心包腔容积——压力关系的临床研究

１６例中到大量心包积液患者在Ｘ线下使用Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ法，经剑突下穿刺心包放置７Ｆ导鞘，心包造，定量抽液及压力测定。资料寒带的１５例患者显示：心包腔内压力与心包积液疸无相关性。有心包填塞症状者，当抽液量达到１５０ｍｌ时，心包内压力下降曲线最为陡峭，幅度最大，而以后随积液量减少，压力下降徐缓。当抽液到２４０ｍｌ时心包腔舒张压在０．４０ｋＰａ～－１．４６ｋＰａ之间，大多数低于文献报道的右房舒张压。在     

心脏手术后心包腔内压的观测

对心脏术后60例,分为单纯心包腔闭式引流、-1.47kPa持续负压吸引引流和-3.33kPa一次性高负压吸引引流三组测定心包腔内压(IPCP),结果为;心脏术后IPCP正常维持在-0.82±0.43kPa水平,术后48h保持不变.并且IPCP可根据不同的引流方式或人为负压吸引心包腔而任意设定.IPCP在心包积液等时可升高,而影响右心甚至左心功能.提示IPCP可作为心包积液或心脏术后的监测指标.     

心包腔内置中心静脉压导管治疗心包积液

心包积液原因很多 ,如果积液进展很快、积液量大 ,能导致心包填塞危及生命 ,进行心包穿刺会增加手术风险。作者采用心包腔内置中心静脉压导管的方法治疗中、大量心包积液患者 ,效果满意。1　对象和方法　心包积液患者 16 (男 11,女 5 )例 ,年龄 18～76岁。其中结核性 3例,肿瘤性 6例 ,非特异性 4例 ,化脓性、风湿性和原因不明各 1例。所有患者做心脏彩超检查证实为心包积液。按 Weitzmem等半定量法 ,液性暗区 <10 m m× 10mm为少量 ;10～ 19mm为中量 ;>2 0 mm为大量 ,其中中量积液 3例 ,大量积液 13例。患者取半坐位 ,穿刺点由彩超定位 ,所…     

左心室压力容积环

左心室与体循环动脉之间的相互作用是评价心血管功能的关键指标。本文简要回顾心室-动脉相互作用和耦合的部分评估方法,重点在于说明基本的生理原理和各种参数,包括侵入性与非侵入性方法。     

心包切开错位缝合引流治疗非特异性心包积液的临床研究

目的探讨心包切开错位缝合引流技术在非特异性心包积液治疗中的效果及安全性。方法回颐分析2000年8月至2008年12月收治的60例非特异性心包积液患者诊疗情况,所有患者均行心包切开错位缝合引流并配合相关药物治疗。结果本组患者心包切开错位缝合引流的成功率100%,术后心脏压塞症状立即缓解;无严重并发症发生;术后6例患者出现切口处轻微感染征象,均经抗感染治疗后痊愈。随访12个月,5例出现局限性心包增厚及心包黏连现象,所有患者均未再次出现心脏压塞表现。结论应用心包切开错位缝合引流技术治疗非特异性心包积液安全有效。     

恶性心包积液中心静脉导管引流并腔内化疗11例

恶性心包积液是临床上中晚期恶性肿瘤病人常见的严重并发症之一 ,严重时导致急性心包压塞 ,危及生命。过去多采用心包穿刺抽液并腔内化疗的方法 ,疗效不理想。我们将近几年所收治的 11例恶性心包积液引起急性心包压塞的患者 ,采用中心静脉导管闭式引流并腔内化疗的方法 ,疗效满意。对象与方法1.对象 :11例患者 ,男性 8例 ,女性 3例 ,年龄 2 1～ 73岁 ,平均年龄 47岁。肺癌 9例 ,其中腺癌 4例 ,鳞癌 3例 ,不能确定类型 2例 ,非霍奇金淋巴瘤 1例 ,乳腺癌 1例。合并恶性胸腔积液 9例 ,其中双侧胸腔积液 4例 ;合并脑转移 2例 ,伴上腔静脉压迫综…     

