Cigarette smoking among school children in Singapore. Part I--Smoking prevalence

A cross sectional nationally representative survey of 33,110 school-going children in Singapore aged between 9 and 20 years was carried out to obtain, for the first time, baseline information on smoking among the school-going population in Singapore. The survey was carried out among students attending vocational institutes and public sector schools in Singapore in 1987. The overall smoking prevalence was found to be 2% (3% among boys and 0.2% among girls). Ex-smokers comprised 2% of respondents whilst those who had only experimented with smoking made up 9% of the respondents. Analyses of the data showed that cigarette smoking was more prevalent among Malays, among boys, among older children, and among the less academically inclined. On average, boys smoked a median of 20 cigarettes a week and girls, 12 cigarettes a week. On an international basis, the smoking prevalence among the school-going population in Singapore is significantly lower than that of developed countries like Australia, England and Wales and neighbouring countries such as Malaysia.     

淄博市10～11岁儿童变应性鼻炎的相关调查

目的 通过对淄博市10～11岁儿童变应性鼻炎的流行病学调查,了解其发病特征,并对其相关危险因素进行分析.方法 2005年8-12月,随机选择淄博市12所城市小学、5所乡村小学4～5年级学生为研究对象,通过问卷调查筛选可疑对象,再随疾病预防控制中心对学生的年度健康查体,同时进行专科检查予以确诊.变应性鼻炎诊断依据2004兰州修订的变应性鼻炎诊断标准,对其结果进行统计学处理.结果 发放问卷6 548份,有效问卷6 148份,淄博市10～11岁儿童变应性鼻炎患病率为3.7%,男4.6%,女2.7%,男女发病率无明显差异(χ2=0.585, P＞0.05),其中城市发病率4.1%,男5.2%,女3.1%;乡村发病率为2.5%,男3.2%,女1.7%,城市与乡村发病率有明显差异(χ2=7.922,P＜0.01).常年性变应性鼻炎33.8%,季节性变应性鼻炎66.2%;轻度78.1%,中-重度21.9%;35.1%有变应性鼻炎家族史,15.9%伴有哮喘,29.4%发病前1年内有家庭装潢或家具更新史,16.7%经过正规治疗.结论 淄博市10～11岁儿童变应性鼻炎患病率3.7%,其中城市患病率4.1%,乡村患病率2.5%,发病与多种因素相关,其中室内室外环境与遗传因素最显重要.本市患儿正规治疗率较低.     

广州市区青少年哮喘和过敏性疾病流行变化趋势调查

目的了解广州市区青少年哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、湿疹的患病率变化趋势.方法按照儿童哮喘及其他过敏性疾病的国际间对比研究（ISAAC）阶段Ⅲ方案,对广州市4个中心城区10所中学的3516名13～14岁青少年进行横断面问卷调查,并将结果与1994～1995年ISAAC阶段Ⅰ作对比.结果书面问卷中,近12个月喘息和运动后喘息症状的患病率,分别由阶段I的3.4%和17.4%上升为阶段Ⅲ的4.8%和23.4%（P〈0.01）,而医生诊断哮喘的患病率（阶段Ⅰ为3.9%,阶段Ⅲ为4.6%）在两阶段间比较差异无统计学意义.录像问卷中,阶段Ⅲ的近12个月休息时喘息和运动后喘息患病率分别为3.8%和11.3%,也高于阶段Ⅰ的2.0%和6.9%（均P〈0.01）.无感冒时有鼻炎和鼻结膜炎症状的近12个月患病率,分别由阶段Ⅰ的39.5%和8.7%上升为阶段Ⅲ的45.5%和11.1%（均P〈0.01）;同时,医生诊断为季节性花粉过敏和过敏性鼻炎的患病率,分别由阶段Ⅰ的2.9%和17.4%上升为阶段Ⅲ的4.1%和22.7%（均P〈0.05）.近12个月湿疹症状的患病率,由阶段Ⅰ的1.3%上升为阶段Ⅲ的2.2%（P〈0.01）,而医生诊断湿疹的患病率,两阶段间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.男性哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、湿疹的近12个月症状及医生诊断患病率上升的幅度均较女性明显.结论广州市13～14岁青少年哮喘及过敏性鼻炎、湿疹患病率均较7年前高,且以男性上升明显.     

