64排螺旋CT肺静脉-左心房连接解剖学分析

目的 探讨肺静脉-左心房连接的影像解剖学特征.方法 对86例患者(房颤组42例,对照组44例)行64层螺旋CT左心房肺静脉成像,显示肺静脉-左心房连接关系,对肺静脉近心端形态、径线,肺静脉前庭区大小、形态进行房颤组与对照组分析.结果 房颤组与对照组总的肺静脉解剖学变异为24例,占28%,发生率在房颤组与对照组之间没有统计学差异(P>0.05);房颤组各肺静脉左房入口的上下径与前后径均大于对照组,两者间差异显著(P<0.05);房颤组左房前后径及前庭区周长均大于对照组,两者间差异显著(P<0.05).结论 64层螺旋CT左心房肺静脉成像可以对左心房及肺静脉提供详细的解剖形态学信息,所得出的各项形态学分析结果对房颤的介入治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

64层螺旋CT对心动周期不同时相肺静脉孔变化的活体形态学研究

目的 研究肺静脉孔大小、形状在心动周期中的变化规律,为射频导管消融术治疗心房颤动提供解剖学信息.资料与方法 在本院行冠状动脉CT血管成像患者中,筛选出排除影响肺静脉疾病的影像资料20例,从5%R-R间期开始依次递增10%重组肺静脉孔轴位影像直至95%R-R间期,测量肺静脉孔长径、短径及截面积,计算肺静脉孔指数,以观察上述指标在心动周期中的变化规律.结果 心动周期中各支肺静脉孔的大小是不断变化的,其最大长径、短径及截面积出现在35%～45%时相,其最小长径、短径及截面积出现在85%～5%时相.各支肺静脉孔的长径、短径及截面积变化不同,以右上肺静脉孔的长径、短径及截面积变化最大,其最大值与最小值之差分别为(4.0±0.8)mm、(4.0±0.5)mm、(72.1±7.9)mm2,左下肺静脉孔长径、短径及截面积变化最小,其最大值与最小值之差分别为(2.2±0.4)mm、(2.7±0.3)mm、(21.0±2.3)mm2.肺静脉孔指数在35%～45%时相最大,肺静脉孔最接近于圆形,85%～5%时相最小,肺静脉孔最扁.结论 心动周期中肺静脉孔大小、形状是变化的,在对肺静脉孔进行测量时应选择同一时相,重组时相窗最好选择在35%～45%或85%～5%,肺静脉孔的最大值和最小值分别主要出现在这两个时相窗.     

64层螺旋CT三维重组对左心房及肺静脉的形态学评价

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT心电门控血管成像及三维重组后处理技术对左心房及肺静脉结构的形态学评价价值。方法:回顾性分析50例行心电门控血管造影患者的左心房及肺静脉结构,按年龄和性别分组,利用仿真血管内镜(VIE)、容积再现(VR)、多平面重组(MPR)等多种三维重组技术进行后处理,了解肺静脉及左心房的形态学结构,评价其临床应用价值。结果:①VR技术可良好构建肺静脉形态,50例患者中,42例患者双侧肺静脉均为2支(84%),8例存在变异(16%);双上肺静脉明显较双下肺静脉粗(P<0.05),男性左上肺静脉、右上下肺静脉均较女性粗(P<0.05),左下肺静脉男女间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中年组和老年组肺静脉口径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);双上肺静脉开口角度明显较双下肺静脉大(P<0.05)。②VIE技术可良好显示左侧肺静脉开口、右侧肺静脉开口、左心耳开口与左上肺静脉开口的关系以及左心耳与左上肺静脉之间界嵴的四种形态。③50例患者中,29例左心房顶部形态为平坦型(58%),19例为突起型(38%),2例为凹陷型(4%);测得50例患者左心房平均容积为(84.5±26.1)cm3。老年组左心房平均容积较中年组大(P<0.05),男性左心房平均容积较女性大(P<0.05)。④冠状窦汇入右房处与矢状面之间的角度范围为0度～130.9度,平均为(68.4±32.3)度。结论:64层螺旋CT三维重组技术能够直接对肺静脉及左心房进行形态学观察,明确肺静脉开口及左心房的形态变异,为临床指导导管射频消融治疗房颤等提供解剖信息,提高成功率,减少并发症。     

