Percutaneous Endovascular Treatment of Hepatic Artery Stenosis in Adult and Pediatric Patients After Liver Transplantation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous endovascular techniques for the treatment of hepatic artery stenosis (HAS) occurring after liver transplantation (LT) in adult and pediatrics patients. From February 2003 to March 2009, 25 patients (15 adults and 10 children) whose developed HAS after LT were referred to our interventional radiology unit. Technical success was achieved in 96% (24 of 25) of patients. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed in 13 patients (7 children), and stenting was performed in 11 patients (2 children). After the procedure, all patients were followed-up with liver function tests, Doppler ultrasound, and/or computed tomography. Mean follow-up was 15.8 months (range 5 days to 58 months). Acute hepatic artery thrombosis occurred immediately after stent deployment in 2 patients and was successfully treated with local thrombolysis. One patient developed severe HA spasm, which reverted after 24 h. After the procedure, mean trans-stenotic pressure gradient decreased from 30.5 to 6.2 mmHg. Kaplan–Meyer curve of HA primary patency was 77% at 1 and 2 years. During the follow-up period, 5 patients (20%) had recurrent stenosis, and 2 patients (8.3%) had late thrombosis. Two of 7 patients with stenosis/thrombosis underwent surgical revascularization (n = 1) and liver retransplantation (n = 1). Six (25%) patients died during follow-up, but overall mortality was not significantly different when comparing patients having patent hepatic arteries with those having recurrent stenosis/thrombosis. There were no significant differences in recurrent stenosis/thrombosis and mortality comparing patients treated by PTA versus stenting and comparing adult versus pediatric status. Percutaneous interventional treatment of HAS in LT recipients is safe and effective and decreases the need for surgical revascularization and liver retransplantation. However, the beneficial effects for survival are not clear, probably because the clinical complexity of many of these cases.     

原位肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的介入放射学治疗

目的 对肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的早期诊断及介入治疗进行初步的探讨和分析。资料与方法 回顾性分析本院1998年9月至2004年1月进行的450例原位肝移植术后34例肝动脉狭窄、闭塞的诊断及介入治疗资料。对33例肝动脉狭窄的病例行球囊导管扩张治疗,3例扩张治疗无效的患者及1例球囊扩张后出现肝动脉内膜撕裂的患者行内支架置人治疗;1例肝动脉狭窄伴吻合口破裂出血的患者直接行内支架置入治疗。结果 30例肝动脉狭窄的介入治疗获得成功,4例患者介入治疗失败。治疗成功的病例术后预后良好,肝功能有明显改善。治疗失败的病例预后不良。结论 介入治疗方法对肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的早期诊断及治疗具有较大的应用价值,肝动脉狭窄应首选球囊扩张治疗,必要时采用内支架置入治疗。     

节段性狭窄闭塞Budd－Chiari综合征的介入治疗

目的：研究节段性狭窄闭塞Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的治疗方法和如何提高其疗效。材料与方法：本组１２例，男１１例，女１例，年龄１９～５０岁，病程２月～２５年。全部病例均经彩色超声多普勒和下腔静脉造影确诊，其中下腔静脉肝段闭塞１０例，狭窄２例，狭窄闭塞长度２～１５．５ｃｍ，平均５．６ｃｍ。对完全闭塞者应用Ｂｒｏｃｋｅｎｂｒｏｕｇｈ穿刺针行闭塞段穿通术，尔后行ＰＴＡ及血管内支架置入。结果：１０例下腔静脉节段性闭塞行穿通术，ＰＴＡ及血管内支架置入均获成功；２例节段性狭窄行ＰＴＡ成功，但在１～１．５个月后发生再狭窄，经再次ＰＴＡ及血管内支架置入也获较好效果。术前后下腔静脉压力由２．８６６±０．４００ｋＰａ降至１．５３４±０．４００ｋＰａ。术后患者腹胀减轻，肝脏回缩变软，下肢水肿及静脉曲张减轻。随访１．５～２６个月，平均８．５个月，经彩超检查下腔静脉均保持通畅，仅２例发现内支架略有塌陷，但临床症状和体征比术前也有明显改善。结论：对下腔静脉节段性狭窄闭塞的介入治疗，单行ＰＴＡ容易发生再狭窄，同时置入血管内支架可防止再狭窄的发生。对下腔静脉节段性闭塞穿通术有一定难度和风险，作者强调要熟练掌握Ｂｒｏｃｋｅｎｂｒｏｕｇｈ穿刺     

