一氧化氮生物利用度失调与动脉粥样硬化

内皮功能障碍与动脉粥样硬化(AS)密切相关。氧化应激、脂质浸润、炎性反应因子表达及血管张力改变等涉及一氧化氮(NO)生物利用度(内源性NO的生成和利用)的降低,在内皮功能障碍中发挥重要作用。精氨酸酶活性增强、非对称性二甲基精氨酸和同型半胱氨酸增加均能使NO生物利用度下降,促进AS发生发展。糖尿病、肥胖、慢性肾病和吸烟等通过多种方式影响NO生物利用度,参与AS的发生。     

Constitutive nitric oxide synthesis in the kidney – functions at the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Tubulo‐vascular information transfer at the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) serves to adjust the biosynthesis and release of renin, the key enzyme of the renin angiotensin system, and to regulate glomerular arteriolar muscle tone. The macula densa serves as a sensor of tubular NaCl. Concentration‐dependent salt uptake through the Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter located in the apical membrane of macula densa cells triggers a signal transduction cascade that involves the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) through a type 1 NO synthase (NOS1) which is described with respect to its complex mRNA structure and regulatory aspects. The anatomical and functional targets of the NO‐soluble guanylyl cyclase‐cGMP pathway at the JGA are reviewed.     

一氧化氮与脓毒性休克的关系

在脓毒性休克中,巨噬细胞和血管平滑肌细胞等细胞的诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)表达上调,使血管内皮源性舒张因子即一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)生成增多,引起血管过度扩张、微循环淤血、血管平滑肌对缩血管物质的反应性降低、心肌功能抑制等,导致严重的...     

Arginase Inhibition Restores Peroxynitrite-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction via L-Arginine-Dependent Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Phosphorylation

PurposePeroxynitrite plays a critical role in vascular pathophysiology by increasing arginase activity and decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate whether arginase inhibition and L-arginine supplement could restore peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction and determine the involved mechanism.ResultsSIN-1 treatment increased arginase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reciprocally decreased nitrite/nitrate production that was prevented by peroxynitrite scavenger in HUVECs. Furthermore, SIN-1 induced an increase in the expression level of arginase I and II, though not in eNOS protein. The decreased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 and the increased at Thr495 by SIN-1 were restored with arginase inhibitor and L-arginine. The changed eNOS phosphorylation was consistent in the stability of eNOS dimers. SIN-1 decreased NO production and increased ROS generation in the aortic endothelium, all of which was reversed by arginase inhibitor or L-arginine. N^G-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) prevented SIN-1-induced ROS generation. In the vascular tension assay, SIN-1 enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to U46619 and attenuated vasorelaxant responses to acetylcholine that were reversed by arginase inhibition.ConclusionThese findings may explain the beneficial effect of arginase inhibition and L-arginine supplement on endothelial dysfunction under redox imbalance-dependent pathophysiological conditions.     

血流切应力调控内皮型一氧化氮合酶的分子机制

血流切应力（flowshear stress，rss）是生理或病理条件下调节血管内皮细胞产生一氧化氮的最重要的刺激因素。FSS对内皮型一氧化氮合酶（endothelial nitric oxide synthase，eNOS）的调控包括基因转录的调节、转录后的调节和翻译后的调节。eNOS基因转录以及转录后mRNA的稳定性能被FSS诱导加强。FSS通过游离钙离子浓度、磷酸化、eNOS相关蛋白以及细胞内易位等途径调节eNOS的催化活性。此外，FSS还能调控eNOS催化反应的辅助因子。     

