环胞霉素A抑制神经肽Y诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大效应

目的:观察Ca²⁺/CaM依赖的钙调神经磷酸酶(CaN)抑制剂环胞素A(CsA)对神经肽Y诱导心肌细胞肥大效应的影响。方法:用神经肽Y(NPY)刺激Wistar乳鼠心肌细胞,并用环胞素A加以干预。应用氚-亮氨酸([³H]-Leu)掺入法测定心肌细胞蛋白质合成速率、RT-PCR法测心肌细胞c-junmRNA表达。结果:(1)心肌细胞氚-亮氨酸([³H]-Leu)掺入量测定:与对照组相比,NPY10nmol/L组氚-亮氨酸([³H]-Leu)掺入量有所增高,但与对照组比无显著差别,而NPY100nmol/L组心肌细胞氚[³H]-Leu掺入量较对照组明显增高(P＜0.05)。CsA组和对照组相比无显著差别。(2)心肌细胞内c-junmRNA表达:NPY组心肌细胞c-junmRNA的RT-PCR产物量明显高于对照组和CsA组(P＜0.01),对照组和CsA组间无显著差别。结论:NPY刺激心肌细胞蛋白质合成增加、心肌细胞原癌基因(肥大早期反应基因)c-junmRNA表达,提示NPY可诱导心肌细胞肥大;CaN抑制剂CsA可阻断NPY上述效应,说明Ca²⁺/CaM依赖的CaN信号途径在其中起重要作用。     

3种钙激动剂促培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖

目的：探讨不同来源的细胞内钙离子（[Ca²⁺]i）对血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs）丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）介导的增殖反应的作用。方法：以培养的大鼠VSMCs为靶细胞,用血管紧张素II（Ang Ⅱ）剌激VSMCs跨膜Ca²⁺内流、三磷酸肌醇（IP₃）和雷尼丁（RY）剌激胞内Ca²⁺释放,[γ-³² P]-ATP掺入法和免疫印迹（Western blot）测MAPK活性及蛋白含量,氚-亮氨酸（[³H]-Leu）、氚-胸腺嘧啶（[³H]-TdR）掺入量作为VSMCs增殖的指标。结果：Ang Ⅱ、IP₃和RY均能显著增加VSMCs的[Ca²⁺]i浓度、MAPK活性及蛋白含量,并提高[³H]-Leu、[³H]-TdR掺入量,与对照组VSMCs相比差异显著（P<0.01）。结论：钙激动剂诱导的MAPK活性及含量的增加参与了VSMCs的增殖,VSMCs的肥大增殖与[Ca²⁺]i浓度增加有关,而与[Ca²⁺]i的来源无关。     

肾上腺素在心肌细胞肥大中的作用

目的：探讨肾上腺素在心肌细胞肥大中的作用。方法：在培养新生大鼠心肌细胞上,通过测量心肌细胞[³H]-Leu的掺入量来判断心肌细胞肥大。结果：肾上腺素能明显增加心肌细胞[³H]-Leu的掺入量,酚妥拉明、心得安、百日咳毒素（PTX）和蛋白激酶C（PKC）抑制剂（calphostin C）均可抑制肾上腺素诱导的心肌细胞[³H]-Leu掺入量增加。结论：肾上腺素诱导的心肌细胞肥大反应与激动肾上腺能受体（α受体和β受体）有关,并通过G蛋白和PKC起作用。     

尾加压素Ⅱ促兔肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖及机理探讨

目的:探讨尾加压素Ⅱ(urotensin Ⅱ,U-Ⅱ)对兔肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)的作用及机理。方法:采用植块法培养家兔PASMCs,以MTT测定和[³H]-胸腺嘧啶核苷([³H]-TdR)掺入法观察U-Ⅱ对PASMCs增殖的影响,加入不同浓度的几种细胞内信号转导阻断剂,观察对U-Ⅱ效应的影响。 结果:U-Ⅱ(10^-9 mol/L-10^-7 mol/L)浓度依赖地促进PASMCs的A值增加及 -TdR掺入,以10^-7 mol/L U-Ⅱ的作用最明显,A值和[³H]-TdR掺入量分别较对照组高42.9%和68.5%(P＜0.05) 。10^-10 mol/L U-Ⅱ对PASMCs增殖无作用。尼卡地平、W₇、H₇、PD₉₈₀₅₉在一定浓度范围内(10^-7 mol/L-10^-5 mol/L)均可以浓度依赖地抑制U-Ⅱ诱导的PASMCs的A值增加及[³H]-TdR掺入增加。在浓度为10^-5 mol/L时,其抑制作用最明显,A值的抑制率分别为42.3%、19.6%、23.2%和10.5%(P＜0.05), -TdR掺入量的抑制率分别为46.6%、9.8%、21.7%和14.7%(P＜0.05 )。 结论: U-Ⅱ具有较强的促PASMCs增殖的作用,其诱导PASMCs增殖是通过Ca²⁺、CaM、PKC、MAPK来介导的。     

