口咽pH监测技术在咽喉反流性疾病诊断中的应用

咽喉反流性疾病越来越普遍和受到重视,但是咽喉反流的诊断和机制存在很多争议,目前即使作为诊断金标准的24小时多通道腔内阻抗联合pH监测也存在很多问题,本文就一种新型的口咽监测技术做一综述.     

High incidence of laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with head and neck cancer

OBJECTIVES: Laryngopharyngeal reflux may play a role in the etiology of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and contribute to complications in head and neck cancer patients after surgery or during radiotherapy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: To investigate the incidence of laryngopharyngeal and gastroesophageal reflux in patients with head and neck cancer, ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring was performed in 24 untreated patients with laryngeal or pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, 10 patients who had been irradiated in the head and neck area were analyzed for reflux to study the effect of radiotherapy on reflux. RESULTS: Only 4 of the 24 head and neck cancer patients (17%) had neither pathological laryngopharyngeal nor gastroesophageal reflux. Esophageal acid exposure was abnormal in five patients and acid exposure at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter was abnormal in four patients. Eleven patients had pathological reflux in both areas. Irradiated patients did not differ from the untreated patients considering the incidence of pathological laryngopharyngeal or gastroesophageal reflux. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in this study indicate that reflux is a common event in head and neck cancer patients.     

双探头24小时pH监测对咽喉反流的诊断价值及特点

目的对咽喉反流患者用食道测压定位法行双探头24小时pH监测,探讨其诊断价值及特点。方法对53例疑咽喉反流患者用食道测压定位法行双探头24小时pH监测同时用反流症状指数量表(reflux symptom index,RSI)、反流检查计分量表(reflux finding score,RFS)2个量表评估。结果 53例患者中31例咽喉反流阳性,与吸烟有相关性。RSI中以声嘶、咽异物感、持续清嗓为主要症状,RFS中以后连合增生、假声带沟、喉内黏液附着为主要体征。咽喉部酸反流主要发生在直立位,其中9例患者只有咽喉反流性疾病,10例只有胃食管反流性疾病;酸反流次数、酸暴露时间(即pH<4.0的总时间)与2个量表的评估有显著性差异。咽喉部pH监测结果与2个量表评估结果程度一致。结论咽喉反流性疾病可不伴发胃食管反流性疾病,减少酸反流次数及减少酸在咽喉部停留时间在治疗疾病中较为重要,RSI和RFS 2个量表可作为咽喉反流性疾病诊断的初筛。     

Pachydermia is not diagnostic of active laryngopharyngeal reflux disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine the change in pachydermia/posterior commissure hypertrophy in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPR) on long-term acid-suppressive therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Seventeen patients with LPR who were compliant with long-term acid-suppressive treatment and had good control of their symptoms for at least 20 months were examined. Pre- and posttreatment still laryngeal images from these patients were analyzed by five otolaryngologists blinded to patient information and were scored for pachydermia/posterior commissure hypertrophy according to the Reflux Finding Score (RFS) subset. Test-retest intraobserver reliability, intergrader correlations, as well as a paired t test for means of the data sets were then calculated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the grading scores between the pre- and posttreatment group for degree of pachydermia/posterior commissure hypertrophy despite a prolonged treatment interval (mean = 32 months) (P = .25). CONCLUSIONS: There is no statistically significant difference in the degree of pachydermia/posterior commissure hypertrophy found at diagnosis and after long-term acid suppressive therapy in patients with LPR. Therefore, it appears that pachydermia, as an isolated finding, is unreliable in determining the presence of active LPR.     

