大学生问题行为及其与大五人格和自我控制的关系

目的:考察广州市大学生问题行为的现状及其与大五人格和自我控制的关系。方法:本研究采用问卷法对551名广州市大学生的大五人格、自我控制以及问题行为进行测量。结果:1广州市大学生的内化和外化问题水平较低;2除开放性外,其余4个大五人格维度以及自我控制均与内化和外化问题行为呈显著相关关系(r=-0.02~0.81,P0.01);3大五人格与自我控制共同解释39.1%内化问题和31.0%外化问题的方差变异,两者既共同又独立解释内化和外化问题的方差;开放性(B=0.09,P0.01)、外向性(B=-0.10,P0.01)、宜人性(B=-0.07,P0.05)、神经质(B=0.25,P0.01)与自我控制(B=-0.05,P0.05)显著预测内化问题行为;开放性(B=0.05,P0.05)、严谨性(B=-0.08,P0.01)、宜人性(B=-0.18,P0.01)、神经质(B=0.13,P0.01)和自我控制(B=-0.06,P0.01)显著预测外化问题行为。结论:广州市大学生的问题行为总体程度较轻,大五人格特质和自我控制是大学生问题行为的重要保护性因子。     

Personality of parents with bipolar disorder and interpersonal functioning among their offspring: a prospective 10-year study

A comparison of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (OBD) and offspring of parents with no mental disorder (ONMD) showed that parents' neuroticism was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems among their children. The present study examined whether parents' neuroticism predicted poor interpersonal functioning among offspring 10 years later and whether the problems observed in middle childhood mediated the association between parents' neuroticism and offspring functioning. When offspring were in middle childhood, parents completed the revised NEO Personality Inventory and rated the child's behavior on the Child Behavior Checklist. Ten years later, 65 OBD and 59 ONMD completed interviews assessing mental disorders and interpersonal and noninterpersonal functioning. High neuroticism and low agreeableness in parents predicted poor interpersonal functioning in their offspring in late adolescence-early adulthood. The offspring's externalizing and internalizing problems in middle childhood partially mediated the association between parents' personality and offspring interpersonal functioning. Moreover, the association between parents' neuroticism and offspring internalizing problems was stronger among the OBD than the ONMD. Overall, the results suggested an intergenerational transmission of risk whereby high neuroticism and low agreeableness in parents were associated with behavioral problems among offspring in middle childhood that, in turn, predicted poor interpersonal functioning 10 years later.     

Psychopathic personality traits: heritability and genetic overlap with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology

BACKGROUND: Little research has examined genetic and environmental contributions to psychopathic personality traits. Additionally, no studies have examined etiological connections between psychopathic traits and the broad psychopathological domains of internalizing (mood and anxiety) and externalizing (antisocial behavior, substance abuse). The current study was designed to fill these gaps in the literature. METHOD: Participants were 626 pairs of 17-year-old male and female twins from the community. Psychopathic traits were indexed using scores on the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). Symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology were obtained via structured clinical interviews. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate genetic and environmental influences on psychopathic personality traits as well as the degree of genetic overlap between these traits and composites of internalizing and externalizing. RESULTS: Twin analyses revealed significant genetic influence on distinct psychopathic traits (Fearless Dominance and Impulsive Antisociality). Moreover, Fearless Dominance was associated with reduced genetic risk for internalizing psychopathology, and Impulsive Antisociality was associated with increased genetic risk for externalizing psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that different psychopathic traits as measured by the MPQ show distinct genetically based relations with broad dimensions of DSM psychopathology.     

