特发性室性心动过速射频导管消融方法探讨

目的：探讨特发性室性心动过速（IVT）的消融方法。方法：对12例IVT患者进行射频消融治疗，源于右心室IVT采用消融导管起搏标测法，以起搏时与VT发作时的12导联心电图QRS波形态与振幅完全相同的起搏部位为消融靶点。并在周围做巩固消融，起源于左心室IVT以激动标测法或寻找P电位。结果：IVT消融成功率91．6％（11／12），1例ILVT在第3次复发射频消融后发生双束支阻滞而安装了VVI永久起搏器。结论：起源于左心室的IVT宜采用激动顺序标测法，起源于右心室的IVT宜采用起搏标测法。对有效靶点周围进行线状或环状消融，有利于提高手术成功率。     

经导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室性期前收缩

目的　评价经导管射频消融治疗单形性右室流出道室性期前收缩的有效性和安全性。方法　采用射频导管消融术对 4 2例症状严重的正常心脏单形性右室流出道室性期前收缩进行治疗 ,男 2 8例 ,女 14例 ,年龄 (42 .2±7.8)岁。将消融电极送至右室流出道区域 ,采用起搏标测和激动顺序标测 ,前者以起搏时与室性期前收缩QRS波形态完全相同为消融靶点 ,后者以室性期前收缩时最早心室激动点为消融靶点。 4 2例室性期前收缩全部起源于右室流出道 ,呈左束支阻滞图形 ,其中 36例起源于右室流出道间隔部 ,6例起源于右室流出道游离壁。以室性期前收缩在放电后 10秒内消失 ,并维持窦性心律 30～ 6 0min为即刻成功标准。结果　消融即刻成功率为 90 .5 % (38/ 4 2 ) ,其中右室流出道间隔部 94 .4 % (34/ 36 ) ,游离壁 6 6 .7% (4/ 6 )。 2 0例患者 2 4小时动态心电图记录消融前后室性期前收缩数分别为 (2 0 80 0± 10 4 0 )次 / 2 4h和 (110± 12 0 )次 / 2 4h(P <0 .0 0 1)。 1例患者消融术中出现室颤经电复律恢复窦性心律 ,其余无任何并发症。随访 4～ 16个月症状缓解率为 89.5 % (34/ 38) ,复发率为 5 .3% (2 / 38) ,均为右室流出道游离壁室性期前收缩。随访期间亦无并发症。结论　经导管射频消融可有效地治疗症状重、药     

特发性室性心动过速的射频消融治疗

目的评价室性心动过速经导管射频消融治疗的有效性和安全性。方法对12例正常心脏室速进行导管消融，采用起搏标测与激动顺序标测，前者以起搏时与室速QRS波型形态完全相同，后者以激动顺序标测法定位，以记录心动过速时较体表心电图QRS提前≥20ms的最早高频低振幅局部电位处为消融靶点，结果12例患者室速起源部位分别为：右心室2例，左心室10例，疗效100％。所有病人无任何并发症。结论对于发作频繁、症状明显的IVT，射频消融是一种安全、可靠、成功率高的根治方法。     

导管射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速的临床效果

目的评价射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速的临床效果。方法收集2003年8月～2005年8月在我院进行射频消融治疗的特发性室性心动过速（IVT）患者29例，缘于右心室IVT采用消融导管起搏标测法，以起搏时与VT发作时12导联QRS波形态与振幅完全相同的起搏部位为消融靶点，并在周围做巩固消融；起源于左心室IVT采用激动顺序标测法或寻找P电位。结果27例即刻成功，2例失败，成功率93．1％，随访1年3例复发，再次手术后成功。结论射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速疗效肯定，成功率高，复发率低。     

心中静脉内放电消融后间隔旁道1例分析

对心中静脉内放电消融后间隔旁道1例分析如下。 1病历要 女，65岁。阵发性心动过速史20a余。窦性心律时心电图显示A型预激，心动过速发作时心电图呈窄QRS波形，根据体表心电图初步定位旁道位于左后间隔。1个月前曾行射频消融治疗，手术时间长达5h未获成功。近1个月来发作心动过速10余次，遂再行射频消融治疗。本次射频消融术前心内电生理标测显示：旁道前传及逆传均在冠状静脉窦口内1cm处（CS7～8）最早。选用红色消融电极导管，分别在三尖瓣、二尖瓣环后间隔部位反复标测，试放电10余次无效。遂于冠状静脉窦内标测寻找消融靶点，当消融电极送至心中静脉内约1cm处时，     

