64层螺旋CT左心房和肺静脉成像在心房颤动射频消融术中的价值及应用

目的 应用64层螺旋CT(MSCT)对左心房和肺静脉进行形态学分析,用以指导心房颤动(简称房颤)环肺静脉线性消融术,并评估预后.方法 对232例患者(房颤组146例,对照组86例)行64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像,比较房颤组及对照组肺静脉解剖学变异的发生率,测量各支肺静脉开口的径线及形态,观察左心房的大小及左心房耳部的形态.结果 64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像可以提供详细的左心房与肺静脉连接方式及肺静脉解剖学变异,肺静脉解剖变异占总样本数的16.8%(39/232).各组肺静脉开口均呈上下径大于前后径的椭圆形.房颤组及对照组中左心房的内径差异存在统计学意义[房颤组:(39.47±8.98)mm;对照组:(36.94±5.49)mm;P=0.02],而2组患者肺静脉开口的径线差异无统计学意义[房颤组肺静脉上下径:左上(18.15±1.35)mm,左下(16.96±1.18)mm,右上(17.50±1.12)mm,右下(17.65±0.94)mm;对照组肺静脉上下径:左上(18.07±0.94)mm,左下(17.50±0.57)mm,右上(18.03±1.02)mm,右下(17.94±0.76)mm,P值均＞0.05;房颤组肺静脉前后径:左上(12.26±1.89)mm,左下(11.96±0.61)mm,右上(12.32±1.08)mm,右下(12.39±0.95)mm;对照组肺静脉前后径:左上(12.74±1.03)mm,左下(12.23 ±0.75)mm,右上(12.64±0.87)mm,右下(12.72±0.67)mm,P值均＞0.05].结论 64层MSCT左心房和肺静脉成像不仅可以了解环肺静脉线性消融术前肺静脉及左心房解剖变异的情况,而且可以进一步评价心房功能和风险,对介入治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

64排螺旋CT肺静脉-左心房连接解剖学分析

目的 探讨肺静脉-左心房连接的影像解剖学特征.方法 对86例患者(房颤组42例,对照组44例)行64层螺旋CT左心房肺静脉成像,显示肺静脉-左心房连接关系,对肺静脉近心端形态、径线,肺静脉前庭区大小、形态进行房颤组与对照组分析.结果 房颤组与对照组总的肺静脉解剖学变异为24例,占28%,发生率在房颤组与对照组之间没有统计学差异(P>0.05);房颤组各肺静脉左房入口的上下径与前后径均大于对照组,两者间差异显著(P<0.05);房颤组左房前后径及前庭区周长均大于对照组,两者间差异显著(P<0.05).结论 64层螺旋CT左心房肺静脉成像可以对左心房及肺静脉提供详细的解剖形态学信息,所得出的各项形态学分析结果对房颤的介入治疗具有重要的指导意义.     

心房颤动患者射频消融治疗前后肺静脉间嵴部宽度的变化

目的观察心房颤动(房颤)环肺静脉电隔离(CPVA)术前后肺静脉间嵴部宽度的变化。方法房颤患者共24例,CPVA术前及术后3～6个月用64排螺旋CT测量其肺静脉间嵴部宽度。结果与CPVA术前相比,术后房颤患者左侧肺静脉间嵴部宽度及左肺静脉与左心耳间嵴部宽度无明显变化(P=0.059～0.380),右侧肺静脉间嵴部宽度及左心房容积明显缩小(P=0.000～0.014)。结论房颤患者CPVA术后右侧肺静脉间嵴部宽度及左房容积逆重构,而左侧肺静脉间嵴部宽度及左肺静脉与左心耳间嵴部宽度未见明显逆重构。     