The use of a videotaped questionnaire for studying asthma prevalence. A pilot study among New Zealand adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility of measuring asthma prevalence by means of an audio-visual presentation of asthma symptoms and signs (video questionnaire) and to compare this technique with a standard written questionnaire for predicting bronchial hyperresponsiveness. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study comparing the ability of a video questionnaire and a written, interviewer administered questionnaire to predict bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Bronchial responsiveness was measured with hand held nebulisers. SETTING: Community survey of a New Zealand rural secondary school. SUBJECTS: A total of 456 adolescent school children aged 12-19 years (mean 15.5 years). OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of a standard questionnaire versus a video questionnaire for bronchial hyperresponsiveness. RESULTS: The technique was easy to administer in the community setting. Overall sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of bronchial hyperresponsiveness were similar for the video and interviewer administered questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: This new technique is easily used in the community setting, and gives predictions of bronchial hyperresponsiveness similar to those of a standard interviewer administered questionnaire. Further examination of the technique in comparisons of asthma prevalence among different populations is planned.     

恩施州婴幼儿过敏性疾病患病率及其影响因素分析

目的：了解恩施州6～24个月龄婴幼儿过敏性疾病患病情况及其影响因素,为婴幼儿过敏性疾病的预防提供依据。方法采取多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,抽取1724名婴幼儿,使用问卷调查收集婴幼儿的一般情况、家庭情况、看护人情况及看护行为和过敏性疾病情况。多因素Logistic回归分析用于探索婴幼儿过敏性疾病的影响因素。结果接受调查的婴幼儿中,过敏性疾病患病率为11．83％,主要为湿疹,患病率为7．54％,其次为过敏性哮喘（1．97％）。单因素分析显示,民族（χ2＝17．865, P＝0．000）、月龄（χ2＝9．420,P＝0．009）、喂养方式（χ2＝6．304,P＝0．043）、添加辅食时间（χ2＝12．695,P＝0．002）和家庭收入（χ2＝9．259,P＝0．010）与婴幼儿过敏性疾病有关;多因素 Logistic回归分析结果表明,少数民族[OR95％ CI：1．86（1．27～2．73）, P＝0．001]、人工喂养[OR95％ CI：1．17（1．01～2．82）,P＝0．045]的婴幼儿患过敏性疾病的危险较高,月龄18～24个月[OR95％CI：0．57（0．39～0．84）,P＝0．005]和家庭年收入大于30000元[OR95％ CI：0．64（0．43～0．96）,P＝0．030]与婴幼儿过敏性疾病呈负相关。结论恩施州6～24个月龄婴幼儿过敏性疾病患病率较高,少数民族、低月龄、人工喂养和低家庭收入的婴幼儿患过敏性疾病的风险大。     

Epidemiology of rheumatic and congenital heart diseases in school children.

A stratified random sample of 10,263 school-going children in the age group of 6-16 years from government and private schools were screened for the prevalence of rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart diseases and congenital heart diseases. Fourteen children were found to have rheumatic heart disease with valvular lesions either single or in combination eg, pure mitral stenosis (6 cases), mitral regurgitation (4 cases), combined mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation (3 cases) and aortic and mitral regurgitation (one case). Eight children had congenital heart diseases in the form of ventricular septal defect (3 cases), atrial septal defect (2 cases), patent ductus arteriosus (2 cases) and congenital bicuspid aortic valve (one case) while none had active rheumatic fever.     