原位肝移植后血管并发症的血管腔内介入治疗

目的 分析总结血管腔内介入治疗在原位肝移植后血管并发症中的作用和意义. 资料与方法 回顾性分析31例原位肝移植术后血管并发症患者的血管腔内介入治疗资料与随访结果. 结果 31例患者中单纯肝动脉并发症11例,门静脉并发症11例,腔静脉并发症6例,合并肝动脉与门静脉并发症1例,合并腔静脉、肝静脉、门静脉复杂并发症1例,脾动脉窃血综合征1例.均成功进行了血管腔内介入治疗.共置入肝动脉支架13枚,静脉支架21枚,进行肝动脉栓塞1例,部分性脾动脉栓塞2例,单纯腔静脉球囊扩张1例,1例患者肝动脉局部灌注溶栓后置入肝动脉支架,1例患者先后置入腔静脉、肝静脉与门静脉支架各1枚,1例患者同时置入门静脉和肠系膜上静脉支架.所有血管腔内介入操作成功有效,技术成功率100%,手术相关并发症发生率12.9%,并且并发症经处理无后继影响.随访中除1例肝动脉于支架置入后19天发生再狭窄外,其余血管至随访结束未出现明确再狭窄. 结论 肝移植术后血管并发症的血管腔内介入治疗安全有效,技术成功率高而并发症发生率低,是一种理想的微创治疗选择.     

髂-股动脉阻塞性病变的介入治疗及临床疗效随访

目的 探讨动脉硬化性髂-股动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变的介入治疗和临床疗效. 资料与方法 52例动脉硬化性髂-股动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变患者行血管腔内成形术(PTA)/支架置入术,对其临床症状(按Fontaine分型和踝/肱指数)的变化进行随访. 结果 52例共计112支病变血管,74支进行PTA及支架置入术,24支仅行PTA,14支未行处理,共置入87枚支架,支架均成功置入于髂/股动脉内,技术成功率为100%.临床随访1～24月,Fontaine分型提高1、2和3级的例数分别是21、22和2例,5例无变化,1例下降1级(1例因1周后行膝下截肢术,不计入临床症状的随访);踝/肱指数术前为0.57±0.14,术后1、6、12和24个月分别为0.91±0.21、0.90±0.04、0.87±0.08和0.86±0.16,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 介入治疗动脉硬化性髂-股动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,其近期临床疗效确切.     

肝移植术后血管胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的:评价介入治疗对肝移植后胆道、血管并发症的价值。材料和方法:18例肝移植患者接受了介入治疗。其中肝动脉狭窄8例,行肝动脉造影及溶栓治疗;下腔静脉及肝静脉狭窄2例,行内支架置入术;胆瘘及胆道狭窄8例,行PTCD治疗。结果:胆道并发症8例,PTCD治疗后症状消失;肝动脉狭窄8例,溶栓后肝动脉完全开放6例,1例血流部分开放,1例肝动脉血流未恢复再次肝移植治疗;下腔静脉及肝静脉狭窄2例内支架置入术后下腔静脉梗阻及肝肿大症状消失。结论:介入治疗是治疗肝移植后胆道血管并发症的有效方法。     

肝移植术后胆管并发症的介入治疗

目的:评价介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症的价值。方法:对1999年10月~2005年6月53例肝移植患者术后发生胆道并发症的相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果:9例患者术后出现胆管并发症,使用经皮肝穿胆道引流(PTCD)治疗4例次,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)治疗5例次。手术均取得成功。患者的临床症状均有所好转。结论:介入方法治疗肝移植术后胆管并发症可获得较好的近期疗效,其远期结果有待于进一步观察。     

肝移植术后胆管狭窄的介入治疗

目的对肝移植术后胆管狭窄的介入治疗疗效进行初步探讨和总结。方法350例接受原位肝移植的病人,35例通过胆道造影确诊为胆道狭窄,对这32例病人进行了介入治疗,并对治疗前后影像学表现及临床表现进行对比观察。结果30例病人介入治疗获得成功,2例治疗无效,未发生与介入治疗相关的并发症;随访期间12例分别于1～4个月内出现再狭窄,均再次行球囊扩张治疗。结论介入治疗对于肝移植术后胆道狭窄是一种有效而且安全的治疗方法,具有很大应用价值。     

Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty of Hepatic Artery Stenosis in Patients After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Mid-term Results

Purpose  

This study was designed to present our experience with percutaneous treatment of hepatic artery stenosis in orthotopic liver transplant patients and to evaluate the efficacy, technical outcomes, and mid-term clinical results of the procedure.     

