Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy does not alter ICD intervention rates in high risk patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

INTRODUCTION: Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH) is safe and effectively reduces the intraventricular gradient in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). To analyze the potential of anti- and proarrhythmic effects of TASH, we studied the discharge rates of implanted cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) in patients with HOCM who are at a high risk for sudden cardiac death. METHODS: ICD and TASH were performed in 15 patients. Indications for ICD-implantation were secondary prevention in nine patients after resuscitation from cardiac arrest with documented ventricular fibrillation (n = 7) or sustained ventricular tachycardia (n = 2) and primary prevention in 6 patients with a family history of sudden deaths, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and/or syncope. All the patients had severe symptoms due to HOCM (NYHA functional class = 2.9). RESULTS: During a mean follow-up time of 41 +/- 22.7 months following the TASH procedure, 4 patients had episodes of appropriate discharges (8% per year). The discharge rate in the secondary prevention group was 10% per year and 5% in the group with primary prophylactic implants. Three patients died during follow-up (one each of pulmonary embolism, stroke, and sudden death). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, on the basis of ICD-discharge rates in HOCM-patients at high risk for sudden death, there is no evidence for an unfavorable arrhythmogenic effect of TASH. The efficacy of ICD treatment for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in HOCM could be confirmed, however, mortality is high in this cohort of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients.     

Inappropriate therapy from a defibrillator complicating transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

This case report describes a patient with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who received therapy inappropriately from his implanted defibrillator, subsequent to transcoronary alcohol ablation for septal hypertrophy (TASH). Widening of the intracardiac electrogram postablation resulted in "double counting" of the intrinsic ventricular electrogram by the device and inappropriate tachycardia detection.     

Long-term follow-up after percutaneous septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the longterm follow-up results of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) in a large patient cohort. BACKGROUND: PTSMA by alcohol injection into septal branches has shown good acute and short-term results in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. METHODS: A total of 100 consecutive symptomatic (NYHA class 2.8 +/- 0.6) patients underwent PTSMA. All patients had clinical and non-invasive follow-up at 3 months, 1 year, and annually up to 8 years. RESULTS: One patient died at day 2 after intervention due to fulminant pulmonary embolism following deep venous thrombosis, and eight patients required a permanent DDD-pacemaker due to post-interventional complete heart block. Acute reduction of the left ventricular outflow tract gradient was achieved from 76 +/- 37 to 19 +/- 21 mmHg at rest, from 104 +/- 34 to 43 +/- 31 mmHg during Valsalva maneuver, and from 146 +/- 45 to 59 +/- 42 mmHg post extrasystole (p < 0.0001, each). During follow-up (mean follow-up time: 58 +/- 14 months), three additional patients died (sudden death at 48 months, non-cardiac death at 49 months and stroke-related death at 60 months after the index procedure). All living patients showed clinical improvement to NYHA-class 1.4 +/- 0.6 (after 3 months, n = 99), 1.5 +/- 0.6 (after 1 year, n = 99), and 1.6 +/- 0.7 at final follow-up (n = 96; p < 0.0001, each). Non-invasive follow-up studies documented ongoing outflow tract gradient reduction, decrease of septal and left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and improvement of exercise capacity. CONCLUSIONS: PTSMA is an effective treatment for symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Follow-up showed ongoing hemodynamic and clinical improvement without increased mortality and morbidity.     

Effect of transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy on clinical outcome in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with atrial fibrillation