进行心包穿刺和引流的心包积液患者的临床特点分析

目的：探讨需要进行心包穿刺和引流的心包积液患者的临床特征,以指导该类患者的诊断和治疗。方法：总结并分析202例需要进行心包穿刺和引流的心包积液患者的临床特征、病因及心包积液性质。结果：除11例急性心肌梗死患者来不及进行心包穿刺外,191例均成功进行心包穿刺和引流,漏出液12例,渗出液179例。渗出液中,肿瘤性77例,结核性62例,医源性18例,急性心肌梗死15例,结缔组织疾病10例。77例肿瘤性心包积液中,肺癌42例,乳腺癌7例,原发灶暂时不明确的转移性腺癌6例,淋巴瘤7例,肝癌4例,纵隔瘤3例,胃癌、膀胱癌、直肠癌、心包肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、黑色素瘤、恶性胸腺瘤和心脏血管瘤各1例。18例医源性心包积液中,心律失常导管消融者10例,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗者6例。心律失常导管消融并发医源性心包积液的比例女性高于男性、房颤患者高于非房颤患者。9例导管消融者行心包穿刺和引流即可,余9例医源性心包积液还需外科修补。15例急性心肌梗死者在住院期间均死亡。结论：需要进行心包穿刺和引流的心包积液多为渗出液及血性,肿瘤和结核为主要原因,注意识别和鉴别医源性心包积液和急性心肌梗死,积极心包穿刺和引流是重要的治疗手段。     

纤维心包镜对心包病的介入性诊断

自1988年我院对25例心包积液病人应用纤维心包镜(简称心包镜)检查,在光导下清晰地直观心包病变,于明视下咬切心包壁层活检,迅速解除心包填塞,可置管引流治疗,取得满意效果.为明确心包病因诊断和治疗,提供了一种有价值的方法.     

心包腔深静脉留置管引流治疗心包积液

目的观察经皮心包穿刺置管引流及腔内注入药物治疗心包积液的疗效及安全性。方法 26例有大量心包积液伴心脏压塞症状者在B超引导下行心包穿刺并留置深静脉引流管引流、腔内注药。结果穿刺成功率100%。置管引流后心脏压塞症状迅速缓解,总有效率92.3%。结论心包积液量较大有心脏压塞症状时心包腔内置深静脉引流管引流、注药治疗,安全有效,可迅速缓解心脏压塞症状,适合基层医院临床应用。     

改良心包穿刺与传统心包穿刺引流心包积液的效果分析

目的比较传统心包穿刺放液与经皮穿刺留置中心静脉导管引流心包积液的临床效果。方法比较我院1996年1月—2010年12月,采用两种心包穿刺法治疗中量至大量心包积液的疗效及并发症。结果穿刺成功率上两组无显著性差异,穿刺放液过程中一般并发症(胸痛)的发生和严重并发症的发生两组相比均有显著性差异,在复穿病例数及发生率的比较上两组有显著性差异。结论改良心包穿刺法技术安全、明显减少了操作的危险性、反复穿刺的几率,是治疗中至大量心包积液的有效方法,可以替代传统心包穿刺。     

The incidence of diastolic right atrial collapse in patients with pleural effusion in the absence of pericardial effusion

The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of cardiac chamber collapse assessed by echocardiography and explore possible mechanisms in a clinical population of 116 patients with pleural effusion in the absence of pericardial effusion. We found that the frequency of chamber collapse was 18% in patients with pleural effusion in the absence of pericardial effusion, thus cardiac chamber collapse occurs in patients with pleural effusion.     

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心包积液是心包疾病中常见的临床表现形式,心包积液应该从病因学、病理学和病理生理学的角度进行诊断,这对于心包积液的治疗具有重要的指导意义。治疗主要从病因和病理生理学两个方面着手考虑,病因学诊断一经确立,应该积极采取有效的措施进行干预,其次应该解除心包压塞,正确及时的诊断决定了治疗措施的采取和患者的治疗效果。     

Benign pericardial schwannoma with massive pericardial effusion in a Chinese man: A case report

Primary cardiac neoplasms are rare, and the pericardial schwannoma has an even lower occurrence. We report a case of pericardial schwannoma in China, which is the eighth reported case adding to the existing literature on pericardial schwannoma, and this is the first case reported complicated with massive pericardial effusion. Pericardial schwannomas are usually benign, but they can sometimes have a malignant tendency and cause life‐threatening complications. Thus, it should be managed aggressively and completely resected.     

Radionuclide ventriculographic findings in pericardial effusion

We present a patient with a large pericardial effusion, in whom the first-pass radionuclide ventricu-logram demonstrated rocking motion of the left ventricle and apparent asynergy of the inferior wall. These abnormalities disappeared after removal of the fluid. Inspection of the cinematic display of the images was useful in explaining the apparent asynergy of the inferior wall.     

Etiology and prognostic implications of a large pericardial effusion in men

To assess the etiology and prognosis of a large pericardial effusion, we reviewed 25 consecutive patients who presented with a large pericardial effusion and underwent a drainage procedure. Large pericardial effusion was defined as: (1) an echo-free space greater than or equal to 10 mm anteriorly and posteriorly by M-mode echocardiography and (2) removal of greater than or equal to 350 ml of fluid at pericardial drainage. The etiologies of large pericardial effusion were: neoplastic (36%), idiopathic (32%), uremic (20%), postmyocardial infarction (8%), and acute rheumatic fever (4%). Of our patients, 44% presented with cardiac tamponade, while 25% of patients with idiopathic pericarditis had hemorrhage effusion and cardiac tamponade. At follow-up, 37 +/- 17 months after pericardial drainage, 68% had died from complications of their underlying disease. There were no deaths attributed to pericardial disease. While 88% of patients with idiopathic large pericardial effusion were alive at follow-up, none of the neoplastic large pericardial effusion patients survived longer than 5 months after initial pericardial drainage (p less than 0.001). Additionally, the survival of patients with uremic large pericardial effusion was better than patients with neoplastic large pericardial effusion (p less than 0.05). We conclude: (1) neoplastic, idiopathic, and uremic pericarditis are the most common causes of large pericardial effusion in men, (2) idiopathic pericarditis can be hemorrhagic and cause cardiac tamponade, and (3) the prognosis of large pericardial effusion is related to patients' underlying disease.     

The syndrome of cardiac tamponade with "small" pericardial effusion

Cardiac tamponade is usually a consequence of increased pericardial pressure with accumulation of pericardial effusion. Pericardial effusion may be caused by acute pericarditis, tumor, uremia, hypothyroidism, trauma, cardiac surgery, or other inflammatory/noninflammatory conditions. In this article we describe four scenarios illustrated by case reports where a small or apparently small pericardial effusion may produce cardiac tamponade. The first scenario illustrates how a small pericardial effusion can cause clinically significant cardiac tamponade when it accumulates rapidly. The second scenario exhibits how an apparently small pericardial effusion on transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) turned out to be a small amount of unclotted blood and an echogenic hematoma. The third scenario details how an apparently small pericardial effusion on TTE was actually a large loculated effusion in an unusual location seen only by transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). The fourth scenario demonstrates how the combination of a large pleural effusion and a small pericardial effusion can result in cardiac tamponade. The role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of these scenarios is discussed here. Although many clinicians depend on the amount of pericardial effusion to suspect cardiac tamponade, it is important to suspect cardiac tamponade when patients have hemodynamic compromise regardless of the amount of pericardial effusion.     

心包积液持续导管引流穿刺部位的新选择

目的　探讨经胸骨左缘第 3、4肋间穿刺放置心包积液引流导管的可行性和安全性。方法　应用二维超声心动图 ( 2DE) ,探测 38例中到大量心包积液患者剑突下、心尖部及胸骨左缘第 3、4肋间距胸骨左缘 2cm处 3个部位的舒张期最大积液厚度和预定进针深度 ;在 2DE引导下 ,以胸骨左缘第 3、4肋间为穿刺点 ,留置导管引流心包积液。结果　 2DE探测 3个部位的舒张期最大积液厚度差异无显著性 ,胸骨左缘第 3、4肋间处预定进针深度最小 ;38例患者均一次穿刺、留置导管成功 ,其中36例 ( 94 8% )经超声证实引流导管位于后心包。无穿刺相关并发症 ,无导管脱出心包腔及积液渗漏至胸腔或皮下 ,1例于放置引流导管后第 3天发生神经介导性晕厥。结论　经胸骨左缘第 3、4肋间途径行心包引流导管留置术安全有效、操作简便 ,优于剑突下和心尖部途径     

Clinical-echocardiographic correlations in pericardial effusion

This study evaluates the clinical picture of 100 consecutivepatients with pericardial effusion. Patients were divided intotwo groups depending upon the etiology of the effusion. GroupA patients (49 subjects) usually presented with a typical pictureof acute pericarditis. Group B patients (51 subjects) had aless acute presentation and only 35% had been diagnosed definitelyas having pericardial disease prior to performing the echocardiographicstudy. The presence of faint heart sounds, right heart failureor microvoltage on the ECG correlated statistically with theamount of fluid but the large dispersion of the results preventedthe clinician from inferring the amount of fluid from the presenceor absence of these signs. Cardiomegaly on X-ray was significantlyrelated to the amount of fluid and allowed a better separationbetween patients with small to moderate and patients with moderateto large effusions.