咽喉反流与发声障碍的相关性研究

目的:探讨咽喉反流的嗓音学特征及其对患者生活质量的影响,分析主客观评估方法的相关性。方法:对196例可疑有咽喉反流的患者行一般情况调查、电子鼻咽喉镜检查、反流症状指数量表(RSI)和反流检查计分量表(RFS)评估,将其中RSI评分>13分、RFS评分>7分定为阳性。将2个量表评分均为阳性的100例患者作为研究对象,进一步进行嗓音障碍指数量表(VHI)评估、嗓音声学分析及电声门图检查,并与健康对照组比较。结果:男女基频均比健康对照组降低,基频微扰、振幅微扰及标准化噪声能量增高,接触率降低,最大发声时间缩短,与健康对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。VHI量表评估生理P评分最高,其次为功能F评分,情感E评分最低。咽喉反流患者的RSI与VHI有一定相关性(P<0.05),而RFS与RSI、VHI无明显相关性(P>0.05)。咽喉反流患者的嗓音障碍指数评估示生理、功能和情感之间明显相关。结论:嗓音声学分析及电声门图检测从客观上提示咽喉反流相关的嗓音障碍疾病严重影响了喉的发声功能,使基频下降、声带振动不稳定、声门闭合不良及声门接触时间缩短。主客观评估方法的相关性结果提示具有明显咽喉反流症状的患者并不一定具有明显的咽喉反流体征。     

Sensitive pepsin immunoassay for detection of laryngopharyngeal reflux

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To determine whether measurement of pepsin in throat sputum by immunoassay could be used as a sensitive and reliable method for detecting laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) compared with 24-hour double-probe (esophageal and pharyngeal) pH monitoring. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with clinical LPR undergoing pH monitoring provided throat sputum samples during the reflux-testing period for pepsin measurement using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. RESULTS: Pepsin assay results from 63 throat sputum samples obtained from 23 study subjects were compared with their pH monitoring data. Twenty-two percent (14/63) of the sputum samples correlated the presence of pepsin with LPR (pH < or = 4 at the pharyngeal probe), of which the median concentration of pepsin was 0.18 microg/mL (range 0.003-22 microg/mL). Seventy-eight percent (49/63) of the samples unassociated with (pharyngeal) reflux contained no detectible pepsin. Mean pH values for pepsin-positive samples were significantly lower than negative samples at both esophageal probe (pH 2.2 vs. pH 5.0) (P < .01) and the pharyngeal probe (pH 4.4 vs. pH 5.8) (P < .01). When the pepsin assay results were compared with the pharyngeal pH data for detecting reflux (events pH < or = 4), the pepsin immunoassay was 100% sensitive and 89% specific for LPR. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of pepsin in throat sputum by immunoassay appears to provide a sensitive, noninvasive method to detect LPR.     

Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Laryngitis secondary to gastric acid reflux is a prevalent, yet incompletely understood, otolaryngological disorder. Further characterization of the relationship between symptoms and signs and reflux severity is needed. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive, nonsmoking patients with one or more reflux laryngitis symptoms were recruited to complete a symptom questionnaire, videostrobolaryngoscopy, and 24-hour, dual-sensor pH probe testing. Twenty-nine patients had more than four episodes of laryngopharyngeal reflux, and the remaining 13 served as control subjects. Symptom scores were produced by multiplying the severity by the frequency for the following: hoarseness, throat pain, "lump-in-throat" sensation, throat clearing, cough, excessive phlegm, dysphagia, odynophagia, and heartburn. Endoscopic laryngeal signs included erythema and edema of the vocal folds and arytenoids, and interarytenoid irregularity. RESULTS: Symptom scores varied significantly, with throat clearing being greater than the rest. None of the symptoms, except heartburn, correlated with reflux (laryngopharyngeal and esophageal) severity. Patients with worse laryngopharyngeal reflux were found to have worse esophageal reflux. Endoscopic laryngeal signs were rated as mild, on average, and did not correlate with laryngopharyngeal reflux severity. The number of laryngopharyngeal reflux episodes (per 24 h) ranged from 0 to 40 (mean number, 10.6 episodes). CONCLUSIONS: Throat clearing was the most intense symptom in the present group of patients with proven reflux laryngitis. Dual-sensor pH probe testing could not predict the severity of patient's reflux laryngitis symptoms or signs. Only the heartburn symptom correlated with laryngopharyngeal and esophageal reflux.     

Prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux in a population with gastroesophageal reflux

OBJECTIVE: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a syndrome associated with a constellation of symptoms usually treated by ENT surgeons. It is believed to be caused by the retrograde flow of stomach contents into the laryngopharynx, this being a supra-esophageal manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It has been cited that LPR and GERD can be considered separate entities. Our hypothesis was that LPR is a supra-esophageal manifestation of GERD and therefore that patients with GERD should have a degree of symptoms suggestive of LPR because of the reflux of the gastric contents. We examined a population of patients with both upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and symptom-proven GERD and, using a questionnaire, looked at their existing symptoms to help assess the prevalence of LPR. We also looked at whether, with more severe GERD (suggestive of increased gastric content reflux), the degree of symptoms suggestive of LPR would be increased, as would be expected. METHODS: A population of patients with endoscopically proven GERD were recruited and divided into groups depending on the severity of their reflux disease. A questionnaire was then administered that examined both LPR and GERD scoring criteria. The relationship between GERD and LPR was then analyzed. RESULTS: We recruited 1,383 subjects with GERD; those with severe GERD had significantly higher LPR scores compared with those with mild (P < .01), moderate (P < .05), or inactive disease (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The condition of LPR is likely to represent a supra-esophageal manifestation of GERD. This study examined a large number of patients with endoscopically proven GERD and has demonstrated a correlation between the severity of GERD and the prevalence of LPR. LPR and GERD are common and interlinked conditions. The subsequent prevalence of LPR in the population with GERD is therefore likely to be dramatically underestimated.     

Design and implementation of an ambulatory pH monitoring protocol in patients with suspected laryngopharyngeal reflux

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Adding a hypopharyngeal sensor to esophageal pH monitoring has been advocated for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). However, selecting the proper pH catheter is problematic because esophageal lengths are variable among individuals. OBJECTIVE: To design and implement a new pH monitoring protocol for LPR. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Design parameters were defined prospectively: single-probe, triple-sensor pH catheter with sensors located in the hypopharynx (1-3 cm above upper esophageal sphincter) and in proximal and distal esophagus (20 cm and 5 cm above lower esophageal sphincter, respectively). Esophageal lengths were determined in a study population undergoing esophageal manometry. Optimal pH sensor spacings were determined using the least number of catheters to satisfy the design parameters. The protocol was implemented in consecutive subjects with suspected LPR. RESULTS: Distribution of esophageal lengths was determined in 1,043 subjects. In 92% of the study population, three pH catheters (3-15, 6-15, and 9-15 sensor-spacings) would satisfy the design criteria. Forty-one subjects with suspected LPR underwent the pH protocol. An abnormal pH test was found in 40 subjects (98%) with triple-sensor combination compared with 29 subjects (71%) if only dual esophageal sensors were used. CONCLUSIONS: Single-probe pH monitoring of the hypopharynx and esophagus was feasible. Adding a hypopharyngeal pH sensor increased the detection of abnormal acid reflux more often than traditional dual-sensor esophageal pH monitoring.     

儿童咽喉反流性疾病研究进展

咽喉反流性疾病（1aryngopharyngeal reflux disease,LPRD）是指胃内容物反流至食管上括约肌以上部位,流至咽喉部,与呼吸道和消化道上部组织接触,引起一系列症状和体征的总称。据国外研究表明到耳鼻咽喉科就诊的门诊患者约10%患有LPRD。虽然最近几年,耳鼻咽喉科医师逐渐在重视LPRD的诊疗,但LPRD目前仍是一个不明确的疾病,我们对其真实的发病率及重要性知之甚少,尤其在儿童中LPRD的评估仍存在争议。目前仍有许多工作亟待开展。     

Characteristics of laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with chronic otitis media

Objective

To summarize the characteristics of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in patients with chronic otitis media.

