保留膀胱的综合治疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌预后的荟萃分析

目的 比较保留膀胱手术+术后化疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的预后.方法 检索保留膀胱手术+术后化疗与根治性手术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(muscle-invasive bladder cancer,MIBC)的对照研究,比较两种治疗方案的术后5年生存率,计算合并优势比(OR)和95%CI.结果 共纳入7项研究,累积876例患者.1组研究的OR=1.03,95%CI为1.03(0.52~2.02),4组研究的OR及其95%CI﹤1,2组研究的OR及其95%CI﹥1;7个研究的总OR=1.05,95%CI为1.05(0.53~2.06),跨过"无差异线",故认为根治性膀胱全切术(radical cystectomy,RC)与保留膀胱的综合治疗预后差异无统计学意义(Z=0.13,P=0.89).结论 对于部分肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,保留膀胱的综合治疗不会降低患者的5年生存率,且能保留患者膀胱的正常功能,提高了患者的生存质量,但适应证需严格把握.     

中国膀胱癌保膀胱治疗多学科诊治协作共识

膀胱癌是泌尿外科常见的恶性肿瘤之一。膀胱尿路上皮癌约占所有膀胱恶性肿瘤的90%, 根据肿瘤是否侵犯膀胱肌层可分为非肌层浸润性膀胱癌和肌层浸润性膀胱癌。根治性膀胱切除术是肌层浸润性膀胱癌和卡介苗治疗失败的高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的标准治疗方法。由于患者自身基础疾病以及手术导致的生活质量下降, 许多患者不适合或拒绝根治性膀胱切除术。寻找根治性膀胱切除术以外能够达到治愈的、保留膀胱的治疗方案显得极为重要。保膀胱治疗在一定程度上平衡了肿瘤控制和生活质量, 是根治性膀胱切除术的替代及补充。共识根据国内外循证医学依据, 结合目前中国膀胱癌保膀胱治疗的临床实践与应用经验, 以多学科诊疗模式为基础, 重点探讨了保膀胱多学科诊疗的组织架构和工作流程、保膀胱治疗的患者选择、治疗方案、随访监测以及保膀胱治疗复发后的方案选择, 以期为国内膀胱癌的保膀胱治疗提供一定指导意见。     

保留部分前列腺包膜在全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术中的应用

目的：探讨传统全膀胱根治术及改良保留部分前列腺包膜全膀胱切除术对浸润性膀胱癌的疗效.方法：收集2000年1月～2006年1月膀胱癌行根治性全膀胱切除术45例,男性,平均年龄59岁,26例行传统全膀胱切除术,19例行改良保留部分前列腺包膜全膀胱切除术,随访观察手术效果及生活质量.结果：术后病理报告T2aN0M026例,T2BN0M0 16例,T3aN0M0 3例.平均随访39个月,改良组无瘤生存19例,传统纽无瘤生存23例,带瘤生存1例,死亡2例.改良组及传统组白天控尿率分别为100%和73%,夜间尿失禁10%和50%.改良组术后81%保留勃起功能,传统组仅14.3%.全部患者储尿囊容量350～480 ml,充盈压13～25 cmH2O,残余尿量10～60 ml.结论：对有选择的病例行保留部分前列腺包膜的全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术可以更好地保留勃起和控尿功能.     

肌层浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱综合治疗的疗效评价研究

目的 评价髂内动脉灌注化疗+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗综合治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效.方法 比较64例采用髂内动脉灌注化疗(吡柔比星40 mg/m2、5-FU 1000 mg/m2、羟喜树碱30 mg/m2)+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗(综合治疗组)和62例采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗(对照组)的肌层浸润性膀胱癌(T2N0M0期)患者经治疗后的肿瘤复发/转移率、死亡率及治疗相关不良反应的发生情况.结果 至随访截至日期,综合治疗组的无复发/转移率为93.75%(60/64),明显高于对照组的45.16%(28/62),差异有统计学意义(P=0);转移死亡率为3.13%(2/64),低于对照组的16.13%(10/62),差异有统计学意义(P=0.015);非膀胱癌死亡率为10.94%(7/64),与对照组的12.90%(8/62)相比,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 髂内动脉灌注化疗+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗的综合治疗方案,能够降低肌层浸润性膀胱癌(T2N0M0)患者肿瘤复发率和死亡率,不增加非癌性死亡风险,值得进一步探讨.     