Summary Background Relatively few reports on the clinical impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are available. The aims of our study are to report the effect of transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH) on clinical outcome in HOCM associated with AF and to evaluate the influence of AF on symptoms and quality of life in HOCM. Patient and methods In 80 consecutive patients (38 f, mean age 56 ± 17 years) with severely symptomatic HOCM referred for interventional treatment, we analyzed the prevalence of AF based on 240 Holter ECG recordings and patients’ history, retrospectively. Symptoms, quality of life, number of hospital admissions and hemodynamic performance were obtained in all patients before and after TASH. Mortality was additionally investigated by letter and telephone contact. Results The overall prevalence of AF was 29%. Paroxysmal AF was detected in 17 pts (21.3%), persistent AF in 5 pts (6.3%). Only 1 pt (1.3%) suffered from permanent AF. Symptoms due to AF were present in 52.6% of the AF patients. Quality of life score was markedly improved after TASH (15.9 ± 3.8 vs. 20.7 ± 3.8, p < 0.001) with no difference between sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation. However, hospital admissions were more frequent in the AF group (0.85 ± 1.84 vs. 0.28 ± 0.81, p = 0.03) in 32 ± 13 months. AF patients suffered more often from syncope before TASH (30 ± 70% vs. 10 ± 30%, p = 0.008). Two patients with sinus rhythm at baseline died after 32 ± 13 months from cardiovascular cause. Conclusions Atrial fibrillation is the major cardiac arrhythmia in severe HOCM. The majority of AF patients demonstrate AF specific symptoms. The paroxysmal type of atrial fibrillation dominates by far. Both patients with and without atrial fibrillation showed similar quality of life with marked improvement after TASH.     

Percutaneous septal ablation after unsuccessful surgical myectomy for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Objective  To evaluate the long-term outcome of percutaneous septal ablation (PTSMA) after a previous myectomy. Background  Myectomy usually results in symptomatic improvement and reduction of dynamic obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients (HOCM-pts.). However, a few pts. remain with severe symptoms and obstruction, and need additional interventions. Methods  We reviewed our database of 450 pts. who underwent PTSMA in our institution, and identified 11 (7 women, 4 men, mean age: 50 ± 14 years) with residual or recurrent NYHA class symptoms ≥III and significant left ventricular outflow obstruction (LVOTO) despite a previous myectomy 4 ± 5 years ago. In-hospital and follow-up data covering 6 ± 4 years, focusing on mortality and morbidity, symptoms, exercise capacity, and echocardiographic measures were collected. Results  PTSMA was performed by injection of 3.6 ± 2.9 ml of alcohol. There was no peri-procedural or late death in this cohort. CK peaked at 614 ± 434 U/l. In addition to two pts. who already had a pacemaker implanted, two more (18%) who both had pre-existing left bundle branch block were pacemaker-dependent after PTSMA. During follow-up, 9 pts. (81%) reported significant and stable improvement. Two pts. (18%) developed progressive class III symptoms until their last follow-up, one of these together with persistent AF and a non-fatal stroke, the other received an ICD for primary prophylaxis and entered our pre-transplant program. Echo-Doppler showed sustained LVOTO elimination without global LV dilatation in all cases. Conclusions  PTSMA is an effective non-surgical option for treating symptoms and residual or recurrent LVOTO after a previous surgical myectomy. The high rate of conduction disturbances in this post-surgical cohort translated into a higher rate of pacemaker dependency after PTSMA.     

超声引导下经皮室间隔消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病研究进展

对有症状的肥厚型梗阻性心肌病,如何有效解除左心室流出道梗阻是治疗的重点,依靠药物、双腔起搏的方法以减轻左心室流出道压力阶差可缓解症状,而减少室间隔厚度的方法包括外科间隔心肌切除术、经皮室间隔心肌化学消融术、室间隔射频导管消融术等,这些方法在减少室间隔厚度上均有明显效果。超声引导下经皮室间隔心肌热消融术作为一种侵入性较小、效果较好的治疗方法,在肥厚型心肌病的治疗中有较大应用前景。本文就超声引导下经皮室间隔消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的研究进展作一综述。     

桡动脉途径实施经皮室间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病

目的 探讨桡动脉途径实施经皮室间隔心肌化学消融术（PTSMA） 治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（HOCM）患者的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析通过桡动脉途径接受PTSMA 治疗的32例HOCM患者的临床资料,观察患者术前及术后6个月心脏彩超的左心室流出道（LVOT）宽度、左心室流出道压差（LVOTG）以及室间隔（IVS）厚度等指标,评估PTSMA的疗效,同时观察患者并发症发生情况。结果 32例患者成功完成PTSMA。术后LVOTG由术前（75.17±12.70） mmHg降至（32.42±7.62） mmHg,术后IVS厚度由术前（26.87±4.35） mm降至（17.83±3.27） mm,术后LVOT宽度由术前（6.45±2.34） mm增至（11.23±3.28） mm;术后LVOTG、LVOT宽度以及IVS厚度均优于手术前,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。临床症状显著改善。11例患者术中出现一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞（AVB）;术后出现迟发性Ⅲ度AVB的2例患者中,置入双腔起搏器1例。无桡动脉闭塞、心包填塞、出血或急性肺栓塞等并发症,无死亡病例。结论 PTSMA是治疗HOCM患者的可行方法,能够显著降低LVOTG及IVS厚度、改善临床症状,并且桡动脉途径相对安全。     