64层螺旋CT评价肺静脉与左心房的形态结构

目的评价应用64层螺旋CT观察肺静脉和左心房形态结构的可行性。方法选择房颤患者46例,对照组42例,所有患者均行64层螺旋CT检查,图像后处理运用3D成像及内镜等技术对肺静脉、左心房等解剖结构进行构建。结果①64层螺旋CT可构建肺静脉形态,并测得肺静脉数量、开口大小以及各个肺静脉走行方向,其中房颤组肺静脉开口大小较对照组无明显差异。②64层螺旋CT构建左心耳形态,左心耳与左上肺静脉之间的界嵴及界嵴与左侧上下肺静脉之间连接部位的关系分别存在2种形态变异。③64层螺旋CT构建左房顶部形态分为突起型(9.0%)、凹陷型(32.9%)、平坦型(58.1%)3种,有12.5%存在局部凹陷。结论应用多层螺旋CT可以清晰地构建肺静脉和左心房的形态结构,有助于提高导管射频消融治疗房颤的成功率,减少并发症。     

DSCT肺静脉成像在房颤射频消融术前的临床应用价值

目的 :综合应用双源Flash CT多种后处理方式,显示肺静脉解剖结构及其变异类型,描述并测量肺静脉口的解剖形态,为临床提供准确的肺静脉解剖学信息,指导房颤导管消融手术定位。方法:将临床诊断为房颤的100例患者作为研究对象(阵发性房颤组83例、持续性房颤组17例),通过DSCT肺静脉成像对左房及肺静脉行三维重建及图像分析,评价肺静脉解剖及其变异情况、肺静脉各支口径大小。结果:肺静脉开口数目有2~6个不等,肺静脉总变异率为39%(39/100),肺静脉变异的发生率左、右肺静脉差异无统计学意义。肺静脉各开口最大径及最小径分别为:左上肺静脉,最大径(20.37±2.91)mm、最小径(15.71±1.19)mm;左下肺静脉,最大径(16.25±1.57)mm、最小径(11.45±1.62)mm;右上肺静脉,最大径(22.15±2.19)mm、最小径(18.87±2.04)mm;右下肺静脉,最大径(18.81±2.12)mm、最小径(15.25±1.25)mm。同侧上肺静脉开口直径均值均大于下肺静脉(P0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论 :通过DSCT肺静脉成像可对肺静脉各支的口径及数目进行准确评价,能够作为房颤射频消融肺静脉电隔离术前的常规影像学检查手段。     

64层螺旋CT三维重组对左心房及肺静脉的形态学评价

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT心电门控血管成像及三维重组后处理技术对左心房及肺静脉结构的形态学评价价值。方法:回顾性分析50例行心电门控血管造影患者的左心房及肺静脉结构,按年龄和性别分组,利用仿真血管内镜(VIE)、容积再现(VR)、多平面重组(MPR)等多种三维重组技术进行后处理,了解肺静脉及左心房的形态学结构,评价其临床应用价值。结果:①VR技术可良好构建肺静脉形态,50例患者中,42例患者双侧肺静脉均为2支(84%),8例存在变异(16%);双上肺静脉明显较双下肺静脉粗(P<0.05),男性左上肺静脉、右上下肺静脉均较女性粗(P<0.05),左下肺静脉男女间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);中年组和老年组肺静脉口径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);双上肺静脉开口角度明显较双下肺静脉大(P<0.05)。②VIE技术可良好显示左侧肺静脉开口、右侧肺静脉开口、左心耳开口与左上肺静脉开口的关系以及左心耳与左上肺静脉之间界嵴的四种形态。③50例患者中,29例左心房顶部形态为平坦型(58%),19例为突起型(38%),2例为凹陷型(4%);测得50例患者左心房平均容积为(84.5±26.1)cm3。老年组左心房平均容积较中年组大(P<0.05),男性左心房平均容积较女性大(P<0.05)。④冠状窦汇入右房处与矢状面之间的角度范围为0度～130.9度,平均为(68.4±32.3)度。结论:64层螺旋CT三维重组技术能够直接对肺静脉及左心房进行形态学观察,明确肺静脉开口及左心房的形态变异,为临床指导导管射频消融治疗房颤等提供解剖信息,提高成功率,减少并发症。     