尿酸抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞合成一氧化氮

目的 研究尿酸(UA)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)表达内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)及分泌一氧化氮(NO)的影响.方法 不同浓度UA(0、0.5、1、1.5及2 mg/L)及50 mg/L ox-LDL(阳性对照)分别作用HUVEC 24、48及72 h,用real-time PCR法测定HUVEC eNOS mRNA;Western blot法检测细胞eNOS蛋白;酶法检测上清液NO的含量.结果 UA 0.5 mg/L组eNOS mRNA表达水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);随着UA浓度升高(1、1.5及2 mg/L组),及其作用时间延长,HUVEC eNOS mRNA及蛋白表达水平及上清液NO分泌最相比对照均明显下降(72 h N02-/N03-2 mg/L组与对照组分别为0.52±0.18与1.00±0.10,P＜0.05),且趋势与ox-LDL组相同.结论 0.5 mg/L以上浓度的UA呈浓度及时间依赖性抑制HUVEC eNOS表达及NO合成,提示高浓度的UA可能损伤血管内皮功能.     

Drospirenone increases endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a combined action on progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors

BACKGROUND: Progestins have actions on the cardiovascular system, which depend on the structure as well as on receptor binding characteristics. Drospirenone (DRSP) is a progestin that uniquely interferes with the signaling of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Hormone therapy containing DRSP results in blood pressure reduction in hypertensive post-menopausal women. METHODS: We describe the effects of DRSP on endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and compare them with those of progesterone (P) and of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). In addition, we herein tested the relevance of the anti-mineralocorticoid activity of DRSP for NO synthesis. RESULTS: DRSP results in rapid activation of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) through mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as well as in enhanced eNOS expression. These actions depend on P receptor. When the cells are exposed to aldosterone, a reduction of eNOS expression is found that is antagonized by DRSP. This action is not shared by P or MPA. In addition, DRSP does not interfere with the induction or activation of eNOS induced by estradiol, as opposed to MPA. CONCLUSIONS: DRSP acts on endothelial cells via a combined action through the P and MRs. These results help to interpret the anti-hypertensive effects of hormonal therapies containing DRSP.     

Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease: a universal messenger in an unsolved puzzle

In recent years, nitric oxide (NO), a gas previously considered to be a potentially toxic chemical, has been established as a diffusible universal messenger that mediates cell-cell communication throughout the body. Constitutive and inducible NO production regulate numerous essential functions of the gastrointestinal mucosa, such as maintenance of adequate perfusion, regulation of microvascular and epithelial permeability, and regulation of the immune response. Up-regulation of the production of NO via expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) represents part of a prompt intestinal antibacterial response; however, NO has also been associated with the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies on animal models of experimental IBD have shown that constitutive and inducible NO production seems to be beneficial during acute colitis, but sustained up-regulation of NO is detrimental. This fact is also supported by studies on mice genetically deficient in various NOS isoforms. However, the mechanism by which NO proceeds from being an indispensable homeostatic regulator to a harmful destructor remains unknown. Furthermore, extrapolation of data from animal colitis models to human IBD is questionable. The purpose of this review is to update our knowledge about the role of this universal mediator and the enzymes that generate it in the pathogenesis of IBD.     

Nitric oxide synthesis is increased in the endometrial tissue of women with endometriosis

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that peritoneal macrophages from women with endometriosis produce excess nitric oxide (NO). This study was designed to quantify the amount of NO and determine the expression of endothelial (eNOS) and inducible NO synthases (iNOS) in women with and without endometriosis. METHODS: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed on endometrial tissues obtained from controls (myoma, n = 30) and on eutopic/ectopic endometrial tissues from endometriosis patients (n = 34) to evaluate eNOS and iNOS protein concentrations in these endometrial tissues. A rapid-response chemiluminescence analyser was used to measure NO directly in fresh endometrial tissues. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SEM) levels of NO were significantly increased in the endometrial tissues of women with endometriosis (13.2 +/- 7.8 versus 19.8 +/- 12.6 nmol/g tissue; P = 0.016). Apparently higher levels of NO were found in ectopic compared with eutopic endometrium (P = 0.057). Endometrial tissues of women with endometriosis appeared to contain more iNOS than those of controls (3.6 +/- 2.2 versus 8.6 +/- 12.2 pg/ microg protein; P = 0.06), but no significant difference was found in eNOS levels. CONCLUSIONS: Greater amounts of NO and NOS are present in the endometrial tissues of women with endometriosis, implying a possible role for NO in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.     

