常州市某辖区私有企业职业卫生调查与分析

为了解某辖区私有企业职业卫生现状,对有职业病危害的企业进行了调查和监督。结果显示,74家企业中,申报职业病危害项目的企业有70家,占94.6%;职业病危害因素检测企业74家,检测率100%;在岗期间进行职业健康检查的企业54家,占81%,74家企业基本上未组织职工上岗前和离岗时的职业健康检查;职业病防护设施和个人防护用品配备不全;职业病防治管理制度普遍未建立。该辖区私有企业职业卫生现状较差,应加大职业卫生监督力度。     

观澜中小型企业职业病危害哨点监测分析

目的 通过对辖区中小型企业职业病危害哨点调查分析,了解这类企业的职业病危害情况,为中小型企业职业卫生监督、职业卫生服务提供依据.方法 采用Excel 2003建立辖区中小型企业主要职业病危害因素及接触人数、工作场所监测、劳动者职业健康检查、职业病发病等五方面数据库,进行统计分析.结果 287家哨点企业中,接触职业病危害因素工人11 165人,职业病危害因素以有机溶剂、噪声、粉尘等为主;化学毒物、噪声、粉尘监测合格率分别为75.4％、39.6％、81.8％;上岗前、在岗期间和离岗时职业健康检查的体检率分别为22.6％、89.1％、13.9％; 15例确诊职业病,三氯乙烯、正己烷和苯危害因素致职业病11例,占73％.结论 职业病防治形势依然严峻,应当加大对中小型企业职业卫生的监督和管理.     

江苏省某乡镇30家微小型不锈钢精密铸造企业职业病危害现状

目的分析江苏省某乡镇30家微小型不锈钢精密铸造企业职业病危害防治现状,为同类型企业明确职业病防治重点提供依据。方法收集整理各企业在2013—2016年开展的职业病危害现状评价资料,对其职业卫生管理、职业病防护设施、个人防护用品、职业病危害因素检测和职业健康监护等内容进行分析。结果 30家企业平均生产年限9年,接触职业病危害因素职工695人;在岗期间职业健康检查率42.0%,与接触职业危害相关异常率16.4%;工作场所接触粉尘、化学毒物和噪声岗位检测合格率分别为32.9%、93.3%和53.4%,其中振壳抛丸岗位接触矽尘的时间加权平均容许浓度最高可达49.56 mg/m~3,接触噪声的8 h等效声级最高可达121.1 dB(A)。结论乡镇微小型不锈钢精密铸造企业职业病危害仍然严重,其防治重点仍是粉尘、噪声。企业应加强职业卫生管理工作,持续对车间防尘防噪设施进行改造,控制职业病危害。     

农民工职业病危害现状调查分析

目的 了解掌握进城务工的农民工的职业病危害现状,为农民工的职业病防治工作提供依据.方法 2004年由省卫生厅发文在全省统一开展农民工职业病危害企业的摸底调查.结果 衡阳市调查的1 173家工业企业中,接触职业病危害因素的农民工为28 917人,占接触总人数的36.66%;私有企业农民工比例最高,占74.11%;农民工的职业健康体检率仅有2.11%,各经济类型农民工职业健康检查率有显著性差异(P＜0.001),外商经济最高,私有经济最低;有39.29%的农民工不知道岗位存在职业病危害.结论 农民工职业病危害严重,基本没有享有职业卫生技术服务的权力,农民工的自我防护意识差,各级机构应加强对农民工的职业病防治工作.     

北京市某区制造业职业健康状况调查

目的了解北京市某区主要职业病危害、职业病危害接触人数及分布,2008-2010年职业健康检查及职业病检出情况,职业卫生资源和职业卫生管理情况,以及抽样人群的职业病发病情况。方法统一进驻企业进行基本情况普查,抽取重点人群,进行职业健康检查。结果该区存在职业病危害制造业企业247家,接触危害因素人数8 778人;2008~2010年职业健康体检人数逐年上升,在岗、离岗体检率分别达到97.5%和82.8%,岗前、在岗禁忌证检出率、在岗疑似职业病检出率分别为1.7%、0.5%和0.4%,离岗未检出疑似职业病;企业职业卫生管理现况中,建立职业卫生责任制的为76.9%,设置职业卫生管理机构的为64.8%,实施职业卫生教育和培训的为59.9%,操作规程中有职业卫生内容的为82.6%,制定应急救援预案的为72.9%;抽样人群职业健康体检检出禁忌证28人,确诊职业病2人。结论存在职业病危害的小型企业数量多,而接触职业病危害的人员则大多集中于大中型企业,离岗体检应受到重视,劳动合同签订率和工伤保险签订率均处于较高水平,职业病危害作业场所监测位点的实测率较低,职业卫生各项管理制度较为健全,预评价、控制效果评价开展率非常低,建设项目"三同时"工作急需改进。重点调查中,检出2例尘肺病,应引起高度重视。     