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Vietnamese children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Vietnamese children and adolescents living in Perth, Western Australia. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A list of Vietnamese households was drawn from Perth telephone directories. A computer program generated a systematic probability sample of households. All children and adolescents aged 9-17 in these households were invited to participate in the study. Children and their parents were interviewed in their home using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 2.3 (DISC-2.3). The child version (DISC-C) was used for children and the parent version (DISC-P) for adults. The study was conducted between July and December 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, based on DISC-C and DISC-P data. RESULTS: Results were based on the 519 children (89.2%) for whom complete data were available. Twenty-three parents (4.4%) reported that their child had one or more disorders on the DISC-P, 82 children (15.8%) reported one or more disorders on the DISC-C, and 18.3% of children were reported to have a disorder on either the DISC-C or the DISC-P. Parent-child concordance on specific diagnoses was very low (0.6%). The great majority of disorders reported were anxiety disorders, especially simple and social phobias. CONCLUSIONS: The combined prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Vietnamese children aged 9-17 was similar to that found among children in Western Australia's general population. Vietnamese children in our study were much more likely to report symptoms of a psychiatric disorder than were their parents.     

少儿述情障碍问卷在青少年中的因素结构研究

目的 验证少儿述情障碍问卷在青少年中的因素结构.方法 采用少儿述情障碍中文版,对1290名青少年施测,采用验证性因素分析方法对少儿述情障碍的五种因素结构的各项拟合指标进行比较,确定少儿述情障碍在青少年中的最佳因素结构.结果 青少年中少儿述情障碍的的标准三因素结构模型与四因素结构模型的拟合指标显著优于一因素结构模型、二因素结构模型和可能三因素模型,标准三因素模型与四因素模型的拟合指标无显著性差异,鉴于标准三因素模型的因子负荷优于四因素模型,且模型相对简单,选择标准三因素模型为最佳模型.在标准三因素模型中,CFA结果显示:χ2/df=1.857,GFI=0.949,IFI=0.919,CFI=0.918,NNFI=0.901, RMSEA=0.038.结论 相对于其他各因素结构模型,少儿述情障碍问卷中文版的标准三因素结构模型与青少年的研究数据拟合最佳.     

判别分析法分析儿童喘息性疾病的临床表现

目的 用判别分析法分析儿童喘息性疾病的临床表现,使其形成更为有意义的鉴别方式.方法 收集在泰安市儿童医院儿科病房住院(2017年6月至2019年6月)并诊断为毛细支气管炎、喘息性支气管炎以及支气管哮喘的680例患儿的发病原因、临床表现、影像学X线片与实验室及其他相关辅助检查、治疗与转归等多种资料,进行整理、汇总和统计学...     

南昌城区野苋菜花粉飘散及其与过敏性疾病的关系—附632例检测报告

[摘要] 目的 了解野苋菜花粉在南昌地区飘散情况及其与过敏性疾病中的关系.方法 ①对南昌地区花粉飘散情况进行调查;②选择632例临床诊断为过敏性疾病的患者,用野苋菜花粉及春、夏、秋、冬四季花粉的提取液做皮试,并测定其总IgE, 进行统计学分析。结果 ①南昌城区大气中全年都有气传花粉的飘散,种类达47个种属,其中藜苋科花粉仅占5.03%,主要在8～11月飘散。②野苋菜花粉皮试阳性为358例,阳性率为56.6% ;春季花粉阳性为308例,阳性率为48.7%;夏季花粉阳性为316例,阳性率为50.0%;秋季花粉阳性为346例,阳性率为54.8%;冬季花粉阳性为342例,阳性率为 54.1%。皮试总阳性率为52.9%。野苋菜花粉皮试阳性和阴性患者间的总IgE差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论 野苋菜花粉是南昌地区过敏性疾病的主要变应原,野苋菜花粉皮试应作为南昌及其周围地区过敏性疾病的常规检验。     

Asthma among school children in the Barwon region of Victoria

OBJECTIVES: To determine (i) the relationship between asthma management and socioeconomic status; (ii) whether recent estimates from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) conducted in Melbourne apply to a broader cross-section of Victorian children; and (iii) age-related trends in asthma prevalence. DESIGN: A questionnaire survey, based on the ISAAC protocol. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Subjects were children aged 4-13 years from a random sample of primary schools in the Barwon region of Victoria. The survey was conducted between March and September 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parent-reported wheeze and wheeze-related use of health resources during the preceding 12 months. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 7813/9258 students (84%). Lower socioeconomic status was associated with increased frequency of regular asthma reviews (P < 0.01 for trend), but not of emergency department visits (P = 0.19). The prevalence of wheeze among 6- and 7-year-old children in the Barwon region was similar to that in Melbourne children (20.2% v 20.0%, respectively).There was an age-related increase in the proportion of children with > or = 12 episodes of wheeze (P = 0.01); but an age-related decrease in emergency department visits (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Disadvantaged children have good access to regular asthma reviews and are no more likely to attend an emergency department with an episode of acute wheeze. Asthma prevalence in 6- and 7-year-old children in the Barwon region is similar to that in Melbourne. The prevalence of children with very frequent wheeze increases with age, but their use of health resources decreases.     