精-甘-天冬-丝氨酸肽对兔血管舒张功能及左旋精氨酸/一氧化氮途径的影响

本文观察了RGDS肽对兔离体股动脉舒张反应、主动脉一氧化氮(NO)生成、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性及左旋精氨酸(L-Arg)转运的影响。结果发现,RGDS肽呈剂量依赖性地引起内皮依赖和非依赖性的血管扩张;增加NOS活性及NO的产生,可被L-NNA所逆转。RGDS肽亦可增加血管组织高和低亲和性L-Arg的最大转运速率(与对照组相比分别增加126%和64%,P＜0.05和P＜0.01)。表明RGDS肽可显著增加L-Arg转运及NOS的活性,对内皮衍化舒张因子(EDRF)/NO系统具有重要调节作用。     

人内皮型一氧化氮合酶cDNA在COS-7细胞中的表达

本研究从人脐静脉血管内皮细胞中提取总RNA，采用逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法，扩增出人内皮型一氧化氮合酶(heNOS)cDNA，总长度为3731bp。将其克隆入pUCm—T载体质粒，序列分析表明，克隆所得片段含有完整开放阅读框架，与GenBank中heNOScDNA序列同源性达99．93％，在此基础上发现有若干核酸多态性。将该基因片段亚克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3．0上，用脂质体转染法将pcDNA3．0／heNOS转染到COS-7细胞株，RT—PCR、Western blot分别检测到外源性eNOS基因在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平的表达，分析表明所表达的heNOS蛋白质分子量为145ku；L-^14C-精氨酸掺入同位素法检测证实所表达的eNOS蛋白具有生物学活性，能将精氨酸氧化为瓜氨酸。     

巨噬细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达调节机制

一氧化氮是一种重要的巨噬细胞免疫效应分子,它参与免疫调节和宿主防御反应.一氧化氮的生成主要由诱导型一氧化氮合酶调节,然而诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的调节机制及信号通路尚不完全清楚.     

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the trigeminal vascular system and other brain structures related to pain in rats

Nitric oxide (NO) is considered to be a key mediator in the pathophysiology of migraine but the localisation of NO synthesizing enzymes (NOS) throughout the pain pathways involved in migraine has not yet been fully investigated. We have used quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting to measure the respective levels of mRNA and protein for nNOS and eNOS in peripheral and central tissues involved in migraine pain: dura mater, pial arteries, trigeminal ganglion (TG) trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), periaqueductal grey (PAG), thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, pituitary gland, hippocampus and cerebellum. iNOS was excluded from the present study because it was not induced. In the trigeminal vascular system we found the highest expression of nNOS mRNA in pial arteries. However, protein expression of nNOS was maximum in TNC. Among other brain structures, nNOS mRNA and protein expression was remarkably higher in the cerebellum than in any other tissues. Regarding eNOS in the trigeminovascular system, the highest mRNA expression was found in pial arteries. In the other brain structures, eNOS mRNA expression was similar but with lowest mRNA concentration in the pituitary gland and the highest concentration in cortex. The same pattern of expression was also observed with the eNOS protein. In conclusion, we found both nNOS and eNOS located to areas relevant to migraine supporting the involvement of NO in migraine mechanisms.     

慢性疲劳应激对大鼠伏隔核一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的:探讨长时间游泳引起的疲劳应激对大鼠伏隔核(NAc)中神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达的影响.方法:采用成年雄性大鼠连续4周每天强迫游泳至力竭,用免疫组织化学方法结合图像处理测定伏隔核中nNOS的表达.结果:长时间强迫游泳应激可使大鼠伏隔核巾nNOS免疫细胞化学反应阳性神经元的数量(106.7%)、面积(150.2%)和灰度值(11.3%)显著增加.结论:nNOS参与疲劳应激的形成,一氧化氮在伏隔核对应激调节中起重要作用.     