胃蛋白酶在咽喉反流疾病诊断中的应用

咽喉反流性疾病是近年来被临床医师逐渐认识并引起重视的一种疾病。美国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学会将其定义为胃内H+和胃蛋白酶原经食管到达咽、喉、鼻、中耳、气管和支气管等部位所引起的临床症候群。随着逐渐深入的研究,学者对胃蛋白酶在咽喉反流病中的作用的认识逐渐提高,认为胃蛋白酶可以作为一种检测方法诊断咽喉反流病。     

咽喉反流性疾病的发病机制及诊疗进展

近年来,随着社会生活节奏的加快,人们饮食习惯的改变,出现越来越多的消化道及咽喉疾病.咽喉反流性疾病(laryngopharyngeal reflux disease,LPRD)作为耳鼻咽喉科的一类疾病,其发病率也呈现不断上升的趋势.长期以来,LPRD并未受到耳鼻咽喉科医师的重视,诊断也是建立在胃食管反流疾病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)的认识之上,常常漏诊和误诊.因此,明确LPRD的发病机制及诊疗方法并与GERD相区别有着重要的意义.     

咽喉反流性疾病在儿童的诊断与治疗

儿童咽喉反流性疾病(laryngopharyngeal reflux disease,LPRD)是儿科人群中一个复杂而又常见的问题,近些年来儿童LPRD与喂养困难、睡眠障碍、发声障碍、顽固性鼻炎鼻窦炎、中耳炎、慢性咳嗽等疾病的相关性已经引起多专业儿科医师的关注,但其诊断和临床表现仍存在争议.为提高对儿童LPRD的认识,...     

咽喉反流及胃食管反流在喉癌前病变及喉癌发生中的作用

目的探讨咽喉反流及胃食管反流在喉癌前病变及喉癌发生中的作用。方法2004年4月-2009年5月北京大学人民医院耳鼻咽喉科就诊并手术切除经病理确诊为声带黏膜不典型增生,经患者同意行24小时双探头pH监测（简称监测）的患者12例,1例喉鳞状细胞癌（T1N0M0）患者。结果13例患者监测,咽喉部pH阳性7例（53．85％）,食管部pH阳性8例（61．53％）,两者均阳性6例（46．15％）,其中7例咽喉部阳性和8例食管部阳性的患者反流症状指数量表阳性均为5例,反流检查计分阳性均为6例。结论咽喉反流及胃食管反流可能是喉癌前病变和喉癌发生的危险因素之一。     

抗酸治疗儿童咽喉反流性疾病临床观察及分析

目的　通过观察抗酸治疗儿童咽喉反流性疾病后的临床体征改变,探究儿童咽喉反流性疾病的临床特征。方法　对可疑咽喉反流性疾病的患儿采用反流症状指数量表（reflux symtom index,RSI）及反流体征指数量表（reflux finding signs,RFS）进行评估,24小时pH值监测进行诊断。将症状≥13分、体征≥7分、咽喉反流次数≥3次的患儿列入研究对象。对符合条件的16例患儿给予质子泵抑制剂（奥美拉唑）0.5~0.8 mg/kg·d,H2受体阻断剂（法莫替丁） 1.0～1.2 mg/kg·d,口服,4周一疗程。观察咽喉反流症状及体征改善情况,统计分析电子喉镜下反流体征的变化,比较治疗前后的差异性。结果　①抗酸治疗前后患儿体征得分呈下降趋势;②抗酸治疗前后杓会厌襞红斑/充血、声带水肿体征变化有统计学意义;③喉部肉芽肿在抗酸治疗前、后均未见到阳性指征。结论　①佐证了RFS评分体系在儿童咽喉反流性疾病中的可参考性;②抗酸治疗儿童咽喉反流性疾病是有效的;③杓会厌襞红斑/充血、声带水肿体征的改善对于判断儿童咽喉反流性疾病的预后有临床参考价值;RFS中喉部肉芽肿在儿童咽喉反流性疾病中罕见。