行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征与父母养育方式的相关性

目的:探讨行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征、父母养育模式及父母养育模式对儿童人格特征的影响。方法:采用Rutter儿童行为问卷(父母问卷)筛查行为问题儿童,应用艾森克人格问卷(幼年版)(EPQ-Junior)及父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)评估56例行为问题儿童(研究组)及56例正常儿童(对照组)的人格特征与父母养育方式。结果:(1)研究组的内-外向(E)维度评分值显著低于对照组,情绪稳定性(N)维度评分值显著高于对照组,两组间差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.186,P0.05;t=4.020,P0.01);(2)EMBU的母亲情感温暖、理解与父亲情感温暖、理解两个因子的评分显著低于对照组,两组间比较有统计学意义(t=-2.448,P0.05;t=-4.607,P0.01),父亲惩罚、严厉与父亲过分干涉两项因子的评分显著高于对照组,两组间比较均具有统计学意义(t=4.307,P0.01;t=2.168,P0.05);(3)研究组内-外向(E)与母亲情感温暖、理解因子及父亲情感温暖、理解因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.307,0.299;P0.05),情绪稳定性(N)与母亲情感温暖、理解因子及父亲情感温暖、理解因子均呈显著负相关(r=-0.292,-0.264;P0.05),与母亲过度干涉、保护因子、父亲惩罚、严厉因子及父亲过分干涉因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.361,0.359,P0.01;r=0.300,P0.05)结论:行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征、父母养育模式与正常儿童存在差异,其人格特征与父母不良养育模式可能存在显著相关性。     

Exploring the relationship between personality and regional brain volume in healthy aging

Aging is characterized by a reduction in regional brain volumes, particularly in prefrontal and medial temporal regions. Recent evidence suggests that personality may be related to neuroanatomical integrity. The present investigation explored whether the three targeted personality traits of neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extraversion moderated cross-sectional age-related decline in measures of neural integrity. Estimates of the personality traits and volumes of cerebral gray and white matter, prefrontal and medial temporal regions were obtained in a sample of 79 healthy adults aged 44–88. Higher neuroticism was associated with smaller regional volumes and greater decreases in volume with increasing age. Higher conscientiousness was related to larger regional volumes and less decline with advancing age. These results suggest that personality may not only relate to, but may also moderate age-related cross-sectional decline in prefrontal and medial temporal regions.     

Quality of life in children surviving cancer: a personality and multi-informant perspective

OBJECTIVE: To describe quality of life (QoL) of children surviving cancer in relation to their personality, using self- and maternal reports and examining differences with healthy referents. METHOD: Sixty-seven children who survived childhood cancer were compared with eighty-one healthy children on QoL and personality characteristics. RESULTS: Children who survived cancer reported higher QoL than healthy children, whereas there were no differences for personality. Two main effects emerged for informant with children rating themselves as less neurotic and more conscientious than their mothers. The correspondence between mothers and children was substantially higher for survivors for QoL and personality ratings. QoL and trait measures share substantial variance, and personality traits significantly predict QoL. Parental personality ratings explained child QoL beyond children's personality ratings. CONCLUSIONS: Personality traits contribute to quality of life, indicating that personality significantly influences child's quality of life beyond the experience of a negative life event such as surviving cancer and its treatment. From a diagnostic perspective, parental trait ratings are informative in addition to children's ratings of personality to understand children's QoL.     

家庭环境与学习障碍儿童行为、自我意识、个性的相关性

目的 :探讨学习障碍 (learningdisorders ,LD)儿童的家庭环境特点及其与儿童行为、自我意识、个性特征的相关性。方法 :选用家庭环境量表中文版 (FES -CV)、Rutter儿童行为问卷 (父母问卷 )、艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ -儿童版 )和Piers -Harris儿童自我意识量表分别对 110名LD和 110名学习优秀 (对照 )组儿童进行评定。结果 :资料齐全的LD组儿童 91名 ,对照组 98名。LD组儿童的家庭在FES量表的亲密度、情感表达、成功性、知识性的评分低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而矛盾性则高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;LD组儿童的行为和自我意识总分显著低于对照组 (均P <0 0 0 1) ,在EPQ的精神质和神经质得分高于对照组(P <0 0 5 ) ,内外向得分低于对照组 (P <0 0 0 1)。FES的某些环境因素分别与LD和对照组儿童的行为、自我意识、个性特点有关。结论 :LD儿童处在相对不良的家庭环境中 ,家庭环境因素对LD组和对照组儿童行为、自我意识、个性的影响不同。     