白细胞介素-2对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞[Ca2+]i的作用

目的:观察白细胞介素-2(IL-2)对心肌细胞在缺氧/复氧过程中电刺激诱导的[Ca²⁺]i的作用。方法:采用酶解分离成年大鼠心室肌细胞化学缺氧模型, 以Fura-2/AM为钙探针, 用细胞内双波长钙荧光系统检测心肌[Ca²⁺]i的变化。结果:①缺氧/复氧过程中, 缺氧5min时, 心肌[Ca²⁺]i幅度降低、舒张末期[Ca²⁺]i升高, [Ca²⁺]i达峰时间(TTP)延长, 恢复时间(RT)延长。复氧10min后, 心肌[Ca²⁺]i幅度、舒张末期[Ca²⁺]i、TTP及RT逐渐回复, 但不能完全恢复到对照水平;②在缺氧期间加入IL-2(2×10⁵U/L), 复氧期间[Ca²⁺]i各参数回复减慢;③用κ-阿片受体拮抗剂nor-BNI(10^-8mol/L)预处理后, 缺氧+IL-2对复氧时[Ca²⁺]i作用的影响被减弱, 而δ-阿片受体拮抗剂纳曲吲哚(10^-6mol/L)预处理则无此作用。结论:缺氧时同时存在IL-2, 可加剧复氧时心肌[Ca²⁺]i的变化, 其机制可能是IL-2通过心肌κ-阿片受体而发挥作用。     

大鼠心肌细胞胞浆和核Ca2+震荡现象及其机制探讨

目的:在培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞上,观察多种刺激因素对细胞胞浆Ca²⁺([Ca²⁺]c)和核Ca²⁺([Ca²⁺]n)的影响,探讨其时间和空间关系及其机制。方法:以Fluo-4/AM荧光指示剂负载培养的心肌细胞,应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜检测胞浆和核Ca²⁺震荡的变化。结果:正常心肌细胞内核Ca²⁺的荧光强度高于核周与细胞浆,三者均存在小幅度的钙震荡,分别加入去甲肾上腺素(10^-5mol/L)、异丙肾上腺素(10^-4mol/L)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP3×10^-3mol/L),均使心肌细胞钙震荡幅度明显升高(P＜0.01),L-型Ca²⁺通道阻滞剂维拉帕米(verapamil5×10^-4mol/L)、Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂thapsigargin(10^-6mol/L)和KCl(20mmol/L)使钙的周期性震荡消失。用thapsigargin10^-6mol/L预先阻断心肌细胞钙库的Ca²⁺摄取,去甲肾上腺素(10^-5mol/L)则不能引起钙震荡和荧光强度增加。结论:心肌细胞胞浆和核Ca²⁺均能产生钙震荡,而钙震荡的维持则依赖于细胞外Ca²⁺的内流、胞内钙库的Ca²⁺摄取和释放以及正常膜电位的维持。核与胞浆Ca²⁺变化不一致,提示细胞核上可能存在相对独立的Ca²⁺调节系统。     

挤压伤大鼠血清对心肌细胞蛋白质合成的影响

目的：观察挤压伤大鼠血清对培养的心肌细胞蛋白质合成的作用。方法：培养1-3 d龄SD乳鼠心肌细胞，观察挤压伤大鼠血清和正常大鼠血清对心肌细胞表面积、蛋白质含量、[³H]-Leu掺入的影响。结果：挤压伤大鼠血清组心肌细胞表面积、蛋白质含量、[³H]-Leu掺入明显大于正常大鼠血清组，且效应呈浓度依赖性。结论：肢体挤压伤大鼠血清可使培养的心肌细胞蛋白质合成增加，引起细胞肥大.     