P电位标测法导管射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速

目的 观察P电位标测法在导管射频消融治疗左心室特发性室性心动过速（ILVT）中的作用及意义。方法 对23例ILVT病人采用常规电生理检查诱发室性心动过速,应用2-8-2mm间距冠状静脉窦10极标测电极在左心室间隔面标测希氏束电位（HP）、左束支电位（LBP）、左后分支电位（LPP）和蒲氏纤维电位（PP）,寻找室性心动过速时最早的PP为消融靶点进行射频消融,观察射频消融术中一次放电成功率、总成功率、术后室性心动过速复发率以及手术时间和X线曝光时间。结果 23例中有21例能记录到各电位心内电图,折返路径记录成功率为91．3％（21／23）;一次放电消融成功率78．3％（18／23）,总成功率100％（23／23）。术后随访1～3年,只有1例再发室性心动过速,复发率为4．3％,远期成功率为95．7％（22／23）。射频消融手术时间（95±20）min,X线曝光时间（16±5）min。结论 P电位标测法使ILVT的导管射频消融治疗中靶点的标定更简单易行,缩短了总手术时间和X线曝光时间,并提高了射频消融的成功率,减少复发。     

CARTO标测下射频消融治疗164例特发性室性早搏/室性心动过速的临床疗效及电生理特征

目的探讨三维标测系统指导下特发性室性早搏/室性心动过速(PVB/IVT)导管消融临床疗效及电生理特征。方法 2010年1月至2011年11月在我院行CARTO指导下射频消融治疗的164例PVB/IVT患者的临床和电生理资料进行回顾性分析,其中男91例,女73例,年龄8～66岁,平均(38.6±11.2)岁。结果 (1)PVB/IVT的起源部位:100例为流出道PVB/IVT,其中右心室流出道74例,左心室流出道10例,主动脉窦内14例,肺动脉瓣上(主干)2例;43例为左心室分支性PVB/IVT,其中左后分支41例,左前分支2例;20例为房室瓣周PVB/IVT,其中3例起源于二尖瓣环下,15例起源于三尖瓣环上,2例位于His束附近;1例为心外膜PVB/IVT。(2)消融及随访结果:共计160例消融成功(成功率为97.5%),4例失败。随访1～23个月,复发6例(复发率为3.8%),均再次消融成功。合并心律失常性心肌病16例,多数在术后3～6个月恢复正常。结论流出道和左后间隔是PVB/IVT最常见的起源部位,CARTO三维标测下射频消融治疗PVB/IVT是安全有效的。     

起源于主动脉窦内室性心律失常的诊断和射频消融治疗进展

主动脉窦内的室性心动过速和室性早搏起源于主动脉脉瓣环上延伸的心室肌,需要在主动脉窦内消融,占特发性流出道室性心动过速的17%∽21%[1-2]。大部分在左冠窦消融,其次是右冠窦,然后是右冠窦和左冠窦之间,无冠窦很少见。国内外进行小样本射频消融治疗初步经验表明：成功消融的疗效较好,且没有显著的并发症[3-6]。潜在的左主干和右冠状动脉的急性闭塞备受关注。本文就起源于主动脉窦内室性心律失常的诊断和射频消融治疗进展进行综述。5一、主动脉窦的解剖特点主动脉窦位于升主动脉的起始部,为主动脉嵴和主动脉瓣环之间的凹陷,其呈壶腹样膨出,形成3个开口指向外上的腔即主动脉窦。主动脉窦壁相对升主动脉壁较薄仅为主动脉嵴上方升主动脉壁（厚度约1.5 mm）的一半（平均厚度0.73 mm）,窦高约15 mm左右。主动脉窦位于心底部中心位置,分为左冠状动脉窦、右冠状动脉窦和无冠状动脉窦;也分为左窦、右窦和后窦。解剖显示,右冠状动脉窦和左冠状动脉窦分别靠近右心耳和左心耳。右心室流出道和肺动脉瓣与主动脉瓣相比更靠前和稍靠上,而右冠状动脉窦更靠近右心室流出道的间隔侧。     

左侧房室旁道射频消融中特殊心电现象与处理对策

目的报道24例左侧房室旁道射频消融的特殊心电现象与处理对策。方法1例左后侧壁显性房室旁道经心内膜标测和消融不成功，改冠状静脉窦标测和消融，术中冠状静脉窦造影了解其结构。2例射频消融后旁道呈间歇性逆传，采用心室RS2刺激法进行标测与消融。6例冠状窦电极显示激动的先后顺序不明显，其中1例消融导管在二尖瓣环心室侧和心房侧均未标测到满意靶点图，多次试放电失败，最终在左中间隔消融；另5例消融导管在明显高于冠状窦电极的部位才标侧到满意靶图。10例消融导管在二尖瓣环心室侧始终未标测到满意靶点图，或反复消融仅能一过性阻断旁道，改动脉途径逆行法心房侧消融。7例心室起搏下消融不成功而采用窦性心律下放电。结果全部病例消融成功。结论极少数左侧房室旁道由于其特殊的电生理现象往往需采用不同的标测和消融策略。     

左侧房室旁道射频消融中特殊心电现象与处理对策

目的报道24例左侧房室旁道射频消融的特殊心电现象与处理对策。方法1例左后侧壁显性房室旁道经心内膜标测和消融不成功,改冠状静脉窦标测和消融,术中冠状静脉窦造影了解其结构。2例射频消融后旁道呈间歇性逆传,采用心室RS2刺激法进行标测与消融。6例冠状窦电极显示激动的先后顺序不明显,其中1例消融导管在二尖瓣环心室侧和心房侧均未标测到满意靶点图,多次试放电失败,最终在左中间隔消融;另5例消融导管在明显高于冠状窦电极的部位才标侧到满意靶图。10例消融导管在二尖瓣环心室侧始终未标测到满意靶点图,或反复消融仅能一过性阻断旁道,改动脉途径逆行法心房侧消融。7例心室起搏下消融不成功而采用窦性心律下放电。结果全部病例消融成功。结论极少数左侧房室旁道由于其特殊的电生理现象往往需采用不同的标测和消融策略。     

左室流出道室性心律失常的射频消融治疗

目的 探讨起源于左室流出道少见部位的室性心动过速和/或频发室性早搏的心电图特点和射频消融治疗.方法 3例左室流出道室速和/或室早患者,术中进行激动和起搏标测,同时结合冠状动脉造影或三维电解剖标测系统(CARTO)定位.结果 3例患者中2例体表心电图特点类似右室流出道间隔部室速及室早,经腔内电生理证实起源于主动脉根部右冠窦内.1例起源于主动脉瓣-二尖瓣连接区(AMC),该部位室速及室早特有的典型心电图表现为II、III、aVF及所有胸前导联QRS波均呈R形.3例患者消融后观察2~24个月,均无复发.结论 右冠窦和AMC是左室流出道室速和/或室早的少见特殊起源部位,根据体表心电图形态,结合多种腔内标测技术及冠脉造影,能进行准确定位及成功消融.     

三维标测系统指导下希氏束旁室性期前收缩的射频消融

目的 探讨三维标测系统指导下右心室流入道间隔部希氏束附近起源室性期前收缩射频消融效果.方法 无器质性心脏病心电图提示频发性间隔部希氏束附近室性期前收缩患者5例,分别在室性期前收缩时进行三维重建右心室和主动脉窦,标识希氏束及放电部位,消融时实时观察导管位置方向.结果 5例患者分别于前间隔(2例)、中间隔(1例)、后间隔(2例)标测到消融靶点,放电后前间隔部、后间隔部患者室性期前收缩均消失,中间隔患者消融失败.无房室传导阻滞并发症.随访3～10个月,成功病例未应用抗心律失常药物,无室性期前收缩发作.结论 三维标测系统指导右心室流入道间隔部希氏束附近起源室性期前收缩消融安全、有效.     

Catheter Ablation of Premature Ventricular Contractions Arising from the Mitral Annulus after Mitral Valvoplasty

A 57-year-old man undergoing mitral valvoplasty underwent catheter ablation of symptomatic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) with a right bundle branch block and right inferior axis QRS morphology. Left ventriculography revealed a normal left ventricular function and visualized the anatomical relationships between the left ventricular outflow tract and the mitral annuloplasty ring. Electroanatomic mapping during the PVCs revealed a centrifugal activation pattern arising from the mitral annulus, and the PVCs were likely to be idiopathic. Successful radiofrequency ablation was achieved at the site close to the antero-paraseptal end of the mitral annuloplasty ring, which was located adjacent to the fibrous trigone.     

导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室性早搏的护理

目的探讨导管射频消融治疗右室流出道室性早搏的护理方法。方法对52例右室流出道室性早搏患者,采用射频消融治疗,并给予心理护理和基础护理。结果52例均完成了射频消融治疗。随访2~60个月,根治率92.3%(48/52),有效率98.1%(51/52)。结论合理、细致的护理可消除患者的恐惧心理,提高手术耐受性,且能及早发现和防治并发症,增加手术的安全性。     

Automated Template Matching to Pinpoint the Origin of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia

Background: Template matching, a technique that examines the similarity between two QRS complexes, has not been broadly applied clinically.
Methods: The 16 patients enrolled in this study underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) at the site of five ventricular tachycardias (VT) and of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) arising from 25 sites in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), under the guidance of conventional pace and activation mapping. After RFCA, (a) a template-matching score using a correlation coefficient, and (b) a pace-map score were calculated at 30 successful and 48 unsuccessful ablation sites.
Results: The template-matching score at successful ablation sites (94 ± 4%) was significantly higher than at unsuccessful (85 ± 9%) ablation sites (P < 0.001). A ≥ 90% average matching score identified successful ablation sites with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 69%. While there was a significant correlation between the template-matching score and visually judged pace-map score (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001), the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the template matching score was larger than that of the pace-map score (0.80 vs. 0.67).
Conclusions: Automated template matching was useful for localizing the optimal ablation site during RFCA of RVOT-VT/PVC.     

Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia in Two Separate Regions of the Outflow Tract: Prevalence and Electrocardiographic Characteristics

Few studies have clarified the prevalence and characteristics of idiopathic outflow tachycardia (OT-VT) with an altered QRS morphology after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA), requiring additional RFCA applications at a different portion of the outflow tract (OT) to abolish the OT-VT. Among 344 patients (97 VTs and 247 premature ventricular contractions), 12 (3.5%; VTs-7, PVCs-5; 6 women) had dynamic QRS morphology changes following the RFCA, requiring additional RFCA applications at a different portion to abolish the OT-VT. In 8 of 12 patients (67%), this phenomenon occurred following RFCA at right (RVOT; n = 7) or left ventricular (LVOT; n = 1) endocardial sites of the OT: The second OT-VT was consistently associated with an increase in the R-wave amplitude in the inferior leads, and in five it was finally abolished by RFCA at the left sinus of Valsalva (LSV). Conversely, in four patients (33%), the second OT-VT appeared after RFCA at the LSV: two required additional RFCA applications at the LVOT to abolish the second OT-VT, and one at the RVOT, and all were associated with a decrease in the R-wave amplitude in the inferior leads. This kind of dynamic QRS morphology change was often observed when RFCA was applied to either the first or second OT-VT at a right or left ventricular endocardial site, with the other site being the LSV. A detailed continuous observation of the QRS morphology, especially of the R-wave in the inferior leads, is important for identifying changes in the QRS morphology during RFCA .     

Pulmonary artery: A pivotal site for catheter ablation in idiopathic RVOT ventricular arrhythmias

In patients without associated myocardial diseases, characterized by left bundle branch block and inferior axis morphologies, repetitive idiopathic right ventricular tachycardias and ventricular premature contractions typically arise from right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). Accumulated evidences have shown that radiofrequency catheter ablation is a useful treatment for patients with RVOT ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Interestingly, several medical centers have shown that pulmonary artery (PA) is a potential novel site for catheter ablation in RVOT‐like VAs, particularly in patients where termination of RVOT VAs at the usual site fails. In this review, we comprehensively demonstrated that RVOT VAs were successfully terminated at the site of PA, analyzed the characteristics of surface electrocardiogram and endocardial potentials, and explored the underlying mechanisms for these cases.     

导管法消融右室流出道室性早搏伴左心室增大30例5年随访观察

目的探讨导管法消融右室流出道室性早搏伴左心室增大患者的疗效。方法对30例右室流出道室性早搏伴左心室增大的患者进行导管法射频消融(Radiofrequency cathter ablation,RFCA)治疗。术前常规完成心脏超声检查,成功消融术后5年每年随访超声心动图(ultrasound echocardiography,UCG)及动态心电图(Dynamic Electrocardiogram,DCG,又称Hol-ter)。结果 30例患者即刻成功者20例,远期成功8例,无效者2例。术后1年随访20例即刻成功者,UCG结果提示18例患者左室舒张末期内径已在正常值范围内,与自身相比缩小值在3～7 mm以上;随访至第2、3、4、5年,UCG结果无明显变化。另2例患者心脏大小虽未达到正常值范围,但与自身相比较亦有相应缩小。8例远期成功者临床症状也有明显改善。结论导管法消融治疗右室流出道室早伴左心室增大具有良好临床疗效。     

Unusual Features of Right and Left Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia Aholished hy Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

Two unusual cases are presented with idiopathic right and left ventricular tachycardia(IVT) with intriguing clinical and electrophysiological characteristics. The first patient with a sustained IVT of right ventricular outflow tract origin, and an electrophysiological mechanism suggesting reentry, had been resuscitated from cardiac arrest. The second patient had an IVT with a left bundle branch block morphology, which originated from the basal-septal region of the left ventricle(left ventricular outflow tract tachycardia). Both patients were cured with radiofrequency catheter ablation, guided by endocardial activation sequence and pace mapping.