肺炎性肿块CT表现的探讨

肺炎性假瘤、限局性机化性肺炎及限局性化脓性肺炎CT检查均可表现为结节或肿块,其临床与CT表现不完全相同,且与肺癌、肺结核鉴别有一定困难.本文回顾性分析了34例肺炎性肿块的临床与CT表现,旨在提高对于肺炎性肿块CT表现的认识及其与肺癌及其他良性肺结节的鉴别.     

限局性机化性肺炎的高分辨率CT表现

目的 分析限局性机化性肺炎的CT,特别是高分辨率CT（HRCT）的表现特点。方法 回顾性对照分析9例经组织学证实的限局性机化性肺炎,9例均行常规CT扫描,病灶部位行HRCT扫描,2例行增强扫描。结果 9例病灶最大直径2－4cm(平均2.5cm)。除1例位于肺野内距胸膜3cm处外,余8例均邻近胸膜面。病灶呈圆形或类圆形结节状4例,不规则多边结节形5例,6例边缘呈弓形凹陷,与病灶中心层面相邻的上下层面多呈不规则形。于肺窗上4例可病灶邻近肺野内有不同程度的渗出性病变。结论 限局性机化性肺炎的CT,特别是HRCT表现有一定特征,经全面分析大部分可与其他病变鉴别。     

肺炎性假瘤的CT诊断与误诊分析

目的：探讨肺炎性假瘤的CT征象和CT鉴别诊断，减少误诊率。方法：回顾分析20例经手术病理证实的肺炎性假瘤的CT表现。结果：CT诊断正确者6例，误诊为肺癌8例，结核瘤5例，球型肺炎1例，虽然CT对炎性假瘤的诊断有一定局限性，但肿块对于肺的外周，有垂直于胸膜的刀切样边缘，局限性胸膜增厚、尖角征、平直征，肿块与邻近胸壁之间有低密度影及均匀强化等征象，对肺炎性假瘤的诊断具有意义。结论：全面分析CT征象，并结合肺内感染病史能提高肺炎性假瘤诊断的正确率。     

肺炎性假瘤的CT分析

目的：探讨肺炎性假瘤的CT征象和鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性分析28例经手术病理证实的肺炎性假瘤的CT表现。结果：①病灶部位：两肺下叶基底段13例、背段8例，上叶后段(尖后段)5例，中叶(舌段)2例；均邻近胸膜。②CT征象：病灶呈类圆形26例，不规则形2例，密度均匀27例，空洞1例，边缘光整20例，有粗长毛刺或锯齿状8例，呈尖角状4例，分叶2例，病灶有垂直于胸膜的刀切样边缘12例，局部胸膜增厚粘连21例。肿块与邻近胸壁之间有低密度条状影18例。结论：全面分析CT征象能提高肺炎性假瘤的正确诊断率。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤CT诊断及鉴别

目的：探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的CT表现,提高对该病的诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的胰腺实性假乳头状瘤患者的CT资料,8例患者均行CT平扫及增强,2例行MRCP扫描。结果：8例患者均为年轻女性,无黄疸,5例肿瘤表现为胰头颈部较大囊实性肿块。3例表现为胰尾部囊实性肿块,CT平扫表现为圆形、类圆形低密度或混杂密度团块影,增强后肿瘤实性部分及包膜可见强化,囊性部分无强化。结论：胰腺实性假乳头状瘤影像学表现有一定特征性。     

局灶性机化性肺炎的CT表现及特征

目的：探讨局灶性机化性肺炎的CT特点及诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析45例经手术病理证实的局灶性机化性肺炎的临床资料及CT表现。结果：45例按病灶形态分为结节型（16例）、肿块型（15例）、浸润型（8例）和实变型（6例）。CT表现：7例边缘清晰光整，10例呈锯齿样改变，12例见有细毛刺，8例边缘模糊，8例边缘呈不规则样。10例结节型和10例肿块型病灶行平扫加增强。结节型：病灶均匀强化3例，环状强化3例，不规则强化2例，不增强2例；肿块型：病灶均匀强化4例，环状强化3例，不规则强化2例，不增强1例。6例环状强化病灶内有液化坏死。16例病灶内见支气管充气征，12例见支气管血管束异常，20例病灶位于胸膜旁。结论：局灶性机化性肺炎CT表现多样，但有一定的特征性，CT诊断符合率较高。     