肺静脉变异的MSCT研究

目的:探讨MSCT对肺静脉与左心房连接方式各种变异的显示,为临床提供解剖学信息。方法:收集例行冠状动脉CTA检查且排除影响肺静脉疾病者共712例,其中男449例,女263例;年龄34～82岁,平均59.63岁。以原始横断面CT图像为基础,采用VR、MIP及MPR等后处理方法,观察并统计肺静脉开口数目、副肺静脉及肺静脉共同开口情况,进行分型,并对肺静脉共干、副肺静脉在性别及肺静脉变异左右侧别有无差异进行统计学分析。结果:肺静脉可分为4种类型,标准型最常见,共532例(74.7%);副肺静脉型85例(11.9%),其中左副肺静脉6例,右副肺静脉72例,最上肺静脉7例;肺静脉共同开口型86例(12.1%),其中左侧肺静脉共干76例,右侧肺静脉共干6例,双侧肺静脉共干4例;混合型9例(1.3%)。肺静脉的变异率为25.3%。副肺静脉发生率男性为14.3%,女性11.4%,肺静脉共干发生率男性14.0%,女性12.2%,以上性别差异无统计学意义。肺静脉变异率左侧13.3%(95/712),右侧12.8%(91/712),差异无统计学意义。结论:肺静脉的解剖变异较大,对肺静脉进行合理的分型,有助于肺静脉与左心房关系的解剖学评估,可为临床手术及房颤射频消融治疗提供有价值的肺静脉解剖路线图。     

CT三维重建心房颤动患者肺静脉前庭解剖形态学研究

目的应用CT三维重建方法描述并测量心房颤动患者肺静脉前庭的解剖形态。方法30例在三维标测技术下行肺静脉前庭线性消融术治疗心房颤动的患者,术前应用CT进行心脏扫描,三维重建后描述肺静脉解剖形态学特点并测量相关数据。结果左上肺静脉最大径(24.30±4.54)mm、最小径(17.76±4.24)mm;左下肺静脉最大径(19.10±4.45)mm、最小径(12.27±3.52)mm;右上肺静脉最大径(22.99±5.04)mm、最小径(16.19±4.87)mm;右下肺静脉最大径(18.63±4.60)mm、最小径(14.46±3.48)mm。左肺静脉间嵴:前缘(14.78±3.86)mm、中部(7.20±1.42)mm、后缘(14.94±3.82)mm;右肺静脉间嵴:前缘(15.86±5.14)mm、中部(7.91±3.35)mm、后缘(18.73±5.55)mm。左心耳与左肺静脉间嵴上缘、中部、下缘分别为(19.12±4.98)mm、(7.74±3.30)mm、(17.92±5.14)mm。结论CT三维重建图像能够真实反映肺静脉前庭的解剖结构,可作为术前了解肺静脉前庭的方法之一;肺静脉前庭结构个体差异大,术前须充分认识。     

副肺静脉的多层螺旋CT研究

目的 采用多层螺旋CT研究副肺静脉的出现率与解剖特点.资料与方法 回顾分析120例非房颤患者冠状动脉CTA资料,综合三维容积重组(VR)、多平面重组(MPR)及原始横断面图像,观察有无副肺静脉、副肺静脉出现部位、副肺静脉引流肺叶;计算副肺静脉出现率是否存在性别差异.采用血管分析软件测量副肺静脉口部短径、长径、面积及指数(短径/长径).结果 120例中有19例出现23条副肺静脉,出现率为15.8%;男性出现率为17.4%,女性为13.7%,经x2检验,x2=3.7253,P＞0.05,两者差异无统计学意义.18条出现在右肺上、下静脉之间,其中10条引流右肺中叶外侧段,6条引流右肺中叶内侧段,1条引流右肺下叶背段,1条引流右肺下叶后基底段;2条出现在左肺上、下静脉之间,均引流左肺上叶下舌段;3条出现在左心房上壁双上肺静脉之间,均引流右肺上叶后段.副肺静脉在右侧出现的概率较大.副肺静脉口部长径为(10.13±4.05)mm,短径为(7.14±2.s4)mm,面积为(68.64±55.24)mm2,口部指数为0.71±0.12.结论 多层螺旋CT能显示副肺静脉解剖细节与特点,对研究副肺静脉有一定价值.     