Temperament, Coping, and Psychological Adjustment in Young Children with Myelomeningocele

The psychosocial factors that increase the risk of psychologicalproblems among children with myelomeningocele are not well delineated.In this study, the parents of 34 children (18 boys, 16 girls)with myelomeningocele who were between the ages of 3 and 8 yearscompleted questionnaires describing the child's temperament,coping ability, and level of family cohesiveness and familyorganization. Total behavior problem scores on the Child BehaviorChecklist were associated with lower levels of family cohesiveness,lower self-coping ability, greater temperament difficulty, andlower distractibility. Regression analyses with each variableentered separately indicated that distractibility and self-copingability accounted for 57% of the variance in total behaviorproblem scores and 52% of the variance in externalizing problemscores. Temperamental difficulty and distractibility accountedfor 44% of the variance in internalizing problem scores. Whencombined coping and temperamental difficulty variables wereentered into regression analysis, family cohesiveness also wasassociated with total behavior problems and internalizing problems.     

Personality and insomnia symptoms in older adults: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Study ObjectiveTo examine associations of personality dimensions and facets with insomnia symptoms in a community sample of older adults.MethodsWe studied 1049 participants aged 60–97 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Personality was assessed by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), and insomnia symptom severity was measured by the Women’s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale (WHIIRS).ResultsAdjusting for demographic characteristics, higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness, and lower extraversion were associated with greater insomnia symptom severity. These associations remained significant for neuroticism and conscientiousness when further adjusting for depressive symptoms and comorbidities. Higher scores on neuroticism facets Anxiety, Angry Hostility, and Depression, and lower scores on conscientiousness facets Competence, Order, and Achievement Striving and on agreeableness facet Altruism were associated with greater insomnia symptom severity in fully adjusted models. Results were similar among cognitively normal older adults (N = 966), except higher scores on extraversion facets Warmth and Assertiveness associated with lower insomnia symptom severity, and agreeableness facet Altruism was unassociated.ConclusionAmong older adults, insomnia symptoms appear partially related to personality, with persons higher in neuroticism experiencing greater insomnia symptom severity, and those higher in conscientiousness experiencing lower insomnia symptom severity. Exploring facets of the Big-Five dimensions may provide additional insight regarding the etiology and resolution of sleep disturbance, and some of these associations may differ based on cognitive status. Future studies should investigate the hypothesis that sleep impairment mediates part of the association between specific personality traits and health-related outcomes.     

贫困大学生社会支持与人格发展的关系研究

目的考察贫困大学生人格发展与社会支持的现状,探讨其人格与社会支持的关系。方法采用大五人格问卷简化版（NEO-FFI）和社会支持量表（SSRS）作为测查工具,对湖南省6所高校大学生进行调查,对其中409名贫困大学生与抽取的457名非贫困大学生进行分析。结果贫困大学生在神经质、责任心特质上和朋友支持、居住环境、经济支持来源及参与活动情况上与非贫困大学生存在显著差异;客观支持、支持利用度、人格的经验开放性在贫困大学生的性别、专业和年级上主效应或交互作用显著;贫困大学生神经质因子与社会支持及各因子均为显著负相关,人格的其余各因子除经验开放性与责任心因子与社会支持的利用度相关不显著外,其余与社会支持总分、主观支持、客观支持均呈显著正相关;外倾性和责任心是社会支持的主要预测因素。结论贫困大学生相对非贫困大学生具有高神经质、高责任心的人格特质,贫困大学生的人格与社会支持具有性别和专业差异,人格特质对社会支持有一定的预测作用。     

The impact of high neuroticism in parents on children's psychosocial functioning in a population at high risk for major affective disorder: a family-environmental pathway of intergenerational risk