腹腔镜及开放根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术治疗输尿管癌合并膀胱混合癌1例报告及文献回顾分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜和开放根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术治疗输尿管癌合并膀胱混合癌患者的可行性和安全性。方法：回顾分析1例单侧输尿管癌并浸润性膀胱混合癌,腹腔镜下行根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术及开放尿流改道手术患者的临床资料并进行随访分析。结果：术前经B超、CT、膀胱镜、输尿管镜和静脉肾盂造影等检查证实为左输尿管癌并浸润性多发膀胱癌,行腹腔镜肾输尿管膀胱切除术及开放尿道切除术和右侧输尿管皮肤造口术,手术时间480min,术中出血量约560ml,无输血。术后肠功能恢复时间为3d,下床活动时间4d。术后未出现并发症。术后病理结果为膀胱高级别泌尿上皮癌伴浸润性鳞状细胞癌侵及全层。左输尿管癌高级别泌尿上皮癌侵及全层。输尿管癌分期分级为T2N0M0,膀胱癌为T2N0M0。术后随访10月,患者无瘤生存至今。结论：单侧输尿管癌合并膀胱混合癌可行一期根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术,腹腔镜下行该手术是可行及安全的。较开放手术创伤小,恢复快。膀胱混合癌很难早期确诊,为了使膀胱混合癌得到早期诊断和治疗,提高患者生存率,行膀胱镜检查时,应多位点取材。     

TURBT联合放化疗的三联疗法对局限性肌层

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)联合放疗、化疗的三联疗法治疗局限性肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者的效果及生存情况。［方法］ 回顾性分析2008年3月至2013年9月接受治疗的87例局限性肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,其中45例实施TURBT手术进行部分膀胱切除,术后实施化疗及放疗(保留组),42例患者选择实施膀胱切除根治性手术(根治组),对比两组术前术后的生存质量、3年生存率、复发率及转移率。［结果］ 根治组化疗4.0±1.7次,保留组化疗4.2±1.5次,均行3周的放疗。术前,两组的生存质量相当(P>0.05),术后1年两组的生存质量均有不同程度提高(P<0.05),且保留组的生理、心理、独立性和精神支柱评分均高于根治组(P<0.05),两组社会关系和环境评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。保留组1、2和3年生存率、3年复发率及3年转移率分别为93.33%、77.10%、62.22%、53.33%和22.22%,根治组分别为97.62%、80.95%、69.05%、40.48%和19.05%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);保留组和根治组的中位生存时间分别为31.0和33.0个月(P>0.05)。［结论］ TURBT联合放疗化疗的三联疗法治疗局限性肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者手术效果与根治性手术相当,但保留了膀胱功能,提高了患者的生存质量。     

肌层浸润性膀胱癌经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术后辅助化疗的研究进展

根治性膀胱切除术联合盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(MIBC)的并发症较多,且会降低患者的生活质量.近年来,各种保留膀胱的综合治疗方法逐渐增多,可切实改善患者的近期和远期疗效,提高患者的生活质量,术后进行不同方式的辅助化疗,不仅可以避免尿流改道,维持正常的膀胱功能,保持患者较好的生活质量,而且不会明显降低患者的生存率.本文对MIBC经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术后辅助化疗的研究进展进行综述.     

肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者保留膀胱术后的预后状况研究

目的探究肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者保留膀胱术后的预后状况及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析50例肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床资料,均行膀胱部分切除术配合辅助化疗治疗,COX回归分析影响术后预后复发及生存的因素。结果 5年总生存率为60.00%,5年总复发率为46.00%;经单因素筛选及多因素回归分析后,淋巴血管侵犯、输尿管再植术等均是影响术后无复发率与总生存率的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者保留膀胱术后的预后状况,与淋巴血管侵犯、输尿管再植术等因素密切相关,应引起临床重视。     

基于炎症相关参数建立根治性膀胱切除术术后的列线图预测模型及验证

目的:探讨接受根治性膀胱切除术的膀胱癌患者相关预测因素,建立并验证列线图预测模型。方法:回顾性收集我院2009年01月至2018年01月期间行根治性膀胱切除术患者的实验室检查和病理结果等临床资料,由术前的血常规结果计算中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、血小板与淋巴细胞比值（PLR）和全身免疫炎症指数（SII）。根据约登指数计算SII及NLR的最佳分界值,术后对患者进行随访,使用多因素Cox回归模型分析影响患者术后总生存率的独立危险因素,然后将独立危险因素纳入并构建预测非肌层浸润性膀胱癌（NMIBC）患者3、5年总生存率的列线图,并对模型的预测准确性进行外部验证,通过一致性指数（C指数）和校准曲线来确定列线图的预测精度和一致性。结果:建模组患者中位总生存期（OS）为21个月(1~66个月),1年、3年和5年的OS率分别为85.2%、68.5%和59.1%。多因素分析显示T分期、N分期、SII和NLR是膀胱癌根治性膀胱切除术后患者的独立危险因素。SII的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）大于NLR,差异有统计学意义,SII预测患者总生存率的准确度更高。我们建立了一个预测根治性膀胱切除术后OS的列线图预测模型,C指数为0.87(95%CI 0.83~0.90),并对模型进行外部验证,校正曲线显示预测和观察的3、5年生存率之间有很好的一致性。结论:本研究建立的接受根治性膀胱切除术的膀胱癌患者列线图预测模型对膀胱癌患者总生存率具有较高的预测价值,验证相关指标能有效预测患者的预后。     