肺静脉分型的多层螺旋CT解剖研究

目的 探讨肺静脉的多层螺旋CT解剖分型.方法 120例应用多层螺旋CT行冠状动脉CTA检查,对原始横断面图像进行容积重建(VR)和多平面重建(MPR).按照肺静脉开口数目、肺静脉数目、肺静脉共同开口及副肺静脉出现情况对肺静脉进行分型,统计各型的出现率.对肺静脉共同开口、副肺静脉出现率的性别差异进行统计学分析.结果 本组人群中,肺静脉共同开口的出现率为22.5%,副肺静脉的出现率为15.8%,均无性别差异.肺静脉可分为4型,其中标准型最常见,出现率为62.5%,肺静脉共同开口型为21.7%,副肺静脉型为15.0%,混合变异型为0.8%.结论 多层螺旋CT对肺静脉的解剖观察,可为临床提供解剖信息.     

64层螺旋CT对肺静脉异位引流的诊断价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)及三维重组在诊断肺静脉异位引流(anomalous pulmonary venous drainage,APVD)中的临床应用价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析18例手术证实的APVD患儿的64层螺旋CT的影像资料.结果 18例中完全性APVD 15例,其中心上型6例,心内型6例,心下型2例,混合型1例,部分性APVD 3例.MSCTA诊断与手术结果一致.结论 MSCTA及三维重组对APVD诊断准确性高,是一种可靠的无创检查方法.     

256层螺旋CT对肺静脉定量正常值与性别的相关性研究

目的采用256层螺旋CT定量分析正常成人诸肺静脉,提出肺静脉径线、截面积变化与性别及心动周期不同时相的相关性。方法回顾性分析肺静脉Ⅰ型253例符合入组条件患者,256iCT冠状动脉CTA检查结果阴性,对原始图像进行多期重建,确定心脏舒张末期及收缩末期,分别对诸肺静脉各径线进行测量,并进行相关统计学处理。结果在心动周期不同时相,除左上肺静脉长径外,余右上下及左下肺静脉径线及截面积,45%期相均显示较75%数值增大(t=6.941～20.504,P<0.01)。除左上肺静脉长径外,在心动周期同一时相男性肺静脉长径均高于女性组(t=2.796～4.932,P<0.01),按照身高、体重计算体表面积进行标化,在同一期相诸肺静脉截面积男性与女性数值差异无统计学意义(t=0.586～1.124,P>0.05)。分别对45%及75%时相提出诸肺静脉95%截面积可信区间的范围。结论采用256层螺旋CT肺静脉成像可以客观定量测量诸肺静脉径线;肺静脉截面积变化与心动周期不同时相有关,与性别无关。多层螺旋CT无创肺静脉成像为临床成功实行射频消融及术后评价肺静脉狭窄提供了重要参考价值。     

多层螺旋CT肺静脉解剖成像及进展

肺静脉的解剖结构存在着一定的共性,但是也常发生变异。随着医疗技术的不断发展和对肺静脉相关疾病的逐渐认识,充分了解肺静脉的正常解剖关系及变异显得越发重要。因此,对MSCT技术在肺静脉成像中的应用现状、优缺点和进展作一综述患者。     

64层螺旋CT多种后处理技术对肺静脉影像学评价的价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT不同图像后处理技术对肺静脉影像学评价的价值.方法 收集103例胸部血管成像资料,采用容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、血管分析(VA)、仿真内窥镜(VE)、斜面重组(OR)多种图像后处理技术分别对肺静脉进行影像学评价,比较分析多种图像后处理技术对肺静脉影像学评价的价值.结果 VR、MIP显示肺静脉与左心房连接类型较好,但在对肺静脉进行测量时有时较难确定肺静脉孔的位置及测量的起止点;VA能对肺静脉孔及主干自动进行测量,提供的数据信息丰富,但图像处理相对复杂、费时;VE能从心腔内对肺静脉孔及其周围结构进行观察和测量,显示其他后处理技术不易显示的解剖结构,但需调节到适合的阈值及观察角度,要求操作者有一定的后处理技术和经验;OR操作简单,能显示肺静脉与左心房的连接情况,对肺静脉的测量相对简单、易行、省时.VA、VE、OR 3种图像后处理技术对肺静脉孔的测量值无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 不同图像后处理技术对肺静脉的影像学评价各有优势和不足,综合应用多种图像后处理技术能提供更为全面、精确的肺静脉解剖学信息.     