Behavioral genetic studies indicate that nongenetic factors play a role in the development of bipolar and major depressive disorders. The trait of neuroticism is common among individuals with major affective disorders. We hypothesized that high neuroticism among parents affects the family environment and parenting practices and thereby increases the risk of psychosocial problems among offspring. This hypothesis is tested in a sample of participants at high and low risk for major affective disorders, which contained parents with bipolar disorder (55), major depression (21), or no mental disorder (148) and their 146 children between 4 and 14 years of age. Parents with high neuroticism scores were characterized by low psychosocial functioning, poor parenting, more dependent stressful life events, and the use of more emotion-focused and less task-oriented coping skills. High neuroticism in parents was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems among the children, as assessed by parent and teacher ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist and clinician ratings. The results suggest that high neuroticism in parents with major affective disorders is associated with inadequate parenting practices and the creation of a stressful family environment, which are subsequently related to psychosocial problems among the offspring.     

Sleep duration and personality in Croatian twins

The objective of this study was to examine which genetic and environmental influences contribute to individual differences in sleep duration in a sample of Croatian adolescent/early adult twins, as well as to investigate the relationship between personality and sleep duration. Participants included 339 twin pairs (105 monozygotic and 234 dizygotic) aged between 15 and 22 years. They reported on their average sleep duration and personality. The broad heritability estimate (additive and non‐additive genetic influences) for sleep duration was 0.63, while personality estimates ranged between 0.47 and 0.62. Significant negative phenotypic associations with neuroticism and openness were mainly genetically mediated 100 and 80%, respectively. Only 6% of the sleep duration variance was explained by genetic influences shared with neuroticism and openness. In regression analysis, age, gender and five personality traits explained 5% of sleep duration variance, with neuroticism and openness as significant predictors. Comparison of short, moderate and long sleepers showed that participants in the short sleepers group had significantly higher neuroticism scores than groups of moderate and long sleepers, as well as a significantly higher openness score than the group of long sleepers. This indicates that personality traits of neuroticism and openness contribute to the prediction of sleep duration due to overlapping genetic influences that contribute to both these personality traits and sleep duration. However, as phenotypic overlap of personality and sleep duration is relatively weak, heritability of sleep duration is not only related to individual differences in personality traits, so future research needs to examine other phenotypic correlates of sleep duration.     

Interactive effects of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors on recurrent pain in children

OBJECTIVE: To examine, in children, relationships between self-reported recurrent pain and emotion regulation indicated by rated internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors and adjustment. METHOD: Finnish 11-12-year-old schoolchildren (N = 414) completed a questionnaire measuring recurrent pain. Emotion regulation was assessed by a Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory, Teacher Rating Form. Relationships between recurrent pain and emotion regulation were examined in logistic regression analyses, after controlling for past injuries and chronic illnesses. RESULTS: Independent of injuries and chronic illnesses, externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors related to recurrent pain, and more so together than separately. Gender differences were found; constructive behavior associated with recurrent pain only in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Low self-control of emotions, indicated by internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, was related to pain in both boys and girls; high self-control of emotions, indicated by constructive behavior, associated with pain only in girls.     

人格特征与职工应激评价的相关性研究

目的：对企业职工的应激评价与其人格特征的关系进行研究。方法：采用自制的社会应激事件调查量表和NEO-FFI人格问卷，抽取某企业集团4，745名职工进行应激源、应激水平和人格测量。结果：被试的压力总分与人格维度中的神经质(N)、外倾性(E)、宜人性(A)、严谨性(C)显著相关。与低应激组相比，高应激组的N、C分高而E、A分低。在10类应激源中有6类的应激评价分别受到一个或几个人格维度的影响。结论：以神经质为主的某些人格特征与职工的应激评价有一定的关联性。     

Health status and the five-factor personality traits in a nationally representative sample

The authors' objective was to determine the association between the 'big-five' personality traits and mental and physical disorders among adults in the United States. The Midlife Development in the United States Survey, a nationally representative sample of 3032 adults ages 25-74, was used to determine the association between the five-factor traits of personality and common mental and physical disorders. Findings are consistent with and extend previous results showing that conscientiousness is associated with significantly reduced likelihood of a wide range of mental and physical disorders among adults in the general population, and inversely that neuroticism is associated with increased rates. Among adults with physical illnesses, associations were found between personality and likelihood of physical limitations, especially conscientiousness. These findings provide a framework upon which research on complex causal processes may proceed. Thus future research attention might profitably be directed to conscientiousness-relevant processes, such as adherence to health and treatment recommendations and internalization of healthy societal norms for sensible health-related behavior.     