肺炎性假瘤的CT诊断

目的　探寻肺炎性假瘤的CT征象特点 ,以便与肺癌、肺结核瘤以及球形肺炎等球形病灶相鉴别。方法　搜集 31例经手术病理证实的肺炎性假瘤的CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果　肺炎性假瘤的主要CT表现 :(1 )类圆形 ,大都边缘光整的肿块 ,多为单发 ,直径在 3 .0cm左右 ,密度均匀。 (2 )局限性胸膜肥厚粘连 ,无胸水及钙化征象 ,肿块与增厚的胸壁之间有条状低密度影。 (3)病变中间层面一侧边缘垂直于胸膜呈刀切样改变。 (4)病灶边缘粗短毛刺。结论　CT检查对肺炎性假瘤的正确诊断与鉴别诊断是很有帮助的。     

肺炎性假瘤的CT诊断

目的:探讨肺炎性假瘤的CT诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经穿刺活检和/或手术病理证实的肺炎性假瘤12例的CT表现。结果:本组12例中病灶圆形4例,椭圆形2例,纺锤形3例,锥形2例,不规则形1例;明显均匀强化8例,仅边缘强化2例,未见明显强化1例。肺炎性假瘤多位于胸膜下,病灶基底较广泛贴于胸膜,伴局部胸膜增厚。病灶边缘有粗毛刺。血管向病灶集中。病灶可密度不均匀,有空洞。结论:CT诊断肺炎性假瘤有较高价值。     

机化性肺炎伴脓肿的病理特征及CT表现

目的：探讨机化性肺炎伴脓肿的病理及螺旋CT特征以提高其诊断准确性。方法：对26例机化性肺炎伴脓肿的螺旋CT表现及病理特点进行回顾性分析,探讨病变的发生部位、形态、大小、边缘、密度及增强表现等影像学特点及病理特征。结果：26例中14例（54％）病灶位于胸膜下,呈团块、结节、不规则及楔形等多种形态,边缘多毛糙、模糊,18例（70％）边缘可见长、短毛刺,11例（42％）出现胸膜增厚或牵拉,14例CT（54％）显示平扫病灶内出现单发或多发类圆形透亮区,3例（12％）出现形态不规则空洞。增强后平扫上显示为类圆形透亮区者均无强化,13例（50％）出现单发、多发类圆形无强化低密度区或蜂窝状改变,仅2例病灶呈环形强化;实变区域强化明显且有延迟强化趋势。病理上病灶内以局部肺实变、纤维母细胞或肌纤维母细胞长入肺泡腔内、细胞浸润、间质纤维化及局部或多灶性脓肿为特点。结论：多发小圆形透亮区或多发小圆形无强化区是机化性肺炎伴脓肿的特征性CT表现,当病变边缘不规则且出现空洞改变时,应考虑到机化性肺炎伴脓肿的可能。     

肺炎不同转归的影像学表现

肺炎是常见病，肺炎的影像诊断一般并不困难。但影像检查对于肺炎病原诊断比较困难，肺炎不同转归的某些影像表现与肺结核、肺癌的鉴别有时也较困难。笔者根据文献和经验对于肺炎不同转归的某些影像诊断进行讨论。一、限局性机化性肺炎限局性机化性肺炎、肺泡腔内渗出物，...     

Chlamydia pneumoniae: comparison with findings of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae at thin-section CT

PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare thin-section computed tomographic (CT) findings of Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia with those of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board and patient informed consent were not required. Twenty-four patients with C pneumoniae pneumonia (17 men, seven women; age range, 19-89 years) underwent thin-section CT; 41 patients with S pneumoniae pneumonia (28 men, 13 women; age range, 19-91 years) and 30 patients with M pneumoniae pneumonia (20 men, 10 women; age range, 16-67 years) were also enrolled. Thin-section CT scans of each patient were retrospectively and independently assessed by two chest radiologists for consolidation, ground-glass opacity (GGO), bronchovascular bundle thickening, nodules, pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy, reticular or linear opacity, airway dilatation, pulmonary emphysema, and bilateral lung involvement. Consensus was reached for disagreements. The frequency of each finding was compared among the three types of pneumonia by using the chi2 test. RESULTS: For C pneumoniae pneumonia, CT demonstrated consolidation in 20 patients, GGO in 13, bronchovascular bundle thickening in 17, nodules in 18, pleural effusion in six, lymphadenopathy in eight, reticular or linear opacity in 15, airway dilatation in nine, pulmonary emphysema in 11, and bilateral lung involvement in 12. Bronchovascular bundle thickening (P = .022) and airway dilatation (P = .034) were significantly more frequent in patients with C pneumoniae pneumonia than in those with S pneumoniae pneumonia. Reticular or linear opacity (P = .017), airway dilatation (P = .016), and associated pulmonary emphysema (P = .003) were significantly more frequent in patients with C pneumoniae pneumonia than in those with M pneumoniae pneumonia. CONCLUSION: C pneumoniae pneumonia demonstrates a wide spectrum of thin-section CT findings that are similar to those of S pneumoniae pneumonia and M pneumoniae pneumonia; airway dilatation and bronchovascular thickening were significantly more frequent in patients with C pneumoniae pneumonia.     