Surgical management of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the gold standard

While medication is the first line of therapy in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, patients who have symptoms refractory to medical treatment or asymptomatic patients with high resting gradients (≥30 mmHg) may require septal myectomy. Surgical septal myectomy can be performed safely, with excellent survival, relief from symptoms and low morbidity. Alcohol septal ablation is an alternative to surgical treatment, but late outcomes are uncertain. Although both methods of septal reduction relieve left ventricular outflow tract gradients and improve functional status, the need for permanent pacing appears higher with alcohol ablation compared with surgical myectomy. As our understanding of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy continues to grow, the indications for intervention will evolve. In our practice, septal myectomy remains the gold standard for treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.     

心肌超声造影在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病室间隔心肌化学消融术中的价值

目的探讨选择性靶血管心肌超声造影在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病室间隔心肌化学消融术中选择靶血管、判断消融范围、防止并发症中的作用。方法肥厚型梗阻性心肌病37例。室间隔心肌化学消融术中向拟定的靶血管远端注人心肌超声造影剂后即刻和注入无水酒精后5min，超声记录心尖四腔观、胸骨旁左室长轴观、左室短轴观，观察造影剂显影范围、比较造影剂显影范围和无水酒精显影范围。结果37例患者中2例因冠状动脉血流显像技术显示无合适血管以供消融，而放弃心肌超声造影及消融治疗．2例因冠状动脉造影显示冠状动脉分布细小弥漫而放弃治疗，未行心肌超声造影。33例行心肌超声造影的患者，1例因左心室乳头肌显影、1例因右室调节束及右室乳头肌显影、1例因显影范围不在靶域、2例因显影范围过大放弃消融治疗。余28例均成功消融。术后即刻及术后7d，左室流出道压力阶差下降≥50％。部分病例显示无水酒精的显影范围小于心肌超声造影的显影范围。结论心肌超声造影可为肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的室间隔心肌化学消融间隔支靶血管的选择及消融范围的判断提供可靠的依据。     

心肌超声造影在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术中的应用

目的探讨选择性心肌超声造影(MCE)在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)室间隔心肌化学消融术(TASH)中的应用价值.方法对47例HOCM患者在TASH术前应用冠状动脉多普勒血流成像(CDCFI)初步拟定靶血管,并向拟定的靶血管远端在注入造影剂后即刻和注入无水酒精5 min后,超声实时监测并观察造影剂显影范围、充盈缺损范围,并对比造影剂显影范围和无水酒精显影范围.结果47例患者中2例因冠状动脉造影显示间隔支分布细小弥漫及2例因CDCFI显示无合适血管,故未行MCE而放弃治疗.余43例实施MCE并行TASH,其中38例成功,38例中4例心肌显影范围略超过靶域,采用缓慢、分次注入无水酒精后,消融成功;另34例心肌造影显影位置与梗阻心肌相吻合;5例MCE指导放弃消融术.近期对10例患者应用MCE的CPS技术,发现9例造影剂显影范围与充盈缺损范围吻合,1例充盈缺损范围明显小于造影剂显影范围,追加消融间隔支,TASH成功.结论MCE可为HOCM患者的TASH术中间隔支靶血管的选择及消融范围的判断提供可靠依据.     