ERKs及细胞内游离钙在内皮素-1诱导心肌细胞肥大反应中的作用

目的:研究细胞外信号调节激酶(ERKs)及细胞内游离钙(i)在内皮素-1(ET-1)介导心肌细胞肥大反应中的作用及机制。方法:利用培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞,①以蛋白合成速率、蛋白含量及细胞表面积为心肌肥大反应的指标;②用滤纸法测定ERKs活性;③用Fura-2/AM作为钙荧光指示剂测定心肌[Ca²⁺]i浓度。结果:①ET-1浓度依赖性增加新生大鼠心肌细胞蛋白质含量和心肌细胞表面积、ERKs活性及[Ca²⁺]i浓度,以上作用可被ET_A受体拮抗剂BQ123所完全抑制,被百日咳毒素(PTX)部分抑制,而ET_B受体拮抗剂BQ788则无效;②ERKs激酶特异性抑制剂PD98059可完全抑制ET-1激活ERKs的作用,钙通道拮抗剂硝苯地平可明显抑制ET-1介导的[Ca²⁺]i浓度增加,但二者皆仅部分抑制ET-1介导的心肌细胞肥大反应;③蛋白激酶C(PKC)选择性抑制剂staurosporine并不能明显抑制ET-1介导的ERKs激活,但可抑制ET-1介导的的[Ca²⁺]i浓度增加及心肌细胞肥大反应。结论:ET-1主要通过ET_A受体并经PTX敏感的G-蛋白介导心肌细胞肥大反应,该作用至少涉及两条途径:①通过PKC介导的心肌[Ca²⁺]i浓度增加;②不通过PKC介导的ERKs激活。     

细胞间旁分泌在牵张刺激心肌细胞肥大中的作用

目的:探讨细胞间旁分泌在牵张刺激心肌细胞肥大中的作用。方法:用牵张刺激培养成纤维细胞、微血管内皮细胞的条件培养基,刺激心肌细胞,观察[³H]-Leu掺入的变化。结果:牵张培养成纤维细胞、微血管内皮细胞的条件培养基均可显著刺激心肌细胞[³H]-Leu掺入。条件培养基中血管紧张素II、内皮素含量显著升高。用特异的血管紧张素II、内皮素受体拮抗剂可明显抑制心肌细胞[³H]-Leu掺入率,联合应用时抑制率可达80%以上。结论:牵张刺激可通过诱导心肌间质细胞内分泌活化启动心肌肥大反应。     

钙通道阻滞剂对缺氧/复氧心肌细胞的保护作用

目的:观察钙通道阻滞剂对缺氧/复氧(A/R)心肌细胞的保护作用。方法:原代培养大鼠心肌细胞分为A/R、A/R+硝苯地平(Nif)、A/R+钌红(Ru)+肝素(Hep)和对照4组。检测各组心肌细胞内钙浓度(i)、细胞活力、ATP含量及孵育液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量、[³H]-亮氨酸([3H]³H-Leu)掺入量、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性。结果:A/R+Nif和A/R+Ru+Hep组心肌细胞i、孵育液中LDH均显著低于A/R组(P<0.01);细胞活力、ATP含量、PKC和MAPK活性、³H-Leu掺入量显著高于A/R组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:阻断心肌细胞外Ca²⁺内流及内贮Ca²⁺的释放,可通过减轻A/R介导的细胞Ca²⁺超载而对心肌细胞起保护作用。     

钙调神经磷酸酶在血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激的大鼠心肌细胞肥大中的作用及其活性调节

目的:观察钙调神经磷酸酶(CaN)在血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)刺激的大鼠心肌细胞肥大中的作用及其活性调节。方法:建立AngⅡ诱导的大鼠心肌细胞肥大模型,观察CaN抑制剂对AngⅡ刺激的心肌细胞 [³H]-亮氨酸掺入的影响,以及各种因素对心肌细胞CaN酶活性的影响。结果:10、 100、 1000 nmol·L^-1的AngⅡ作用12 h分别使心肌细胞的CaN活性增加了13%、 57%(P＜0.05)、 228%(P＜0.01)。AngⅡ(10 nmol·L^-1)刺激心肌细胞2 h内,CaN活性与对照组无明显差异(P＜0.05);AngⅡ刺激心肌细胞12 h以上,CaN活性才明显增高(P＜0.05)。Losartan(50 μmol·L^-1)、H₇(50 μmol·L^-1)及Fura-2/AM(4 μmol·L^-1)可明显抑制AngⅡ刺激的心肌细胞CaN活性;而PD98059(50 μmol·L^-1)对AngⅡ刺激的心肌细胞CaN活性无明显影响。AngⅡ(10^-7mol/L)刺激的大鼠心肌细胞 [³H]-亮氨酸掺入明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),而CaN特异性抑制剂-环孢素A(0.5~5 μg/mL)可以明显抑制AngⅡ刺激的心肌细胞 [³H]-亮氨酸掺入。结论:依赖Ca²⁺/CaM活化的CaN可能在AngⅡ刺激的心肌细胞肥大中起重要作用;CaN的活化可能有赖于胞内Ca²⁺水平的持续升高,另外,CaN的活性还可能受到蛋白激酶C等信号分子的磷酸化调节。     