原发性肺非何杰金淋巴瘤的影像诊断

目的：研究原发性肺淋巴瘤的影像诊断，方法：7例均经病理和临床证实的原发性肺非何杰金淋巴瘤，均作X线胸片、腹部B超检查，其中5例作胸部CT。结果：6例单发和1例多发性结节(两肺各一灶)或肿块，病变分布无肺叶偏向，病灶密度较低而不均。6个病灶边缘毛糙不规则，1个病灶边缘光整，另一个病灶边缘部分光整，其中2个病灶边缘分叶，2个病灶见长短毛刺。1个病灶见空洞。作胸部CT的5例均见空气支气管征。其中1例伴纵隔淋巴结肿大，5例合并肺叶或肺段的肺不张或部分肺不张，3例侵犯胸壁伴少量胸水。结论：原发性肺淋巴瘤的影像表现多样，非特异性，常见有空气支气管征的边缘毛糙的结节或肿块。本病应与肺癌、隐源性机化性肺炎鉴别，最后定性诊断需病理检验证实。     

Thoracic CT findings of adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess pulmonary CT findings in patients with adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed CT scans of the lung in 87 patients with adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma who had undergone chest CT between January 1996 and March 2002 at two institutions. The CT scans were interpreted by two chest radiologists working in consensus. Parenchymal abnormalities (ground-glass attenuation, consolidation, nodules, thickening of bronchovascular bundles, interlobular septal thickening, honeycombing, crazy-paving appearance, and bronchiectasis) were evaluated, as were enlarged lymph nodes, pleural effusion, and pleural thickening. In 46 patients who underwent surgical biopsy or autopsy, CT-pathologic correlation was performed with the actual specimens by a pathologist and two chest radiologists. RESULTS: On the CT scans, abnormal findings were seen in 60 patients (69.0%). CT findings consisted of ground-glass attenuation (n = 37), centrilobular nodules (n = 25), thickening of bronchovascular bundles (n = 22), and consolidation (n = 13). These abnormalities were predominantly seen in the peripheral lung parenchyma (n = 26). Pathologically, these findings corresponded with atypical lymphocyte infiltration along the interstitium and the alveolar spaces. Pleural effusion and enlarged lymph nodes were found in 22 and 27 patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: CT findings in patients with adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma consisted mainly of ground-glass attenuation, centrilobular nodules, and thickening of the bronchovascular bundles in the peripheral lung. These findings, although nonspecific, are considered suggestive of thoracic involvement in patients with adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma.     

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: CT features in 14 patients

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia is a disease characterized by the presence of granulation tissue within small airways and the presence of areas of organizing pneumonia. We retrospectively reviewed the chest radiographs, CT scans, and biopsy specimens in 14 consecutive patients with proved bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Six patients were immunocompromised because of leukemia or bone-marrow transplantation. In all patients, 10-mm collimation CT scans were available. In 11 of the 14 patients, select 1.5-mm scans were obtained. The CT findings included patchy unilateral (n = 1) or bilateral air-space consolidation (n = 9), small nodular opacities (n = 7), irregular linear opacities (n = 2), bronchial wall thickening and dilatation (n = 6), and small pleural effusions (n = 4). All patients had areas of air-space consolidation, small nodules, or both. A predominantly subpleural distribution of the air-space consolidation was apparent on the radiographs of two patients and on CT scans of six. Pathologically, the nodules and the consolidation represented different degrees of inflammation in bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Although most of the findings were apparent on the radiographs, the CT scans depicted the anatomic distribution and extent of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia more accurately than did the plain chest radiographs.     

