目的 评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者健康相关生命质量（HRQoL）,并研究其与多导睡眠监测（PSG）结果、过度白天嗜睡的相关性,寻找影响OSAHS患者HRQoL的因素。方法 对64例OSAHS患者和50例正常对照使用健康结局问卷（SF-36）和Epworth嗜睡问卷（ESS）评估并比较其HRQoL。研究OSAHS患者SF-36评分与PSG监测结果、ESS评分和生理指标之间的相关性,分析造成其HRQoL变化的因素。结果 OSAHS患者与正常对照相比, SF-36中4个维度及总分显著下降,整体处于白天过度嗜睡状态;OSAHS患者ESS评分与 SF-36中6个维度及总分呈显著负相关;SF-36总分、ESS评分与觉醒指数呈显著负相关;SF-36总分与血氧低于90％占睡眠比例（SaO2　90％）呈显著负相关;ESS是OSAHS患者HRQoL的独立预测因素,能解释SF-36总分变异的26.9％。结论 OSAHS患者健康相关生命质量有明显的损害。过度白天嗜睡、夜间严重持续的低氧血症和睡眠结构的破坏可能是引起HRQoL损害的主要原因。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿扁桃体腺样体切除术临床疗效分析

目的 评价扁桃体腺样体切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿的临床疗效。方法 行扁桃体及腺样体切除术患儿80例,术前、术后3个月或6个月行多道睡眠描记术（PSG）监测及OSA-18量表生活质量调查,分析手术疗效、PSG参数及OSA-18评分的变化。结果 80例患儿治愈70例（87%）,显效8例（10%）,有效2例（3%）,总有效率为100%。显效及有效的10例中8例合并变应性鼻炎经治疗变应性鼻炎后症状明显改善,另2例肥胖者经控制体质量后症状减轻。术后呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）、OSA-18总分与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 扁桃体、腺样体切除术是治疗儿童OSAHS的有效方法,同时应治疗合并的其他上呼吸道阻塞因素。PSG结合OSA-18调查表可对患儿进行手术前后主客观的综合评价。     

Quality of life after adenotonsillectomy for children with sleep-disordered breathing: A linear mixed model analysis

Objective

To study changes in quality of life (QoL) after adenotonsillectomy (T&A) in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and to elucidate discrepancies in QoL improvements after T&A in children of different gender, age, adiposity status, and disease severity.

Materials and methods

Children aged 2–18 years were recruited. All children had SDB-related symptoms and underwent preoperative full-night polysomnography (PSG). Caregivers completed the first obstructive sleep apnea 18-items questionnaire (OSA-18) prior to T&A and the second OSA-18 survey within 3 months after surgery. Disease severity was defined as primary snoring (apnea/hypopnea index, AHI < 1), mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (5 > AHI ≥1), and moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI ≥ 5). Discrepancies in OSA-18 score changes after T&A for different groups were assessed using the linear mixed model.

Results

In total, 144 children were enrolled (mean age, 7.0 ± 3.6 years; 76% boy). The OSA-18 total score changes after surgery were not significantly different by gender (boys vs. girls), age group (≥6 years vs. <6 years), or adiposity (obese vs. non-obese). The OSA-18 total score changes after surgery differed by disease severity (primary snoring vs. moderate-to-severe OSA, P = 0.004; mild OSA vs. moderate-to-severe OSA, P = 0.003). Children with moderate-to-severe OSA had greater improvement in OSA-18 total score after surgery than those with mild OSA or primary snoring.

Conclusions

Children with SDB had QoL improvement after T&A, as documented by OSA-18 score changes. The QoL improvement after T&A for SDB children increased as disease severity increased, and the improvement was not affected by gender, age, or adiposity.     

A questionnaire study of the quality of life and quality of family life of individuals complaining of tinnitus pre- and postattendance at a tinnitus clinic

Tinnitus is a condition that is difficult to treat, and treatment outcomes are difficult to measure. The majority of people who experience tinnitus are not troubled by it; however, the troubled minority are referred by an otorhinolaryngologist for specialist clinic help. The aim of this study was to investigate how the impact of tinnitus changes following attendance at a tinnitus clinic and to find out how acceptable the questionnaires used were for measuring recovery. Fifty-seven tinnitus sufferers completed three questionnaires covering the characteristics of tinnitus, and its effect on daily life, quality of life, and quality of family life, before and after treatment at the Nottingham Tinnitus Clinic. Questionnaires were answered at patients' homes while they were on the waiting list to attend the clinic, and again 1 year after their first attendance. Measures of functional and social handicap were significantly reduced following attendance at the clinic (mean change in functional handicap=13%, p<0.01, and mean change in social handicap=8%, p<0.01). Quality of life was significantly better after treatment at the clinic (mean visual analog scale difference=6.5%, p=0.01). We conclude that attendance at the Nottingham Tinnitus Clinic had a positive effect on the impact of tinnitus on patients and their families, and that the questionnaires gave an accurate measure of patient distress.