16层螺旋CT在心房颤动射频消融术前的应用测量

目的研究心房颤动导管射频消融肺静脉电隔离术前左心房、肺静脉和食管16层螺旋CT成像技术及临床意义。资料与方法40例心房颤动患者在术前1-3天行多层螺旋CT（MSCT）检查,采用容积再现（VR）、多平面重组（MPR）及最大密度投影（MIP）等方法重组并测量各肺静脉口直径、左心房至肺静脉第一分支的距离、食管与左心房后壁接触的范围、食管壁厚度、左心房后壁厚度以及左心房与食管间的脂肪垫厚度。结果共显示肺静脉165支,右上肺静脉口前后径和上下径分别为（16.3±3.1）mm和（19.0±2.6）mm;右下肺静脉分别为（16.4±3.6）mm和（18.0±3.5）mm;左上肺静脉分别为（14.4±3.0）mm和（18.4±3.6）mm;左下肺静脉分别为（12.6±2.8）mm和（17.0±2.8）mm。食管与左心房后壁接触的平均长度为（56±12）mm,在双上、下肺静脉水平与左心房后壁接触的食管平均宽度分别为（10±5）mm和（14±5）mm。60%的食管位于左心房后壁中线偏左,大致与左上、下肺静脉口平行;40%的食管沿左上肺静脉向右下肺静脉斜行走行。左心房后壁和食管前壁的平均厚度分别为（2.2±0.8）mm和（3.5±1.6）mm。95%的左心房与食管间可见脂肪垫,其平均厚度为（0.8±0.2）mm。结论应用MSCT造影增强扫描可清楚显示各肺静脉口直径、分支特征、走行以及有无发育畸形,同时还能评价食管与左心房的关系,为心房颤动导管射频消融术的顺利实施提供重要解剖依据。     

MDCT in the diagnostic algorithm in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation(AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia and a major cause of morbidity.Arrhythmogenic foci originating within the pulmonary veins(PVs) are an important cause of both paroxysmal and persistent AF.A variety of endovascular and surgical techniques have been used to electrically isolate the PV from the left atrium.Pulmonary venography for localization of the PV ostium can be difficult to perform during the ablation procedure.While the anatomy of the PV is patientspecific,non-invasive imaging techniques may provide useful diagnostic information prior to the intended intervention.In this context,multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) visualization of the left atrial and PV anatomy prior to left atrial ablation and PV isolation is becoming increasingly important.MDCT imaging provides pre-procedural information on the left atrial anatomy,including atrial size and venous attachments,and it may identify potential post-procedural complications,such as pulmonary vein stenosis or cardiac perforations.Here,we review the relevant literature and present the current"state-of-the-art"of left atrial anatomy,PV ostia as well as the clinical aspects of refractory AF with MDCT imaging protocols and procedural aspects of PV ablation.     