Pulmonary CT findings in 320 carriers of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate pulmonary computed tomographic (CT) findings in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers, who were characterized by means of polyclonal integration of proviral DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained, and informed consent was waived. Chest CT scans obtained between January 1996 and October 2004 in 320 (154 men, 166 women; age range, 31-86 years; mean, 64 years) patients with HTLV-1 were retrospectively evaluated by three chest radiologists. Parenchymal abnormalities (ground-glass opacity, consolidation, centrilobular nodules, thickening of bronchovascular bundles, interlobular septal thickening, and bronchiectasis) were evaluated, along with enlarged lymph nodes and pleural effusion. In 58 patients who underwent surgical biopsy or transbronchial biopsy, comparison of CT images with the actual specimens was performed by a pathologist and three chest radiologists. RESULTS: On CT scans, abnormal findings were seen in 98 (30.1%) patients and consisted of centrilobular nodules (n = 95), thickening of bronchovascular bundles (n = 55), ground-glass opacity (n = 51), bronchiectasis (n = 50), interlobular septal thickening (n = 28), and consolidation (n = 5). These abnormalities were predominantly seen in the peripheral lung parenchyma (n = 70). Pathologically, these findings corresponded to lymphocytic infiltration along respiratory bronchioles and bronchovascular bundles. Pleural effusion and enlarged lymph nodes were found in two and five patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: CT findings in patients with HTLV-1 consisted mainly of centrilobular nodules, ground-glass opacity, and thickening of the bronchovascular bundles in the peripheral lung. These CT findings are considered suggestive of thoracic involvement in patients with HTLV-1.     

Thoracic manifestation of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA)-related disease. CT findings in 51 patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pulmonary CT findings of patients with serum evidence of the myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA). METHODS: The pulmonary CT scans of 62 patients with serum evidence of MPO-ANCA (51 with microscopic polyangiitis, 11 with Churg-Strauss syndrome) were retrospectively assessed with regard to parenchymal, pleural, and mediastinal abnormalities. RESULTS: On the CT scans, abnormal findings were seen in 51 of the patients (82%, n = 62). Of the patients, the CT findings consisted of ground-glass attenuation in 48 of the patients (94%, n = 51), consolidation in 40 (78%), and thickening of bronchovascular bundles in 26 (51%). Pathologically, these findings corresponded to alveolar hemorrhages, interstitial chronic inflammation in the alveolar septa, vasculitis, or fibrosis. These abnormalities were predominantly seen in peripheral lung parenchyma (n = 37). CONCLUSION: The CT findings in patients with MPO-ANCA consisted mainly of ground-glass attenuation and consolidation in the peripheral lung. These findings, although nonspecific, are considered as pulmonary involvement in patients with MPO-ANCA.     

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: thin-section CT findings in 22 patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the thin-section computed tomographic (CT) findings of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 22 patients (five men, 17 women; age range, 24-83 years; mean age, 50 years) with biopsy-proved lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. The CT scans were obtained by using 1-3-mm collimation and reconstructed by using a high-spatial-frequency algorithm. RESULTS: The predominant abnormalities consisted of areas of ground-glass attenuation and poorly defined centrilobular nodules present in all 22 patients and subpleural small nodules seen in 19 patients. Other common findings included thickening of bronchovascular bundles (n - 19), interlobular septal thickening (n = 18), cystic airspaces (n = 15), and lymph node enlargement (n = 15). Less common findings included large nodules, emphysema, airspace consolidation, bronchiectasis, architectural distortion, honeycombing, and pleural thickening. CONCLUSION: Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia is characterized by the presence of ground-glass attenuation, poorly defined centrilobular nodules, and thickening of the interstitium along the lymphatic vessels. Lymph node enlargement is more common than previously recognized; it was seen in 68% of patients.     

CT引导胸穿肺活检对纤支镜阴性的肺部肿块诊断价值

目的：评价CT引导下经胸穿肺活检对纤维支气管镜检查阴性的肺部肿块患的诊断价值。方法：搜集290例肺部肿块患接受CT引导下经胸穿肺活检，其中43例患曾接受过纤维支气管镜检查，又检查结果为阴性，回顾性分析了该43例患的病理结果、肿块大小和穿刺并发症情况。结果：发现恶性26例(腺癌11例、鳞癌8例、支气管肺泡癌3例、未分化癌和腺鳞癌各2例)；良性4例(结核2例、结节病1例、炎性假瘤1例)；仍有13例未能明确结果，该13例中有6例因诊断或治疗的原因行手术治疗，发现5例为恶性(鳞癌2例、未分化癌1例、小细胞癌1例、腺癌1例)，1例为良性病变(结核)。结论：CT引导下经胸穿肺活检对纤维支气管镜检查阴性的肺部肿块患有很高的临床价值，它的明确诊断率与部位关系不大，而与肿块的大小正相关。