Transcatheter Splenic Artery Occlusion for Treatment of Splenic Artery Steal Syndrome After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Purpose: To review some aspects of the problem of splenic artery steal syndrome as cause of ischemia in transplanted livers and treatment by selective splenic artery occlusion. Materials and Methods: Eleven liver transplant patients from a group of 350 patients, nine men and two women, ranging in age from 40 years to 61 years (mean 52 years), presented with biochemical evidences of liver ischemia and failure, ranging from one to 60 days following orthotopic liver transplantation. Diagnosis of splenic artery steal syndrome was suspected by elevated enzymes, Doppler ultrasound and confirmed by celiac angiogram. Patients with confirmed hepatic artery thrombosis before angiography were excluded from the study. Embolization with Gianturco coils was performed. Results: All patients were treated by splenic artery embolization with Gianturco coils. The 11 patients improved clinically within 24 hours of the procedure with significant change in the biochemical and clinical parameters. Followup ranged from one month to two years. One of the 11 patient initially improved, but developed hepatic artery thrombosis within 24 hours of the embolic treatment, requiring surgical repair. Conclusion: Splenic artery steal syndrome following liver transplantation surgery can be diagnosed by celiac angiography, and effectively treated by splenic artery embolization with coils. Embolization is one of the treatments available, it is minimally invasive, and leads to immediate clinical improvement. Hepatic artery thrombosis is a possible complication of the procedure.     

Percutaneous Management of Biliary Strictures After Pediatric Liver Transplantation

We analyze our experience with the management of biliary strictures (BSs) in 27 pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation with the diagnosis of BS. Mean recipient age was 38 months (range, 2.5–182 months). In all patients percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, biliary catheter placement, and bilioplasty were performed. In 20 patients the stenoses were judged resolved by percutaneous balloon dilatation and the catheters removed. Mean number of balloon dilatations performed was 4.1 (range, 3–6). No major complications occurred. All 20 patients are symptom-free with respect to BS at a mean follow-up of 13 months (range, 2–46 months). In 15 of 20 patients (75%) one course of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty was performed, with no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 15 months (range, 2–46 months). In 4 of 20 patients (20%) two courses of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty were performed; the mean time to recurrence was 9.8 months (range, 2.4–24 months). There was no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 12 months (range, 2–16 months). In 1 of 20 patients (5%) three courses of percutaneous stenting and bilioplasty were performed; there was no evidence of recurrence of BS at a mean follow-up of 10 months. In conclusion, BS is a major problem following pediatric liver transplantation. Radiological percutaneous treatment is safe and effective, avoiding, in most cases, surgical revision of the anastomosis.     

肝移植术后血管并发症的介入诊断与治疗(附5例报告)

目的　探讨肝移植术后血管并发症介入诊断与治疗的价值。方法　搜集本院肝移植术后因血管并发症行DSA造影检查或介入治疗的 5例患者的相关资料 ,进行回顾性分析。结果　全部病例操作均顺利。造影发现肝动脉血栓 (HAT) 1例、肝动脉狭窄 (HAS) 2例、门静脉狭窄并血栓形成 3例、肝静脉狭窄 1例、下腔静脉狭窄 1例、上腹腔炎症性改变 1例 ,发生肝固有动脉痉挛 1例。其中 ,HAT、门静脉狭窄并血栓形成、肝静脉狭窄各 1例行介入治疗后 2例效果明显。结论　介入技术对于肝移植术后血管并发症的诊治具有较大价值     

Interventional Radiology in Liver Transplantation

Radiology is a key specialty within a liver transplant program. Interventional techniques not only contribute to graft and recipient survival but also allow appropriate patient selection and ensure that recipients with severe liver decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma or portal hypertension are transplanted with the best chance of prolonged survival. Equally inappropriate selection for these techniques may adversely affect survival. Liver transplantation is a dynamic field of innovative surgical techniques with a requirement for interventional radiology to parallel these developments. This paper reviews the current practice within a major European center for adult and pediatric transplantation.     

肝癌肝移植术后复发介入治疗1例报告

患者　男 ,3 5岁 ,“乙肝”病史 10年 ,于 1999年因右上腹痛 ,经B超、CT、MRI等检查发现肝左叶占位病变 ,临近第一肝门部 ,大小约 5cm× 6cm ,伴肝硬化、脾大。后在我院经进一步检查确诊为原发性肝癌 ,行肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞 5次。 2 0 0 0 -0 7因肝动脉—门静脉瘘、门静脉主干癌栓、反复上消化道出血 ,于2 0 0 0 -0 8在外院行同种异体原位肝移植术 ,切除肝脏经病理检查诊断 :低分化肝细胞肝癌。术后常规器官移植后抗排异治疗 ,定期复查。 2 0 0 1-0 3底发现右肾上腺肿块 2cm× 2cm及肝内多发实性占位 ,临床诊断 :肝癌肝移植术后复发并转…     

Recanalization of Chronic Portal Vein Occlusion in Pediatric Liver Transplant Patients

PurposeTo evaluate technical and clinical success and report long-term outcomes of portal vein (PV) recanalization in pediatric orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) patients with chronic PV occlusion.Materials and MethodsThis is a retrospective review of 15 OLT patients (5 males) with chronic PV occlusion who underwent PV recanalization (33 procedures) between October 2011 and February 2018. Median age was 4.5 years (range, 1–16 years); median weight was 16.6 kg (range, 11.5–57.3 kg). Median time interval from OLT to first intervention was 3.25 years (range, 0.6–15.7 years). Clinical presentations included hypersplenism (n = 12), gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 9), and ascites (n = 3). One patient had incidental diagnosis of PV occlusion. Primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were evaluated.ResultsTechnically successful PV recanalization and reduction of PV pressure gradient to ≤ 5 mm Hg was performed in 13/15 patients (87%). Ten of 15 (67%) patients had successful recanalization with the first attempt. Clinical success, defined as improvement in signs and symptoms of portal hypertension, was achieved in 12/13 (92%) patients. Five of 33 (15%) major complications (Society of Interventional Radiology class C), including perisplenic hematoma (n = 2), hemoperitoneum (n = 2), and hepatic artery pseudo aneurysm (n = 1), were managed with pain medication and blood product replacement. Median follow-up was 22 months (range, 1–77 months). Median primary patency was 5 months. Primary patency at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months was 53.8%, 46.2%, 38.5%, and 30.8%, respectively. Primary-assisted patency was 84.6%, 76.9%, 53.8%, and 46.2%, respectively. Secondary patency was 92.3%, 84.6%, 53.8%, and 46.2%, respectively.ConclusionsPV recanalization is a safe and effective minimally invasive option in the management of chronic PV occlusion after pediatric OLT.     

Splenic Artery Syndrome After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Treatment With the Amplatzer Vascular Plug

Purpose  

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Amplatzer vascular plug (AVP) for embolization of the splenic artery in patients with hepatic hypoperfusion after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).     

Interventional Treatment for Hepatic Artery Thrombosis after Liver Transplantation

Purpose

To evaluate short-term and long-term effectiveness of interventional treatment for hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT).

慢性大脑中动脉狭窄与闭塞的MR灌注成像研究

目的:探讨单侧大脑中动脉(MCA)慢性重度狭窄、闭塞患者的MR脑灌注成像表现及其应用价值.方法:28例单侧MCA慢性重度狭窄或闭塞患者行MR脑灌注成像检查,得出有关脑灌注参数图,包括相对脑血流量(rCBF)、相对脑血容量(rCBV)、相对平均通过时间(rMTT)和达峰时间(TTP)图,对灌注成像表现进行定性和定量分析.结果:28例MCA慢性重度狭窄或闭塞患者,磁共振灌注加权成像(PWI)均发现病变侧灌注异常,病变侧rCBV、rMTT和TTP与对侧比较差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01),rCBF差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).rMTT和TTP图显示病变侧较对侧明显延迟,24例仅累及MCA供血区,4例同时累及MCA和分水岭区.结论:PWI检查能够显示单侧MCA慢性重度狭窄或闭塞患者脑血流动力学受损情况,对临床诊断和治疗具有重要价值.     

肝移植术后再次手术的麻醉处理

目的总结27例肝移植术(OLT)后患者行非肝脏手术的临床麻醉经验,探讨其特点。方法2003年2月—2007年6月共有27例OLT术后患者施行了非肝脏手术,其中,术后早期开腹探查8例,腰椎肿瘤14例,神经纤维瘤3例,上臂肿瘤1例,肾上腺肿瘤1例,5例合并高血压。男性22例,女性5例。26例患者采用了静吸复合全身麻醉;1例患者采用臂丛神经阻滞。结果术后早期开腹探查术平均手术时间为(102±33)min,19例非肝脏手术时间为(156±21)min;早期开腹探查术术后拔管时间平均为(30±21)min,非肝脏手术术后拔管时间平均为(18±11)min;早期开腹探查术术中出血平均为(282±198)ml,非肝脏手术术中出血平均为(837±221)ml,术中8例患者输血。全部患者均未使用去氧肾上腺素和肾上腺素。所有患者无围术期死亡;术后无肺部感染和其他部位感染;术后无一例发生肝、肾功能衰竭;术后未发生一例急性排异反应。结论OLT术后患者再手术的麻醉选择应考虑多方因素,围术期应保持血流动力学平稳,保护肝脏功能,防治感染等。