Características anatómicas de la aurícula izquierda en sujetos sometidos a ablación por radiofrecuencia de fibrilación auricular

ObjectiveTo analyze the anatomic characteristics of the left atrium and pulmonary veins in individuals undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation and to identify possible anatomic factors related with recurrence.Material and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the CT angiography studies done to plan radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation in 95 patients (57 men; mean age, 65 ± 10 y). We reviewed the anatomy of the pulmonary veins and recorded the diameters of their ostia as well as the diameter and volume of the left atrium. We analyzed these parameters according to the type of arrhythmia and the response to treatment.ResultsIn 71 (74.7%) patients, the anatomy of the pulmonary veins was normal (i.e., two right pulmonary veins and two left pulmonary veins). Compared to patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, patients with persistent atrial fibrillation had slightly larger diameter of the left pulmonary veins (left superior pulmonary vein 17.9 ± 2.6 mm vs. 16.7 ± 2.2 mm, p = 0.04; left inferior pulmonary vein 15.3 ± 2 mm vs. 13.8 ± 2.2 mm, p = 0.009) and larger left atrial volume (91.9 ± 24.9 cm³ vs. 70.7 ± 20.3 mm³, p = 0.001). After 22.1 ± 12.1 months’ mean follow-up, 41 patients had sinus rhythm. Compared to patients in whom the sinus rhythm was restored, patients with recurrence had greater left atrial volume (81.4 ± 23.0 mm³ vs. 71.1 ± 23.2 mm³, p = 0.03). No significant differences in pulmonary vein diameters or clinical parameters were observed between patients with recurrence and those without.ConclusionThe volume of the left atrium is greater in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and in those who do not respond to ablation.     

EnSite3000指导下7字线射频消融治疗房颤临床分析

目的：评价EnSite3000指导下7字线射频消融治疗房颤的临床疗效和安全性。方法：68例房颤患者（阵发性房颤46例,持续性房颤22例）在EnSite三维标测系统和肺静脉造影联合指导下重建肺静脉和左心房模型,后采用7字线消融术式予以射频治疗,观察并记录围术期和出院后患者房颤治疗效果和并发症发生情况。结果：术后随访12月,59例消融成功,总消融成功率86．8％,术中出现急性心包填塞1例,术后血管迷走神经反射2例,穿刺点血肿1例,经有效抢救后均脱离危险。结论：EnSite三维标测系统引导下的房颤7字线射频消融术具有较高的成功率和安全性,应用前景广阔。     

The predictive value of cardiac morphology for long-term outcome of patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation

ObjectiveCatheter ablation (CA) is an established therapy for selected patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), but predictors of CA ablation outcome are still not fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to identify structural and morphological parameters from computed tomography (CT) as predictors of successful CA of AF in a single center prospective cohort.MethodsAn analysis of CT scans dedicated to LA evaluation was performed in 99 patients (63 ± 8 years old, 70% males, 59% paroxysmal AF) scheduled for CA of AF. Survival free of atrial fibrillation/flutter/tachycardia at 1- and 3-years was assessed.ResultsIn overall study population, both 1- and 3-year responders had smaller distance to the first division in left superior pulmonary vein (16.3 ± 5.42 mm vs. 19.1 ± 7.0 mm and 14.9 ± 3.6 mm vs. 18.7 ± 7.0 mm; p < 0.05). One-year responders had larger ostium area of left inferior pulmonary vein (median 236 mm² [IQR = 97] vs. 222 mm² [IQR = 71]; p = 0.03) and less acute angle between the interatrial septum and the right superior pulmonary vein (102 ± 20° vs. 95 ± 10°; p = 0.03). Three-years' responders had smaller ostium area of the right superior pulmonary vein (248 ± 94 mm² vs. 364 ± 282 mm²; p = 0.02). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified different predictors in paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal AF. For patients with paroxysmal AF, the predictors were angle to right superior pulmonary vein and left superior/inferior pulmonary veins carina thickness with hazard ratios of 0.965 (95%CI 0.939 to 0.992, p = 0.010) and 0.747 (95%CI 0.591 to 0.944, p = 0.015). In patients with persistent AF, the predictors were gender and NYHA stage with hazard ratios of 4.9 (95%CI 1.758 to 13.579, p = 0.002) and 0.365 (95%CI 0.148 to 0.899, p = 0.028) respectively.ConclusionsThe anatomy of LA, especially morphology of pulmonary veins, seems to be one of the predictors of clinical outcome after CA for paroxysmal AF. In non-paroxysmal AF LA anatomy is less relevant in prediction of clinical outcome.     