Cigarette smoking among school children in Singapore. Part II--Development of the smoking habit

The second in this series on smoking among school children in Singapore aims to define the characteristics of young smokers. Results show that of respondents who had ever smoked, the median age of experimentation with smoking was 12 years. This was seen among boys as well as girls. The median age at which current smokers went on to smoke regularly was 14 years, approximately two years after trying their first cigarette. Friends and parents were the main sources of the first cigarette for all categories of smokers, whether they be ex smokers, experimenters or current smokers. Among the reasons as to why current smokers smoked, the leading two were "to relax" (46.4%) and "out of sheer curiosity" (22.3%). Boys tend more to smoke with friends of the same sex (40.6%) whilst girls preferred mixed company (45.5%) when they smoked. Fathers played a major role in the development and continuation of smoking among those who had ever smoked before--52.0% of boys and 51.6% of girls currently smoking reported that their fathers smoked as well.     

游泳引起的传染病流行及预防

游泳引起的传染病主要包括隐孢子虫病、血吸虫病和贾第虫病等寄生虫病,大肠杆菌0157感染、志贺菌病、绿脓杆菌性皮炎等细菌性疾病,诺瓦克病毒或诺瓦克样病毒性肠炎、腺病毒咽结膜炎等病毒性疾病.主要原因包括游泳池设备破坏,氯化消毒系统发生故障;游泳池使用操作不当,消毒不严;游泳池水受到人为粪便或呕吐物污染;游泳池设计不当,管理不善;游泳池的水质卫生标准存在缺陷;湖泊、河流等天然游泳区水域受病原体污染、滋生等.加强对游泳池的管理和监督,严格执行卫生消毒制度;开展健康教育;及时消除危险因素;开展主动监测;保护湖泊、河流等水域卫生;做好自我防护等措施能防止因游泳而引起的传染病流行.     

The prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis amongst primary school children in Pulau Ketam, Selangor--1988

A survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in 1352 Chinese children between the ages of 6-12 years from the three National Type Chinese Primary Schools in Pulau Ketam in 1988, using the scotch-tape technique on three successive days. The overall prevalence was high (56.88%). The prevalence in Sin Bin School was significantly lower (50.86%) compared to the other two schools (56.60% and 61.04%). Prevalence was significantly higher amongst the 6-7 years age group (61.61%-70.18%) compared to other age groups (47.9%-59.29%). There was no difference in the prevalence between the boys and girls being 56.15% and 57.55% respectively.     

Declining prevalence of anemia among low-income children in the United States

To determine the anemia trends among low-income US children, hematologic measurements obtained from children aged 6 to 60 months who were enrolled in public health programs in six states that were consistently monitored by the Centers for Disease Control Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System were studied. Overall, the prevalence of anemia has declined steadily from 7.8% in 1975 to 2.9% in 1985. The prevalence of anemia declined significantly among children seen at preenrollment screening visits, as well as those seen at follow-up visits, suggesting a generalized improvement in childhood iron nutritional status in the United States, as well as a positive impact of public health programs. To ensure that the declining trend of anemia was not a function of a change in the population of children enrolled in the surveillance system, Tennessee nutrition surveillance records were further analyzed; these records were linked with birth records to obtain detailed socioeconomic status (SES) information. Even though the SES composition remained stable from 1975 to 1984, the prevalence of anemia has declined significantly within each SES group. These findings indicate a true decline in the prevalence of anemia among low-income children that is likely the result of improvements in childhood iron nutrition.