Proteinase-activated receptor agonists stimulate the increase in intracellular Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript> in cardiomyocytes and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts from chick embryos

We studied activation of cultured cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts from chick embryos induced by agonists of PAR1 (thrombin and PAR1 peptide agonist) and PAR2 (trypsin, factor Xa, and peptide SLIGRL) by analyzing changes in intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) and cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Exposure of cardiomyocytes with thrombin induced immediate permanent dose-dependent increase in [Ca²⁺]_i. Ca²⁺ response decreased in a calcium-free medium. Peptide agonists of PAR1 and PAR2 also stimulated the increase in [Ca²⁺]_i in cardiomyocytes. Thrombin induced a short-term increase in [Ca²⁺]_i in cardiac fibroblasts and potentiated cell proliferation. PAR2 agonists trypsin and peptide SLIGRL stimulated proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. Our results indicate that cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts from chick embryos have at least two types of PAR (types 1 and 2). __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 144, No. 12, pp. 609–612, December, 2007     

Modulation of Ca2+ release through ryanodine receptors in vascular smooth muscle by protein kinase Cα

The role of protein kinase C (PKC) in Ca²⁺ release through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is not well understood. Caffeine was used to activate RyRs and the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) was measured in both freshly isolated and cultured mouse aortic SMCs (ASMCs). Pre-activation of PKC with 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DOG) prevented caffeine-induced [Ca²⁺]_i transients. Application of the PKC inhibitor calphostin C caused [Ca²⁺]_i transients which were not blocked by nifedipine or by removing extracellular Ca²⁺ but were abolished after inhibition of the SR Ca²⁺–ATPase with thapsigargin or after inhibition of RyRs with ryanodine. In addition, chelerythrine and GF109203X also elevated resting [Ca²⁺]_i but no further [Ca²⁺]_i increase was seen with subsequent application of caffeine. Selective inhibition of PKCα with safingol blocked caffeine-induced [Ca²⁺]_i transients, but the PKCε inhibitory peptide V1-2 did not. In cells expressing a EGFP-tagged PKCα, caffeine-induced [Ca²⁺]_i transients were associated with a rapid focal translocation near the cell periphery, while application of ionomycin and DOG caused translocation to the plasma membrane. Western blot showed that caffeine increased the relative amount of PKCα in the particulate fraction in a time-dependent manner. Co-immunoprecipitation of RyRs and PKCα indicated that they interact. In conclusion, our studies suggest that PKC activation can inhibit the gating activity of RyRs in the SR of ASMCs, and this regulation is most likely mediated by the Ca²⁺-dependent PKCα isoform.     

红景天苷促进培养乳鼠心肌细胞肌质网钙离子的释放

目的: 观察红景天苷对乳鼠心肌细胞胞浆Ca²⁺浓度的影响并分析其可能的作用机制。方法: 应用荧光指示剂Fluo-3/AM负载培养大鼠乳鼠的心肌细胞,用激光共聚焦显微镜动态观察胞内游离钙荧光信号强度的变化,检测不同浓度红景天苷对培养心肌细胞胞内游离钙离子浓度([Ca²⁺]_i)的影响。结果: 红景天苷浓度为15 mg/L、30 mg/L和60 mg/L时,细胞内的平均[Ca²⁺]_i升高,峰值分别为574.08±4.65、591.86±3.64和618.66±4.27(均P<0.01);有剂量依赖性而无时间依赖性。用维拉帕米阻断细胞膜外钙内流时,红景天苷同样引起细胞内[Ca²⁺]_i升高,峰值由357.74±3.13、387.17±2.37和391.43±1.34分别上升到480.86±3.98、496.70±3.08和522.18±3.19(均P<0.01)。结论: 红景天苷能升高乳鼠心肌细胞中[Ca²⁺]_i,其机制可能与其促进肌浆网钙离子释放有关。     

Relation of exocytotic release of γ-aminobutyric acid to Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels or by reversal of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in synaptosomes