双源CT对先天性心脏病肺静脉异常连接的诊断价值

目的：探讨双源CT（DSCT）在先天性心脏病肺静脉异常连接（APVC）中的诊断价值。方法：35例患者中男25例,女12例。22例经手术证实,对DSCT诊断APVC类型进行分析。结果：双源CT诊断APVC的符合率为100%（22/22）,对伴发畸形的诊断符合率为90.9%（20/22）。DSCT诊断完全型APVC 20例57.1%（20/35）,最常见异常连接血管为上腔静脉48.9%（23/47）、垂直静脉42.6%（20/47）,多数存在伴发畸形95%（19/20）,房间隔缺损最常见52.6%（10/19）。DSCT诊断部分型APVC 42.9%（15/35）,最常见异常连接为右肺静脉连接至右心房占51.6%（16/31）,多数存在伴发畸形86.7%（13/15）,房间隔缺损最常见46.2%（6/13）。结论：DSCT可以满足APVC的诊断。     

Normative analysis of pulmonary vein drainage patterns on multidetector CT with measurements of pulmonary vein ostial diameter and distance to first bifurcation

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To document the frequency of normal and anomalous drainage patterns of the pulmonary veins, and to establish normal values for pulmonary vein ostial diameters, and distance to first bifurcation using multidetector computed tomography, as pertinent to ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two cardiothoracic radiologists retrospectively reviewed thin-section contrast material-enhanced multidetector computed tomography examinations of the thorax in 200 consecutive patients (38 females and 162 males), age 24-79 years (mean 52.8) referred for imaging before radiofrequency ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary vein anatomy was based on both the number of venous ostia and the drainage patterns of pulmonary veins. Pulmonary vein ostial diameters and distance to first bifurcation of the four major pulmonary veins (right inferior and superior, left inferior and superior) and any additional pulmonary veins were measured at a workstation using both axial images and multiplanar reconstructions by two experienced cardiothoracic radiologists; the mean pulmonary vein diameter and the shortest distance to first bifurcation of the two measurements are reported. RESULTS: The majority of patients, 82% (164 patients) had four pulmonary veins, with a superior and inferior ostium on the right and a superior and inferior ostium on the left. Of the remainder, 9% (18 patients) had five veins, 4.5% (9 patients) had three veins, 3% (6 patients) had two anomalies each, and 0.5% (1 patient) had three anomalies. The middle lobe pulmonary vein drained into the right superior pulmonary vein in 83.5% of patients, directly into the left atrium in 11% of patients, and into the right inferior pulmonary vein in 5.5% of patients; 6.5% of patients had a single left pulmonary vein ostium. Mean pulmonary vein diameters with 95% confidence intervals at the ostia were as follows: right superior 17.6 (13.64-15.36) mm; left superior 16.6 (16.03-17.08) mm; right inferior 17.1 (16.58-17.55) mm; left inferior 14.8 (14.25-15.27) mm, and independent middle lobe 8.6 (8.27-8.86) mm. Mean distance to first bifurcation with 95% confidence intervals were: right superior 14.5 (17.02-18.23) mm; left superior 17.6 (16.63-18.53) mm; right inferior 7.0 (6.49-7.46) mm; left inferior 13.5 (12.83-14.16) mm, and independent middle lobe 8.4 (7.7-9.17) mm. CONCLUSION: Thin-section thoracic computed tomography demonstrates a greater variability of pulmonary venous drainage than previously described. There is greater variability of the right lung venous drainage compared to the left lung. Eighty-two percent of people have four standard pulmonary veins. There is significant variability in pulmonary vein diameter and distance to first bifurcation.