放射治疗在肌层浸润性膀胱癌治疗中的应用

根治性膀胱切除术仍是高分期、肌层浸润性膀胱癌(muscle-invasive bladder cancer,MIBC)的标准治疗手段,但因手术创伤大,生活方式改变,使患者接受困难.经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of blad-der tumor,TUR-BT)、辅助放疗/化疗保留膀胱的综合治疗广受关注.术前放疗能够降低T3期患者的病死率,在总生存率(overall survival,OS)、无病生存率(disease-free survival,DFS)方面都有获益;术后放疗推荐为有高危因素患者的辅助治疗;采取TUR-BT尽可能全切肿瘤后辅助放疗和化疗的三联治疗能够取得与根治性膀胱切除术相似的疗效.放疗是能够迅速减轻膀胱肿瘤引起出血等症状的有效治疗手段.     

Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: results of multi-institutional pooled analysis

BACKGROUND: We report the outcome of radical cystectomy for patients with invasive bladder cancer, who did not have regional lymph node or distant metastases, at 21 hospitals. METHODS: Retrospective, non-randomized, multi-institutional pooled data were analyzed to evaluate outcomes of patients who received radical cystectomy. Between 1991 and 1995, 518 patients with invasive bladder cancer were treated with radical cystectomy at 21 hospitals. Of these, 250 patients (48.3%) received some type of neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant therapy depending on the treatment policy of each hospital. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 4.4 years, ranging from 0.1 to 11.4 years. The 5-year overall survival rate was 58% for all 518 patients. The 5-year overall survival rates for patients with clinical T2N0M0, T3N0M0 and T4N0M0 were 67%, 52% and 38%, respectively. The patients with pT1 or lower stage, pT2, pT3 and pT4 disease without lymph node metastasis had 5-year overall survivals of 81%, 74%, 47% and 38%, respectively. The patients who were node positive had the worst prognosis, with a 30% overall survival rate at 5 years. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy did not provide a significant survival advantage, although adjuvant chemotherapy improved the 5-year overall survival in patients with pathologically proven lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The current retrospective study showed that radical cystectomy provided an overall survival equivalent to studies reported previously, but surgery alone had no more potential to prolong survival of patients with invasive cancer. Therefore, a large-scale randomized study on adjuvant treatment as well as development of new strategies will be needed to improve the outcome for patients with invasive bladder cancer.     

浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱的综合治疗进展

膀胱癌根治术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的首选治疗方法，但是手术创伤较大，并发症发生率较高，及术岳对患者生活质量造成的影响，使其应用受到了限制：随着保留器官的治疗方法在不少恶性肿瘤中成功开展．保留膀胱的综合治疗亦被引入了浸润性膀胱癌的治疗，它不但可以维持正常的膀胱功能．而且不会降低患者的生存率，是除膀胱癌根治术外又一项可行而且合理的治疗方式。本文就目前浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱的综合治疗及其进展作一综述。     

Diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer

The authors present a retrospective analysis of the results of transurethral conservative and radical operations in 125 patients with invasive cancer of the urinary bladder (UB) treated in the Research Institute of Urology throughout 1992-2002. Transurethral resection (TUR) of the UB was made in 72 patients. Stages pT2a, pT2b, T3 and T4 were diagnosed in 23 (31.9%), 18 (25%), 14 (19.5%) and 17 (23.6%) cases, respectively. 53 patients with advanced invasive UB cancer have undergone radical cystectomy varying by the method of urine derivation. Stages pT2N0M0, pT3aN0M0, pT3bN0M0, pT4aN0M0 and N1-2 were registered in 4 (7.5%), 13 (25%), 21 (40%), 7 (12.5%) and 8 (15%) patients, respectively. UB cancer recurrences after TUR occurred in 12 (16.7%) patients with stage pT2a, in 8 (11.1%) patients with stage pT2b. Three-year overall and recurrence-free survival after TUR at stage T2 reached 97.5 +/- 3.2 and 47.4 +/- 2.8, respectively, at stage T3 and T4--57.1 +/- 4.3 and 26.6 +/- 3.4%, respectively. Postcystectomy distant metastases to the lungs, bones and iliac lymph nodes after treatment were detected in 3, 2 and 3 patients, respectively. One patient had a local pelvic recurrence. For all 53 patients a 2-year corrected survival made up 68 +/- 12.0%. Thus, transurethral electrosurgery is an effective treatment of invasive UB cancer; the only radical surgical treatment for invasive UB cancer is cystectomy.     