天津市某区工业企业职业病危害现状调查

目的 调查天津市某区工业企业职业病危害现状,为职业病防治和相关部门监督管理提供依据.方法 使用天津市疾控中心统一编制的调查表,由经过集中培训的调查员进行现场调查.结果 该区存在职业病危害的企业有271家,职业病危害因素58种,接触职业危害因素生产工人7498人;30家企业设立职业卫生管理机构,3家企业进行职业病危害预评价和控制效果评价;职业病危害因素检测率11.4％,职业健康检查率18.8％,防护设施配备率78.6％,个人防护用品配备率82.3％,应急救援设备配备率29.2％.结论 应进一步宣传《职业病防治法》,加大监督执法力度,完善职业病防治体制,各部门共同做好职业病防治工作.     

某地区不同规模制造企业的职业卫生现况分析

2020年9月-2021年9月,采用查阅档案和统一编制调查表方式,对宁波市鄞州区175家企业进行职业卫生调查,计数资料率的比较采用卡方检验。结果显示,鄞州区175家制造企业职业病危害因素接触率为36.3%,微型企业的职业病危害因素接触率最高为68.2%,不同规模企业职业病危害因素接触率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²=360.01,P<0.01)。职业病危害因素监测点中物理因素超标率最高,为16.3%,而接触物理因素劳动者职业健康检查率最低,为69.0%。接害劳动者职业健康培训率为50.0%,远低于企业管理人员水平。提示,鄞州区小微企业接触职业病危害因素情况较严峻,接害劳动者职业健康培训率较低,企业工作场所物理因素危害严重,应引起足够重视。     

临沂市职业病防治工作现状调查研究

目的调查了解临沂市职业病防治工作现况,以制定职业病防治规划。方法随机抽取国有企业30家、集体企业77家、私有企业132家,采用全国职业卫生监督检查表进行逐项调查。结果职业卫生管理指标合格率、职业病防护设施配备率、有害作业点检测率、检测点合格率、有害作业工人职业性体检率国有企业均高于私有企业;工作场所粉尘、毒物、噪声超标率私有企业均高于国有企业。结论集体企业和私有企业应作为今后职业病防治工作重点。     

2020年四川省采矿行业职业病危害现状调查

目的通过调查了解四川省采矿行业职业病危害的现状,为监管部门有针对性地开展职业病防治工作提供依据。方法于2020-06-10采取随机抽样方法,选取四川省50%的乡镇(街道)作为调查地区,对辖区内采矿企业开展调查。采用χ2检验和Kruskal-Wallis检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果本次共调查877家采矿企业。大中型采矿企业的职业卫生管理工作开展情况好于小微型企业,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);大、中、小、微型企业接触粉尘岗位的超标率分别为6.25%、13.77%、15.84%和20.69%,接触矽尘岗位的超标率分别为8.96%、16.78%、20.90%和26.00%,经卡方检验,中小微型企业接触粉尘和矽尘岗位的超标率高于大型企业(P0.05);大、中、小、微型企业接触所有职业病危害因素的职业健康检查率分别为77.27%、80.95%、63.47%和41.40%,接触煤尘的职业健康检查率分别为68.69%、84.49%、59.08%和45.11%,接触噪声的职业健康检查率分别为52.20%、64.78%、39.45%和25.59%,大中型企业的职业健康检查率高于小微型企业(P0.05)。结论四川省采矿业(尤其是小微型采矿企业)的职业病危害仍然较严重,职业卫生管理水平尚需提高。须加强培训和监管,完善职业卫生管理,保护劳动者健康。     

廊坊市职业病危害分布特征及防控措施

目的通过了解廊坊市10个县（市、区）内存在职业病危害的企业数量及其地区、行业、规模、经济类型分布情况,为制定廊坊市职业病防治措施提供依据。方法对调查员进行统一培训,采用全国统一制定的调查表,按照《职业健康状况调查项目工作方案》和《河北省职业健康状况调查质量工作手册》要求填报各企业调查数据。对调查结果进行整理分析评价。结果在全市调查的所有企业中,存在职业病危害企业数5223家,霸州市职业病危害企业最多,占全市的21．6％;以小型企业为主,占90．77％;内资企业占97．3％;职业病危害企业中金属制品业最多,占24．0％。结论该市应建立长效机制,加强重点行业的职业病防治工作。加大投入,提高检测率,健康检查覆盖率,健全规范行业职业卫生管理。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.