The specific inhibitor of the -aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrier, NNC-711, {1-[(2-diphenylmethylene) amino]oxyethyl}-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride, blocks the Ca²⁺-independent release of [³H]GABA from rat brain synaptosomes induced by 50 mM K⁺ depolarization. Thus, in the presence of this inhibitor, it was possible to study the Ca²⁺-dependent release of [³H]GABA in the total absence of carrier-mediated release. Reversal of the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger was used to increase the intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) to test whether an increase in [Ca²⁺]_i alone is sufficient to induce exocytosis in the absence of depolarization. We found that the [Ca²⁺]_i may rise to values above 400 nM, as a result of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange, without inducing release of [³H]GABA, but subsequent K⁺ depolarization immediately induced [³H]GABA release. Thus, a rise of only a few nanomolar Ca²⁺ in the cytoplasm induced by 50 mM K⁺ depolarization, after loading the synaptosomes with Ca²⁺ by Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange, induced exocytotic [³H]GABA release, whereas the rise in cytoplasmic [Ca²⁺] caused by reversal of the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger was insufficient to induce exocytosis, although the value for [Ca²⁺]_i attained was higher than that required for exocytosis induced by K⁺ depolarization. The voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ entry due to K⁺ depolarization, after maximal Ca²⁺ loading of the synaptosomes by Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange, and the consequent [³H]GABA release could be blocked by 50 M verapamil. Although preloading the synaptosomes with Ca²⁺ by Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange did not cause [³H]GABA release under any conditions studied, the rise in cytoplasmic [Ca²⁺] due to Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange increased the sensitivity to external Ca²⁺ of the exocytotic release of [³H]GABA induced by subsequent K⁺ depolarization. Thus, our results show that the vesicular release of [³H]GABA is rather insensitive to bulk cytoplasmic [Ca²⁺] and are compatible with the view that GABA exocytosis is triggered very effectively by Ca²⁺ entry through Ca²⁺ channels near the active zones.     

尼氟灭酸对气道平滑肌细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的:探讨尼氟灭酸(NFA)对气道平滑肌细胞(ASMCs)增殖的影响及机制。方法:采用含胎牛血清的DMEM原代培养BALB／c小鼠ASMCs,[³H]-TdR掺入法检测不同剂量NFA(10和50 μmol／L)对ASMCs增殖活性的影响。激光共聚焦显微镜下观察NFA及硝苯地平对组胺致ASMCs中[Ca²⁺]i变化的影响。间接免疫荧光法观察NFA对ASMCs表达MAPK蛋白的影响。结果:10 μmol／L和50 mol／L NFA组细胞的活性明显低于对照组,并且高浓度50 μmol／L NFA组比低浓度10 mol／L NFA组更显著(P<0.01),表现出剂量依赖性。共聚焦显微镜下,对照组ASMCs胞浆和胞核呈现亮绿色荧光,胞膜周围较淡。加入激动剂组胺后,荧光亮度逐渐增强。相反,当同时存在NFA或硝苯地平干预时,镜下观察荧光强度变化不够明显。间接免疫荧光染色结果表明,培养24 h后,对照组中ASMCs细胞沿梭形胞浆出现大斑片状亮绿色荧光,而NFA干预组细胞表现为弱绿色荧光,胞浆内分布区域局限。结论:NFA能有效抑制培养ASMCs的增殖活性,这种作用可能是通过阻断钙激活性Cl^-通道对 [Ca²⁺]i的正反馈效应,以及降低MAPK的表达来实现的。     

5-Hydroxytryptamine,angiotensin and bradykinin transiently increase intracellular calcium concentrations and PKC-α activity,but do not induce mitogenesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells

The potent vasoconstrictor substances, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), angiotensin II (A II), and bradykinin bind to G-protein coupled receptors and activate phospholipase C-β. Using the Fura-2 technique and microfluorometry we found that all three agonists induce a transient increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) by releasing stored calcium in human renal artery smooth muscle cells. Using binding of [³H]-phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) to quantify membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC) we also showed that 5-HT, A II and bradykinin induced a rapid but transient translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) to the plasma membrane. The time-course of the rise in [Ca²⁺]_i was similar to that of the increase in [³H]-PDBu binding, suggesting transient activation of the calcium dependent α-isoform of PKC. Following prolonged pre-treatment with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (100 nmol L^?1), which down-regulates PKC-α and δ, the angiotensin-induced PKC translocation was lost. 5-HT, A II or bradykinin were unable to increase cell proliferation or act as a co-mitogens with platelet-derived growth factor in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, transient increases in [Ca²⁺]_i or PKC activity by a vasoconstrictor agent are insufficient to cause vascular smooth muscle proliferation.