Treatment alternatives for invasive bladder cancer

Radical cystectomy remains the gold standard in the treatment of patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, the specter of high failure rates coupled with morbid treatment methods has caused urologists, oncologists, and radiotherapists to explore modifications in, and alternatives to, the traditional treatments for invasive bladder cancer. The identification of the active methotrexate-platinum-based combination chemotherapy regimens heralds a new era in our ability to treat advanced disease effectively. Patients with less extensive muscle invasive tumors may be efficiaciously treated using conservative surgical excision, either alone or in combination with adjunctive treatments. In addition, definitive radiation therapy, given via the interstitial route or in combination with radiosensitizers, may result in long-term survival and preservation of bladder function. Progress has been made on multiple fronts in our ability to improve overall survival rates while allowing for the preservation of bladder function. The ability of these new mixed multimodality treatment initiatives to produce viable statistics equal to that of radical exenteration is an important landmark on the route towards an ideal treatment for invasive bladder cancer.     

肌层浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱术后髂内动脉灌注化疗的临床疗效

目的 评价保留膀胱术后联合髂内动脉介入化疗临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2008年2月— 2013年8月徐州市肿瘤医院经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBT）后辅助全身化疗及髂内动脉介入化疗51例膀胱尿路上皮癌患者,分为髂内动脉化疗组（A组19例）和全身化疗组（B组32例）,比较两组5年累计生存率、膀胱保留率及不良反应发生率的差异,同时采用多元Logistic回归分析影响髂动脉化疗组患者预后的因素。结果 A、B两组患者5年累积生存率分别为56.5% 和53.2%,差异无统计学意义（P=0.18）。A组膀胱保留率为78.9%（15/19）高于B组62.5%（20/32）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.024）。A组患者化疗后并发症发生率低于B组,差异有统计学意义（P=0.036）。相关因素分析显示T2期及单发肿瘤的患者适合于髂内动脉化疗。结论 与GC方案全身化疗相比,保留膀胱术后髂内动脉化疗在保证生存率情况下,具有膀胱保留率高、化疗并发症发生率低等优点,值得临床合理选择运用;影响髂内动脉化疗预后的主要因素有临床分期、病理分级及肿瘤数目。     

Contemporary use of perioperative cisplatin‐based chemotherapy in patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer

BACKGROUND:

Level I evidence indicates that neoadjuvant cisplatin‐based chemotherapy, in combination with radical cystectomy (RC), is associated with a significant survival advantage for patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer. Despite this, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not uniformly used. Our objective was to determine the patterns of utilization of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing RC for muscle invasive bladder cancer in a contemporary cohort in a tertiary care center.

METHODS:

A retrospective review was performed of patients with bladder cancer who underwent RC between 2003 and 2008 at our institution. Clinical stage, pathologic stage, renal function, and perioperative chemotherapy treatments were tabulated. Primary outcome measures were the type and use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy among eligible patients. Secondary measures were the utilization patterns of adjuvant chemotherapy, renal function, pathologic outcomes, and disease specific and overall survival. Reasons for nonutilization of chemotherapy were also examined.

RESULTS:

Among 238 patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer, 145 had a preoperative clinical stage ≥T2. Only 17% (25 of 145) of these patients received cisplatin‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The renal function was adequate (CrCl > 60 ml/min) in 97 (67%) of these patients. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy had higher p0 rates (29% vs 8%) than patients who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. Advanced patient age, comorbidities, concerns over toxicity of chemotherapy, and the modest nature of benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy may explain why this treatment is not often used.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite level I evidence, neoadjuvant cisplatin‐based chemotherapies continue to be underutilized in the management of bladder cancer, even at a high‐volume tertiary center. A prospective evaluation of management choices, including the patient and physician factors involved in the use of perioperative cisplatin‐based chemotherapy in bladder cancer, is indicated. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.