雷米普利对糖尿病大鼠心脏的药理性预适应作用

目的：评价雷米普利对糖尿病大鼠心脏的药理性预适应作用。材料和方法：大鼠尾静脉注射链脲菌素（45mg／kg）制备糖尿病模型。随机分为4组：缺血／再灌注（I／R）组，缺血预适应（IP）组，雷米普利（RAM）药理性预适应组，雷米普利＋缺血预适应（RAM＋IP）组。RAM组及RAM＋IP组每天用雷米普利（1mg／kg）灌胃，共4周。4周后全部大鼠行心肌30min缺血继之2h再灌注，IP组及RAM＋IP组于30min缺血前行心肌缺血预适应。连续监测ST-段变化以及缺血期室性心律失常发生情况，TTC染色测定心肌梗死范围，TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡，免疫组化法测定Bcl-2与Bax的表达，光、电镜下观察心肌形态学改变。结果：与I／R组比较，IP及RAM组均见缺血心脏ST-段抬高幅度显著降低（P〈0．05），室早出现时间推迟（P〈0．05），持续时间缩短（P〈0．05），室速、室颤发生率降低（P〈0．05），心肌梗死范围缩小（P〈0．01），心肌细胞凋亡减轻（P〈0．001），Bcl-2／Bax比值升高（P〈0．05），形态学观察见心肌损伤减轻；RAM＋IP组可见室早持续时间缩短（P〈0．05），室速、室颤发生率降低（P〈0．05），心肌梗死范围缩小（P〈0．01），心肌细胞凋亡减轻（P〈0．001），Bcl-2／Bax比值升高（P〈0．05）。与IP组比较，RAM＋IP组上述各指标无明显差异。结论：IP对患糖尿病4周的大鼠具有心脏保护效应，长期服用RAM对糖尿病心肌具有药物预适应作用，均可增强糖尿病大鼠心脏对缺血／再灌注损伤的耐受性，但二者联用无协同效应。     

无创性延迟肢体缺血预适应保护糖尿病大鼠缺血／再灌注心肌

目的：研究无创性肢体缺血预适应（NDLIP）对糖尿病（DM）大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注（I／R）损伤的影响。方法：大鼠经尾静脉一次性注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）造成急性DM模型后,被随机分为I／R、心脏缺血预适应（CIP）和NDLIP三组。NDLIP组连续3d经历左后肢缺血预适应。第4天,各组动物均经历I／R损伤,CIP组于缺血前行心肌缺血预适应。连续监测血压和心电图变化,观察NDLIP对DM大鼠I／R损伤后心肌电生理功能、心肌梗死范围和心肌酶学的影响,并测定心肌组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：成模动物表现出血糖明显升高,体重下降（P〈0．01）。与I／R组比较,NDLIP及CIP组ST一段抬高幅度降低,室早和室速出现时间推迟,持续时间缩短,室性心律失常发生率降低（P〈0．05）,心肌梗死范围缩小（P〈0．01）,心肌细胞乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）及其同工酶（CK—MB）的释放减少（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,心肌SOD、GSH—Px活性升高（P〈0．01）,MDA含量减少（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：NDLIP可减轻DM大鼠I／R后心肌细胞损伤,从而减少心肌酶漏出、改善心脏生理功能,具有与CIP程度相当的心脏保护作用,其机制与调节心肌氧化．抗氧化系统功能平衡有关。     

雷米普利对实验性糖尿病大鼠缺血／再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用

目的：研究雷米普利（RAM）对糖尿病大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：链脲佐菌素致糖尿病大鼠被随机分为缺血／再灌注（I／R）、缺血预适应（IPC）和RAM三组。RAM组每天用RAM（1mg·kg^-1）灌胃,IPC和I／R组用等体积生理盐水灌胃。4wk后各组动物均经历心肌缺血／再灌注损伤,IPC组于缺血前行心肌缺血预适应。连续监测心电图,检测心肌梗死范围、心肌细胞凋亡、凋亡蛋白Bcl-2与Bax表达,光镜及电镜下观察心肌形态学改变。结果：与I／R组比较,RAM及IPC组室早出现时间明显推迟（14．8±7．8min,11．6±6．0min vs5．5±2．imin．P〈0．05）.     