One-year follow-up of percutaneous septal ablation for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in 312 patients: predictors of hemodynamic and clinical response

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze hemodynamic and clinical outcome in a cohort of 312 patients who were followed up over a period of 12 months after alcohol septal ablation (PTSMA) for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). METHODS AND RESULTS: PTSMA was intended in 337 patients with HOCM (mean age: 54+/-15 years), with 312 procedures completed by injection of 2.8+/-1.2 ml of alcohol. In 25 patients (8%) the intervention was aborted, mostly because of contrast echocardiographic findings. In the 312 patients who received alcohol, permanent pacing was necessary in 22 cases (7%); and in-hospital mortality was 1.3% (four patients). During follow-up, contact to six patients (2%) was lost, and three additional patients (1%) died. The 299 patients who either underwent non-invasive reassessment in our institution or transmitted followup data from their local physician formed the study population. Improvement in symptoms was reported by 272 patients (91%). Mean NYHA functional class was reduced from 2.9+/-0.4 to 1.5+/-0.7 (p<0.0001) along with a gradient reduction (echo-Doppler) from 59+/-32 to 8+/-15 mmHg at rest, and from 120+/-42 to 28+/-32 mmHg with provocation (p<0.0001 each). Exercise capacity improved from 94+/-51 to 119+/-40 watts (p=0.001), and peak oxygen consumption from 18+/-4 to 21+/-6 ml/ kg/min (p=0.01). Younger age and higher outflow gradients at baseline and immediately after intervention were associated with a less favorable hemodynamic outcome. The degree of limitation of exercise capacity at baseline was the only predictor of symptomatic improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter-based septal ablation is an effective non-surgical technique for reducing symptoms and outflow gradients in HOCM. In contrast to a previous study, in this cohort of 312 patients there was no association between post-interventional enzyme release and hemodynamic success. Younger patients with high baseline gradients, however, tended to have a less favorable hemodynamic outcome with higher residual gradients.     

经皮室间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病

目的 :探讨肥厚型梗阻性心肌病经皮腔内室间隔消融术的临床意义及其并发症。方法 :5例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者完成经皮腔内室间隔消融术 ,观察比较术前术后数字指标及心电图变化。结果 :左室流出道压力阶差由术前65 .10± 18.3 2mmHg降至术后的 10 .76± 9.2mmHg。室间隔厚度由术前 ( 2 5 .66± 3 .17)mm降至术后 ( 14 .3 6± 3 .0 8)mm。心肌酶峰值时间为 11.2± 3 .5h ,3例出现短阵加速性室速 ,后转为短暂Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞 ,2例为右束支传导阻滞 ,无异常Q波发生。结论 :经皮腔内室间隔消融术致心律失常发生率高 ,多为一过性 ,只要病例选择恰当 ,靶血管选择正确 ,手术是安全的     

Delayed occurrence of unheralded phase IV complete heart block after ethanol septal ablation for symmetric hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Ethanol septal ablation has emerged as a less invasive alternative to surgical myomectomy for treatment of asymmetric hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (ASH). The procedure has very low mortality, but high-degree AV conduction block is a frequent complication. Prior studies have documented baseline left bundle branch block and high volume of ethanol injection (greater than 4 mL) as risk factors. Complete heart block is often preceded by postprocedure conduction abnormalities and generally develops within 48 hours after ethanol ablation. We present a unique case of a patient with symmetric hypertensive hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (SHOCM) who developed phase IV complete heart block >96 hours postprocedure without preceding conduction abnormalities or other classic risk factors.     

超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术中的应用

目的评价超声心动图在肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)经皮室间隔化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗中的应用价值。方法应用超声心动图筛选HOCM患者16例,介入治疗术中引导及监测PTSMA。结果16例均成功实施PTSMA治疗,术后左室流出道流速及压差均有明显下降,临床症状亦均有不同程度改善。结论超声心动图可在术前筛选HOCM患者,术中指导及监测PTSMA,术后评价疗效及随访观察。     

经皮经腔间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的近中期疗效观察

目的 评估经皮经腔间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)近中期疗效.方法 2006年7月至2009年6月,采用Sigwart法对19例(男14例,女5例)症状明显的肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者进行PTSMA,所有患者均分别于术前、术后1周、术后30天及术后1年接受心脏彩色超声及心电图检查.结果 19例患者手术均成功.术前左心室流出道压差(LVOTPG)均明显高于术后1周、术后30天及术后1年,LVOTPG(92.5±32.4)mmHg vs(36.3±21.6)mmHg、(32.7±24.3)mmHg、(30.1±20.6)mmHg(P＜0.05或＜0.01).术前室间隔厚度(IVST)明显大于术后30天及术后1年,IVST(21.7±3.6)mm vs(15.4±4.2)mm、(13.4±2.8)mm(P＜0.05或＜0.01).17例患者术后心功能改善、临床症状明显减轻或消失.4例出现完全性右束支传导阻滞,其中1例术后即恢复,1例发生不完全左束支传导阻滞,无Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞发生.结论 PTSMA是HOCM一种安全、有效的治疗手段,IVST及LVOTPG均呈持续性下降.     

经皮腔内室间隔心肌消融术的护理

目的探讨经皮腔内室间隔心肌消融术（PTSMA）的术前、术中和术后护理措施。方法回顾性分析41例肥厚性梗阻型心肌病（HOCM）患者行PTSMA的临床资料。结果左室流出道压力阶差（LVOTG）由21—80mmHg降至0-26mmHg，心脏彩超显示室间隔厚度变薄，左室流出道增宽，患者临床症状明显减轻，心功能得到改善，生活质量明显提高。结论护士应了解PTSMA的治疗方法，术中做好护理配合，加强患者的心理护理，强调临床护理和病情观察，尤其是术后心律失常等并发症的监测，提高护理质量。     

经导管化学消融术治疗肥厚性心肌病的健康教育

对监护室13例经导管化学消融术治疗肥厚性心肌病患者术前、术后实施全面的健康教育,采用图片、录像、专题讲座、个别指导等方法通过术前心理护理、饮食指导、卧位排便指导、康复指导等综合健康教育,收到较好效果,消除了患者术前的紧张心理,提高了患者的自我保健能力。     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病室间隔心肌消融术的疗效及术后左心房容积的变化特点

目的评价肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（HOCM）患者经皮室间隔心肌消融术（PTSMA）的疗效,并应用三维超声心动图（3DE）探讨术后左心房容积的变化特点。 方法34例HOCM患者入选此研究。于术前1周、术后1周及术后1年行超声心动图检查。经常规超声获取左心室舒张末期前后径（LVd）、左心房最大前后径（LAd）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、室间隔基底段舒张末期最大厚度（IVSd）、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度（LVPWd）、左心室流出道压差（LVOT-PG）等,经3DE获取左心房时间-容积曲线,测量左心房最大容积（LAVmax）、左心房最小容积（LAVmin）及左心房收缩前容积（LAVp）,计算左心房排空分数（LAEF）、左心房被动排空分数（LAPEF）及左心房主动排空分数（LAAEF）及左心房扩张指数（LAEI）,比较术前、术后各参数的变化特点。 结果与术前相比,术后1周LVOT-PG（54.5±34.5）mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）、LVEF（71.4±5.7）%、LAVmax（90.2±36.5）ml、LAVp（73.0±34.0）ml及LAVmin（53.2±28.8）ml均明显减低,差异具有统计学意义（t=4.002、3.234、3.502、3.611、2.253,P值均<0.05）;术后1年LVOT-PG（38.3±31.7）mmHg、IVSd（16.7±8.3）mm、LVPWd（11.0±1.9）mm、平均E/e′ 12.0±4.6、LAVmax（80.9±24.8）ml、LAVp（61.3±23.1）ml、LAVmin（42.6±19.5）ml、MI 1.46±1.06均明显减低,差异具有统计学意义（t=5.371、4.165、3.473、3.940、3.655、4.046、4.046、Z=-2.873,P值均<0.01）,而LAPEF（25.1±5.1）%升高,差异具有统计学意义（t=-3.270,P<0.01）。与术后1周比较,术后1年LVOT-PG、IVSd、LVPWd、LAVmax、LAVp、LAVmin、MI均明显减低,差异值有统计学意义（t=2.256、5.067、3.137、2.200、2.740、2.016、Z=-2.003,P值均<0.05）,而LVd（41.6±4.0）mm、LAEF（48.3±7.9）%及LAPEF升高,差异有统计学意义（t=-2.288、-2.725、-2.907,P值均<0.05）。 结论HOCM患者PTSMA术后左心室流出道梗阻减轻,左心室充盈压降低,二尖瓣反流改善。3DE用于评估左心房大小较二维超声准确而敏感,HOCM患者PTSMA术后各时相LAV逐渐缩小。