The expression and activity of renal nitric oxide synthase and circulating nitric oxide in polycystic kidney disease rats

Nitric oxide (NO) influences tubular fluid and electrolyte transport, and hence possibly also fluid accumulation in renal cysts. The expression and activity of intrarenal constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) [neuronal NOS, nNOS and endothelial NOS, eNOS] and inducible NOS (iNOS) and plasma nitrite/nitrate (PNOx) concentration were assessed in homozygous Han:SPRD polycystic kidney disease (PKD) rats (cy/cy), heterozygous Han:SPRD PKD rats (cy/+), homozygous normal Han:SPRD littermates (+/+) and Sprague Dawley rats (sd). The results showed: 1) nNOS expression was decreased in proximal tubules and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle in cy/cy and cy/+ rats compared to +/+ and sd rats (p<0.05). nNOS was weakly expressed in the epithelium of small cysts and unexpressed in epithelium of large cysts. 2) iNOS expression was increased in proximal tubular epithelial cells in cy/+ rats compared to +/+ rats and sd rats (p<0.01). iNOS expression in cyst epithelium was decreased in cy/+ rats (p<0.05) and absent in cy/cy rats. 3) eNOS expression was similar in the endothelium of intrarenal arteries in all groups. 4) The activity of renal cNOS was decreased in cy/cy and cy/+ rats; the activity of iNOS was decreased only in cy/cy rats, with no significant difference among the other three groups. 5) PNOx concentration was higher in cy/cy rats than in the other three groups, and correlated positively with plasma creatinine and urea. In conclusion, NOS expression and activity decreased as cysts developed, suggesting that NO downregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of PKD.     

Hyperoxia reduces basal release of nitric oxide and contracts porcine coronary arteries

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether changes in nitric oxide (NO) concentration is involved in hyperoxia‐induced vasoconstriction in porcine conduit coronary arteries. Methods: The effect of hyperoxia on NO release and vasoconstriction was evaluated by tension recording, microsensor measurements, and immunoblotting in porcine conduit coronary arteries contracted with U46619 or 5‐hydroxytryptamine. Results: In endothelium‐intact segments exchanging 20% O₂, 5% CO₂, 75% N₂ (normoxia) for 95% O₂, 5% CO₂ (hyperoxia) increased contraction. In segments without endothelium hyperoxia‐evoked contraction was abolished, but restored by an encircling donor segment with endothelium. An inhibitor of NOS, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, 300 μm ), reduced hyperoxic contraction and basal NO concentration by, respectively, 38 ± 12% and 46 ± 3% (P < 0.05, n = 9). A NO donor, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), increased NO concentration and evoked relaxation to the same levels in normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. β‐actin and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) protein expression was similar in normoxic and hyperoxic arterial segments. Phosphorylation of eNOS was unaltered in normoxia vs. hyperoxia, but phosphorylation of eNOS‐Ser¹¹⁷⁷ was increased and phosphorylation of eNOS‐Thr⁴⁹⁵ decreased by U46619. Blockers of ATP‐sensitive, voltage‐dependent and calcium‐activated K⁺ channels did not change hyperoxic contraction. However, high extracellular K⁺ concentration or a second and third exposure to hyperoxia decreased contraction. Conclusion: The present study provides direct evidence that hyperoxia reduces basal release of NO leading to depletable endothelium‐dependent vasoconstriction in porcine coronary arteries independent of changes in eNOS phosphorylation.     