重组人脑利钠肽后适应对兔急性缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用

目的探讨重组人脑利钠肽（rhBNP）后适应对兔急性缺血／再灌注（I／R）心肌的保护作用及其机制。方法将36只健康日本大耳白兔按数字表法随机分为三组（每组12只）,即假手术组、I／R组（缺血40rain后再灌注180min）及BNP＋I／R组（I／R前5min以0．01μg／kg静脉给予rhBNP）。假手术组开胸于左冠回旋支只穿线但不结扎,观察180min结束;I／R组及BNP＋I／R组：缺血40min,分别再灌注180min后处死。进行心肌磷酸肌酸激同工酶（CK．MB）含量检测,观察心肌HE染色后病理形态变化及BCI-2、Bax表达的检测。结果与假手术组相比,I／R组和BNP＋I／R组CK—MB水平均显著增高（t=3．047、3．032,均P〈0．01）;与I／R组相比,BNP＋I／R组心肌酶明显升高（t=3．067,P〈0．01）。与假手术组相比,I／R组及BNP＋L／R组均可见到凋亡细胞,但BNP＋IYR组凋亡细胞明显减少,UR组Bax的表达增加,Bcl-2的表达降低。与I／R组相比,BNP＋I／R组Bax的表达明显升高,而Bcl-2的表达明显降低。结论rhBNP可减少梗死后心肌的损伤;可以增加梗死后心肌细胞抑制凋亡基因（Bcl-2）的表达,从而减少心肌细胞的凋亡。     

无创性肢体缺血预适应对大鼠心脏的延迟保护作用

目的：研究无创性肢体缺血预适应（RIP）对大鼠缺血再灌后心脏损伤的影响。方法：通过连续3d每天1次3个循环下肢无创性缺血5min再灌5min建立RIP模型。实验分4组：假手术组；缺血再灌（I／R）组；心肌缺血预适应（CIP）组；RIP组。观察RIP对24h后I／R后心脏生理学、室性心律失常的出现时间和持续时间的影响以及其对I／R后梗死面积和形态学改变的影响。结果：与假手术组比较，I／R组ST段明显抬高（P〈0．01），并且有室性心律失常、梗死的出现，心肌细胞的肿胀、炎性细胞的浸润等表现。而CIP和RIP能明显改善模型组受损心肌的状态，减少心肌耗氧量，降低ST段的抬高幅度，推迟室性心律失常出现的时间，缩短持续时间，降低心律失常的发生率，减少心肌梗死面积（P〈0．01），并能减少心肌细胞的肿胀、间质出血和炎性细胞的浸润。结论：RIP对大鼠心肌损伤具有较好的延迟保护作用。     

脂质胞壁酸诱导的延迟预适应对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨LTA诱导的延迟预适应对大鼠局灶性脑缺血／再灌注损（I／R）损伤的作用。方法 采用改良Longa法制作大鼠右大脑中动脉（MCA）闭塞2h造成局灶性脑缺血模型，恢复血液灌流24h。大鼠在施行脑缺血前24h腹腔注射脂质胞壁酸（LTA，1mg／kg）诱导延迟预适应，检测脑组织再灌注24h后组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）含量以及大鼠神经症状，并用透射电镜观测大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞的超微结构改变。结果 LTA预适应能明显减少脑I／R后组织中MDA的含量（P〈0、01），提高SOD的水平（P〈0．01），减轻神经细胞的超微结构损伤和保护细胞膜结构完整性，LTA预适应还能明显改善脑I／R后的神经功能，减少神经缺欠评分值（P〈0．01）。LTA预适应亦能明显降低I／R导致脑组织中NO含量的升高（P〈0．01）。结论 LTA诱导的延迟预适应能显著减少大鼠脑组织再灌注损伤，减少脑组织坏死，其作用机制与减少脑I／R后自由基和NO毒性作用有关。     

KATP通道介导的油茶皂甙对在体大鼠心肌产生的缺血预适应样保护作用

目的：研究油茶皂甙（SQS）对大鼠心肌产生的缺血预适应样保护作用及与KATP通道的关系。方法：以ISO诱发大鼠心肌缺血损伤为模型，使用KATP通道特异性阻断剂gliberclamide(GLI5mg.kg^-1).实验分为四组，分别为生理盐水对照组（NS组）、ISO诱发损伤组（I／R组）、SQS组（I／R＋SQS0.2mg.kg^-1)和GLI组（I／R＋GLI＋SQS）。在注射ISO前，从阴茎静脉预适应注射各被试药物或NS，每天1次，连续3d，末次给药后立即皮下多点注射ISO。NS组皮下注射等量NS。分别测定大鼠ECG及末次给药后血清CPK活性，FFA和腺苷含量。结果：预适应ivSOQS能有效地保护ISO所致大鼠心肌损伤；先ivGLI后再给予SQS，则SQS对心肌损伤的保护作用明显减弱，结论：SQS对ISO所致心肌缺血大鼠可产生药理性预适应保护作用，该作用可能由KATP通道所介导。     

钙离子在心肌缺血预适应中的作用

目的 观察钙离子变化对心肌缺血预适应内源性保护机制的影响。方法将50只雄性SD大鼠随机分为五组，缺血对照（IC）组；缺血预适应（IP）组；缺血预适应＋维拉帕米（IP＋Vera）组；钙通道激动剂（Bay8644）组；L-型钙通道阻滞剂（维拉帕米，Verapamil）组。实验中观察缺血前及再灌后左心功能，检测乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）等含量并辅以心肌超微结构观测。结果与IC组相比，IP组、Bay8644组各项指标均提示心功能恢复好转（P〈0．05），且IP组与Bay8644组相比较，各项指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；在IP组中加入维拉帕米后，各项指标均提示心肌损伤明显加重（P〈0．05）。结论（1）心肌缺血预适应可诱导出心肌内源性保护作用。（2）钙通道拮抗剂可通过减少钙离子内流而阻断心肌缺血预适应的心肌保护作用。（3）增加钙离子内流可模拟IP的心肌保护作用。     

地非尼特对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制

目的：探讨阿魏酸硝酸酯类药物地非尼特（DFNT）对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：采用大鼠在体缺血再灌注（I／R）模型，将动物随机分假手术组、羧甲基纤维素溶媒组、地非尼特低、中、高剂量组、硝酸甘油组。大鼠进行缺血40min再灌注3h后测定心肌梗死范围、心肌组织及血清学指标，并定时记录心电图。结果：地非尼特组心肌梗死面积、血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶含量明显减少（P〈0．05），心肌组织中一氧化氮（NO）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）显著增加，丙二醛显著下降（P〈0．05）。能显著地阻止T波的升高和R波的降低（P〈0．05）．降低病理性Q波的产生。结论：地非尼特对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注有保护作用，其机制与NO升高以及机体的抗氧化能力增强有关。     

腺苷对心肌缺血再灌注心律失常的保护作用

目的观察腺苷对在体大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注（I／R）心律失常的影响，探讨其可能的作用机制。方法健康Wister大鼠36只，随机分成3组假手术组、对照组、腺苷组，每组12只。开胸结扎左冠状动脉前降支30分钟，再灌注45分钟．制作大鼠心肌缺血／再灌注损伤模型。假手术组只穿线不结扎冠状动脉。腺苷组于结扎前1分钟给予腺W（0．4ml／kg）左心室内注入，对照组给予等量生理盐水左心室内注入。观察再灌注室性心动过速（VT）、室颤（VF）发生率和死亡率；检测左心室心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果①腺苷组大鼠再灌注VT及VF发生率及死亡率均较对照组明显降低（P〈0.01）；②与对照组比较，腺苷组大鼠SOD活力提高（P〈0．05），而MDA生成量明显减少（P〈0．01）。结论心肌缺血再灌注可导致缺血心肌进一步损伤，腺苷具有抗大鼠I／R心律失常作用，可能与抑制缺血再灌注氧自由基的产生有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.