副肺静脉的多层螺旋CT研究

目的 采用多层螺旋CT研究副肺静脉的出现率与解剖特点.资料与方法 回顾分析120例非房颤患者冠状动脉CTA资料,综合三维容积重组(VR)、多平面重组(MPR)及原始横断面图像,观察有无副肺静脉、副肺静脉出现部位、副肺静脉引流肺叶;计算副肺静脉出现率是否存在性别差异.采用血管分析软件测量副肺静脉口部短径、长径、面积及指数(短径/长径).结果 120例中有19例出现23条副肺静脉,出现率为15.8%;男性出现率为17.4%,女性为13.7%,经x2检验,x2=3.7253,P＞0.05,两者差异无统计学意义.18条出现在右肺上、下静脉之间,其中10条引流右肺中叶外侧段,6条引流右肺中叶内侧段,1条引流右肺下叶背段,1条引流右肺下叶后基底段;2条出现在左肺上、下静脉之间,均引流左肺上叶下舌段;3条出现在左心房上壁双上肺静脉之间,均引流右肺上叶后段.副肺静脉在右侧出现的概率较大.副肺静脉口部长径为(10.13±4.05)mm,短径为(7.14±2.s4)mm,面积为(68.64±55.24)mm2,口部指数为0.71±0.12.结论 多层螺旋CT能显示副肺静脉解剖细节与特点,对研究副肺静脉有一定价值.     

64层螺旋CT左心房和肺静脉成像在心房颤动射频消融术中的价值及应用

目的 应用64层螺旋CT(MSCT)对左心房和肺静脉进行形态学分析,用以指导心房颤动(简称房颤)环肺静脉线性消融术,并评估预后.方法 对232例患者(房颤组146例,对照组86例)行64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像,比较房颤组及对照组肺静脉解剖学变异的发生率,测量各支肺静脉开口的径线及形态,观察左心房的大小及左心房耳部的形态.结果 64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像可以提供详细的左心房与肺静脉连接方式及肺静脉解剖学变异,肺静脉解剖变异占总样本数的16.8%(39/232).各组肺静脉开口均呈上下径大于前后径的椭圆形.房颤组及对照组中左心房的内径差异存在统计学意义[房颤组:(39.47±8.98)mm;对照组:(36.94±5.49)mm;P=0.02],而2组患者肺静脉开口的径线差异无统计学意义[房颤组肺静脉上下径:左上(18.15±1.35)mm,左下(16.96±1.18)mm,右上(17.50±1.12)mm,右下(17.65±0.94)mm;对照组肺静脉上下径:左上(18.07±0.94)mm,左下(17.50±0.57)mm,右上(18.03±1.02)mm,右下(17.94±0.76)mm,P值均＞0.05;房颤组肺静脉前后径:左上(12.26±1.89)mm,左下(11.96±0.61)mm,右上(12.32±1.08)mm,右下(12.39±0.95)mm;对照组肺静脉前后径:左上(12.74±1.03)mm,左下(12.23 ±0.75)mm,右上(12.64±0.87)mm,右下(12.72±0.67)mm,P值均＞0.05].结论 64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像不仅可以了解环肺静脉线性消融术前肺静脉及左心房解剖变异的情况,而且可以进一步评价心房功能和风险,对介入治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

64层螺旋CT评价肺静脉与左心房的形态结构

目的评价应用64层螺旋CT观察肺静脉和左心房形态结构的可行性。方法选择房颤患者46例,对照组42例,所有患者均行64层螺旋CT检查,图像后处理运用3D成像及内镜等技术对肺静脉、左心房等解剖结构进行构建。结果①64层螺旋CT可构建肺静脉形态,并测得肺静脉数量、开口大小以及各个肺静脉走行方向,其中房颤组肺静脉开口大小较对照组无明显差异。②64层螺旋CT构建左心耳形态,左心耳与左上肺静脉之间的界嵴及界嵴与左侧上下肺静脉之间连接部位的关系分别存在2种形态变异。③64层螺旋CT构建左房顶部形态分为突起型(9.0%)、凹陷型(32.9%)、平坦型(58.1%)3种,有12.5%存在局部凹陷。结论应用多层螺旋CT可以清晰地构建肺静脉和左心房的形态结构,有助于提高导管射频消融治疗房颤的成功率,减少并发症。     

肺静脉变异的MSCT研究

目的:探讨MSCT对肺静脉与左心房连接方式各种变异的显示,为临床提供解剖学信息。方法:收集例行冠状动脉CTA检查且排除影响肺静脉疾病者共712例,其中男449例,女263例;年龄34～82岁,平均59.63岁。以原始横断面CT图像为基础,采用VR、MIP及MPR等后处理方法,观察并统计肺静脉开口数目、副肺静脉及肺静脉共同开口情况,进行分型,并对肺静脉共干、副肺静脉在性别及肺静脉变异左右侧别有无差异进行统计学分析。结果:肺静脉可分为4种类型,标准型最常见,共532例(74.7%);副肺静脉型85例(11.9%),其中左副肺静脉6例,右副肺静脉72例,最上肺静脉7例;肺静脉共同开口型86例(12.1%),其中左侧肺静脉共干76例,右侧肺静脉共干6例,双侧肺静脉共干4例;混合型9例(1.3%)。肺静脉的变异率为25.3%。副肺静脉发生率男性为14.3%,女性11.4%,肺静脉共干发生率男性14.0%,女性12.2%,以上性别差异无统计学意义。肺静脉变异率左侧13.3%(95/712),右侧12.8%(91/712),差异无统计学意义。结论:肺静脉的解剖变异较大,对肺静脉进行合理的分型,有助于肺静脉与左心房关系的解剖学评估,可为临床手术及房颤射频消融治疗提供有价值的肺静脉解剖路线图。     

Sixteen-row multislice computed tomography in the assessment of pulmonary veins prior to ablative treatment: validation vs conventional pulmonary venography and study of reproducibility

The aim of this study was to validate multislice computed tomography (MSCT) venography measurements of pulmonary vein (PV) diameters vs conventional pulmonary venography (CPV), and to assess the reproducibility of MSCT data. The study included 21 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation who were planned for cryothermal ablation of PVs. One day before ablation, all patients underwent CPV and contrast-enhanced non-gated MSCT venography. The MSCT was repeated 3 months after ablation. The CPV images of the treated PVs (n=40) were analyzed and compared with the results of MSCT measurements. Reproducibility of MSCT venography-based data was assessed by interobserver (n=84 PVs) and interexamination (n=44 PVs) variability. Pre-treatment PV diameters on MSCT and CPV showed good correlation (r=0.87, p<0.01; 18.9±.2.3 mm, 188.5±.2.4 mm, respectively). Interobserver agreement and interexamination reproducibility were good (r=0.91, r=0.82, respectively, p<0.01), with narrow limits of agreement (Bland and Altman method). The MSCT venography allows accurate and reproducible assessment of PVs. It can be used both in non-invasive planning of treatment for ablative therapy and in the follow-up of patients.     

MDCT in the diagnostic algorithm in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation(AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia and a major cause of morbidity.Arrhythmogenic foci originating within the pulmonary veins(PVs) are an important cause of both paroxysmal and persistent AF.A variety of endovascular and surgical techniques have been used to electrically isolate the PV from the left atrium.Pulmonary venography for localization of the PV ostium can be difficult to perform during the ablation procedure.While the anatomy of the PV is patientspecific,non-invasive imaging techniques may provide useful diagnostic information prior to the intended intervention.In this context,multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) visualization of the left atrial and PV anatomy prior to left atrial ablation and PV isolation is becoming increasingly important.MDCT imaging provides pre-procedural information on the left atrial anatomy,including atrial size and venous attachments,and it may identify potential post-procedural complications,such as pulmonary vein stenosis or cardiac perforations.Here,we review the relevant literature and present the current"state-of-the-art"of left atrial anatomy,PV ostia as well as the clinical aspects of refractory AF with MDCT imaging protocols and procedural aspects of PV ablation.     

Right top pulmonary vein: evaluation with 64 section multidetector computed tomography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and anatomic features of the rare variant of the pulmonary veins named "right top pulmonary vein" as depicted with 64 section multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MDCT of 610 patients obtained over 12 months period for diagnosis of suspected thoracic or cardiac pathology were routinely reviewed in transverse and 3D images. The frequency of right top pulmonary vein (RTPV) was determined and anatomic features were also documented. RESULTS: Right top pulmonary vein (RTPV) is a supernumerary vein arising from the roof of the right part of the left atrium separately from the orifice of the right superior pulmonary vein. It crosses behind the intermediate bronchus and drains mainly posterior segment of the right upper lobe but also receives few subsegmental branches of superior segment of the right lower lobe. It was detected in 2.2% of patients (14/610). The mean diameter of RTPV was 5.1 mm. CONCLUSION: The RTPV is a rare venous drainage variation of pulmonary veins. It is important to be aware of this anatomic pattern for avoiding misinterpretation of pulmonary venographic findings, inadvertent ablation of pulmonary vein and perioperative bleeding during video assisted thorocoscopic lobectomy.     

Assessment of global and regional left ventricular function using 64-slice multislice computed tomography and 2D echocardiography: a comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance

OBJECTIVES: To compare the assessment of global and regional left ventricular (LV) function using 64-slice multislice computed tomography (MSCT), 2D echocardiography (2DE) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients (mean age, 56.5+/-9.7 years) referred for evaluation of coronary artery using 64-slice MSCT also underwent 2DE and CMR within 48h. The global left ventricular function which include left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVdV) and left ventricular end systolic volume (LVsV) were determine using the three modalities. Regional wall motion (RWM) was assessed visually in all three modalities. The CMR served as the gold standard for the comparison between 64-slice MSCT with CMR and 2DE with CMR. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman plots and kappa-statistics. RESULTS: The 64-slice MSCT agreed well with CMR for assessment of LVEF (r=0.92; p<0.0001), LVdV (r=0.98; p<0.0001) and LVsV (r=0.98; p<0.0001). In comparison with 64-slice MSCT, 2DE showed moderate correlation with CMR for the assessment of LVEF (r=0.84; p<0.0001), LVdV (r=0.83; p<0.0001) and LVsV (r=0.80; p<0.0001). However in RWM analysis, 2DE showed better accuracy than 64-slice MSCT (94.3% versus 82.4%) and closer agreement (kappa=0.89 versus 0.63) with CMR. CONCLUSION: 64-Slice MSCT correlates strongly with CMR in global LV function however in regional LV function 2DE showed better agreement with CMR than 64-slice MSCT.     

Detection of pulmonary nodules by multislice computed tomography: improved detection rate with reduced slice thickness

The purpose of this study was to find out if the use of 1.25-mm collimated thin-slice technique helps to detect more small pulmonary lung nodules than the use of 5 mm. A total of 100 patient examinations that allowed a reconstruction of 1.25-mm slice thickness in addition to the standard of 5-mm slices were included in a prospective study. Acquisition technique included four rows of 1-mm slices. Two sets of contiguous images were reconstructed and compared with 1.25- and 5-mm slice thickness, respectively. Two radiologists performed a film-based analysis of the images. The size and the confidence of the seen nodules were reported. We did not perform a histological verification, according to the normal clinical procedure, although it would be optimal regarding research. Statistical analysis was performed by using longitudinal analysis described by Brunner and Langer [10]. In addition, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were calculated for each reader using the 1.25-mm sections as the gold standard. As an index for concordance the kappa value was used. A value of p<0.05 was regarded as significant. In 37 patients pulmonary nodules were detected. Twenty-four patients showed more than one nodule; among these, 7 patients had disseminated disease and were excluded from the study. Pulmonary nodules larger than 10 mm in size were equally well depicted with both modalities, whereas lesions smaller than 5 mm in size were significantly better depicted with 1.25 mm (p<0.05). Using 1.25 mm as the gold standard, sensitivity for 5-mm reconstruction interval was 88 and 86% for observers A and B, respectively. No false-positive results were reported for 5-mm sections. Interobserver agreement for nodule detection determined for 1.25-mm reconstruction intervals showed a k value of 0.753, indicating a good agreement, and 0.562 for 5-mm reconstruction intervals, indicating a moderate agreement. Brunner and Langer [10] analysis showed significant differences for slice thickness and no significant difference between the observers. Reduced slice thickness demonstrated an improvement of small nodule detection, confidence levels, and interobserver agreement. Application of thin-slice multidetector-row CT may raise the sensitivity for lung nodule detection, although the higher detection rate of smaller nodules has to be evaluated from a clinical perspective and remains problematic about how the detection of small nodules will effect patient outcome.