Effect of Co-Occurrence on the Referability of Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behavior in Adolescents

Assessed the effect of co-occurring versus not co-occurring internalizing and externalizing behavior problems on the reasons parents reported for clinical referral of their adolescent child. Reasons for referral were coded for 181 inpatient adolescents, and parent ratings of internalizing and externalizing behavior were obtained for a general population sample of 500 adolescents. Parents concurrently reported internalizing and externalizing behavior as reasons for referral less frequently (p < .0001) than would be expected given the correlation between these two domains in the general population sample. This suggests that the presence of externalizing problems may decrease parents' concern or awareness of internalizing problems, the presence of internalizing problems may decrease parents' concern or awareness of externalizing problems, or both Implications for the clinical referral of adolescents and for informal parental efforts at helping their children with externalizing and internalizing problems are discussed.     

社会支持对农村留守儿童问题行为的影响:希望感的中介作用

目的:探讨希望感在社会支持对留守儿童问题行为影响中的中介作用。方法:采用长处和困难问卷、领悟社会支持问卷与希望感量表对1238名11~17岁留守儿童进行问卷调查,其中男生547人,女生691人。结果:(1)独立样本t检验显示,农村留守儿童的希望感、内化问题行为和亲社会行为均存在显著的性别差异(t=2.682,-3.228,-3.310;P0.01);(2)相关分析显示,社会支持与外化问题行为(r=-0.202,P0.01)和内化问题行为(r=-0.125,P0.01)呈显著负相关,与希望感(r=0.510,P0.01)、亲社会行为(r=0.370,P0.01)呈显著正相关,希望感与外化问题行为呈显著负相关(r=-0.138,P0.01),与亲社会行为呈显著正相关(r=0.366,P0.01);(3)多元线性回归分析对中介效应的检验表明,希望感在社会支持与外化问题行为、亲社会行为之间均起部分中介效应,中介效应分别占总效应的11.1%、32.3%。结论:农村留守儿童社会支持、问题行为、希望感三者关系密切,且希望感在社会支持和外化问题行为、亲社会行为之间起中介作用。     

Attachment and behavior problems in middle childhood as reported by adult and child informants

The predictive relation between attachment and mother, teacher, and self-reported psychopathology was examined for a diverse socioeconomic status French Canadian sample of 96 children. Attachment classifications were assigned on the basis of reunion behavior with mother when the children were approximately 6 years old, and child problem behavior was assessed 2 years later using the Child Behavior Checklist (mother report), the Social Behavior Questionaire (teacher report), and the Dominic Questionnaire (child self-report). Results indicated that both insecure/ambivalent and insecure/controlling children children were rated higher than secure children on a composite measure of externalizing problems. Concerning internalizing problems, only the controlling group was significantly higher on both a composite adult (teacher and mother) and self-report measure of internalizing problems. Analyses of clinical cutoff scores showed that only the controlling group had a significantly greater likelihood of overall problem behavior than other children.     

Interparental Agreement on Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Behavior Problems: A Meta-analysis

Previous studies have addressed the degree of correspondence between interparental reports of children's behavior problems, but have not examined the discrepancies in these reports. A meta-analysis containing 60 studies and 126 independent effect sizes was conducted. Results suggest that maternal and paternal ratings exhibit moderate correspondence in ratings of internalizing behavior problems in children and large correspondence in ratings of externalizing and total behavior problems in children. In terms of discrepancy of reports, parents reported similar levels of all types of problems. Age, gender, and socioeconomic status were found to moderate correspondence between mothers' and fathers' ratings but did not moderate discrepancies in mothers' and fathers' ratings.