大鼠下丘脑内的一氧化氮合酶与雌激素受体双标神经元

目的:探讨一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和雌激素受体(ER)在下丘脑诸核团的分布及共存,为揭示雌激素与一氧化氮之间的内在联系提供形态学依据。方法:采用NADPH-d组织化学法并结合免疫组织化学技术,观察雌性大鼠下丘脑内NOS阳性神经元、ER阳性神经元以及NOS/ER双染神经元的形态及分布。结果:NOS阳性神经元主要分布在下丘脑室旁核、视上核、下丘脑外侧区和室周核;ER阳性神经元在下丘脑诸核团的表达不及NOS阳性神经元广泛;NOS与ER双染神经元主要分布在下丘脑的室旁核、视上核、下丘脑外侧区及室周核;其他区域可见散在分布的双染神经元。结论:NOS与ER双染神经元主要集中分布在视上核的背内侧和背外侧部及室旁核小细胞部腹内侧区,在下丘脑外侧区分布较广但比较分散,室周核呈散在分布。     

维药伊木萨克片对大鼠阴茎勃起功能的影响

目的:探讨维药伊木萨克片对雄性大鼠阴茎勃起功能的影响及其机制.方法:性功能正常SD雄性大鼠用伊木萨克连续干预6周后,进行阿普吗啡(APO)阴茎勃起实验和交配实验,并检测阴茎海绵体窦压(ICP);用放射免疫法检测外周血清中睾酮(T)、促黄体生成素(LH)和促卵泡刺激素(FSH)含量,镜检睾丸的组织形态学改变;用免疫组织化学技术检测两组大鼠阴茎组织中eNOS、nNOS表达.结果:(1)与正常对照组相比较,伊木萨克组APO勃起所需时间显著缩短,插入次数显著增加,且基础ICP值与电刺激诱导ICP值均显著升高;(2)T水平在伊术萨克组显著高于正常对照组,而LH与FSH在两组问无显著性差异;(3)eNOS表达在伊木萨克组显著高于正常对照组,nNOS在两组间无昆著性差异.结论:维药伊木萨克片能够显著提高正常大鼠的阴茎勃起功能,其机制可能和提高雄激素水平与eNOS表达有关.     

Distribution and expression pattern of the nitrergic system in the cerebellum of the sheep

The nitrergic system produces nitric oxide as an atypical neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Nitric oxide is produced from l-arginine through specific enzymes known as nitric oxide synthases. Of these, the more abundant form in neurons is the constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase, although the inducible isoform can be expressed as well, especially following stress or other injuries. The excessive formation of nitric oxide results in protein nitration, particularly at tyrosine residues, thus the presence of nitrotyrosine can be used as a marker of nitric oxide production. In previous studies we have shown the distribution of the components of the nitrergic system in the cerebellum of rodents, where neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was present in stellate and basket cells, and occasionally in granule cells. Here, we present evidence that in the sheep, as a model of larger mammals, most cerebellar neurons display an intense immunostaining for neuronal nitric oxide synthase, including unipolar brush cells, and Lugaro and Golgi neurons, which are not immunoreactive in rodents. In addition, weak immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine was found in particular cell types, indicating a basal expression for these markers. Our results suggest a larger dependence on the nitrergic system for the cerebella of larger mammals. Since this increase happens in both activating and inhibitory neurons of the cerebellar circuitry, we propose that in these animals there is a higher steady-state regulation of the cerebellum based on nitric oxide.     

Nitric oxide in the endometrium

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of paracrine interactions, especially within the vascular system. It is a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a potent vasodilator. NO is also a neurotransmitter and it plays a role in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. NO-generating enzymes (nitric oxide synthases, NOS) have been described in the endometrium of a number of species, suggesting that NO might be involved in endometrial function. In human endometrium, endothelial NOS and inducible NOS have been localized to glandular epithelium in the non-pregnant uterus. Weak inducible NOS immunoreactivity has been observed in decidualized stromal cells. NO might participate in the initiation and control of menstrual bleeding. Furthermore, it may play a part in the inhibition of platelet aggregation within the endometrium, where menstrual haemostasis is thought to occur primarily by vasoconstriction rather than clot organization. Endometrially derived NO could also suppress myometrial contractility. Recent attention has focused on the part that NO might play in maintaining myometrial quiescence during pregnancy. NO also appears to relax the non-pregnant myometrium, an action which could be exploited for the medical treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea.