上海某区温室大棚种植农民职业及生活现状调查

[目的]了解浦东新区温室大棚作业农民职业和生活现状,为改善该群体的职业卫生状况提供信息。[方法]对原南汇区14个镇的蔬菜大棚专业种植户逐户调查,内容包括人员基本信息、经营状况、生活和职业状况等的信息。[结果]共收集3194份有效问卷。从业农民普遍文化程度低,老年化趋势明显,外来农民与本地农民的年龄构成差异有统计学意义（χ^2=1229．382,P〈0．01）,外来农民年龄结构优于本地农民;在经营性质、种植品种、大棚类型、种值面积、从业时间、饮水种类、居住环境方面与本地农户的差异均有统计学意义（χ^2值依次为1604．16,934．50,83．61,65．42,156．54,909．40,2360．80,均P〈0．01）,外来农户以举家租赁小面积耕地独立生产经营为主,居住环境较差。[结论]温室大棚作业的外来农民职业及生活现状需要关注,要帮助他们改善居住环境、生活设施,加强从农业种植技术到农业生产过程职业卫生防护知识技能的指导和培训。     

温室大棚作业人员肌肉骨骼疾患工效学影响因素的定性研究

目的定性了解温室大棚作业人员肌肉骨骼疾患的工效学影响因素。方法选择山东省寿光市温室大棚种植区,采用现场观察及定性小组访谈的方法对温室大棚作业人员的作业姿势、肌肉骨骼疾患的发生及其引起的误工就医情况以及温室大棚作业中的不良工效学影响因素进行研究。结果温室大棚作业人员肌肉骨骼疾患主要发生在腰部和肩部,作业人员作业时背部姿势构成主要为直立(50.4%)、前倾(31.1%)、前曲(10.4%);上肢姿势构成比主要是单手高于肘(47.2%),单手高于肩(32.3%),双手高于肘(15.1%);下肢姿势构成比主要为伸直(60.3%),单脚重心(20.9%),蹲(14.4%)。因肌肉骨骼疾患误工、就医的情况较少,肌肉骨骼疾患发生的主要影响因素有性别、年龄、长时间高负荷劳动、不良的工作体位、重复性作业等。结论我国温室大棚作业人员肌肉骨骼疾患的情况严重,主要影响因素有性别、年龄、长时间高负荷劳动、不良的工作体位、重复性作业,应针对温室大棚特殊的劳动环境和劳动方式,选择合适的干预措施,减少肌肉骨骼疾患的发生。     

某部官兵健康状况调查

为了解某坑道作业人员营养及健康状况,对某部官兵进地了健康调查。结果显示临床体检结果正常,自觉症状反映出官兵有坑道作业人员职业症状,营养状况良好。     

温室环境及农药使用对作业人员健康的影响

温室生产,在改善冬季蔬菜供应,增加农民收入等方面有着积极的作用,但由于其特殊的微环境,导致温室作业人员的健康风险增高,温室中的高温、高湿等特殊微环境,使得温室中的作业人员农药暴露更高于露天环境,是造成温室作业人员健康损害的最重要因素之一.我国大陆对温室微环境的研究虽也越来越多,但主要集中在提高农业劳动生产率与经济效益方面,对劳动者的健康影响研究仍有限.随着经济的快速发展,温室作业人员职业卫生安全也越来越引起人们的重视.因此,本研究在总结目前国内外温室农药使用对温室作业人员健康影响的基础上,从温室微环境的特点、温室作业人员农药使用与暴露情况,以及温室中农药使用对作业人员健康影响等三方面进行综述探讨,以期为我国温室作业人员健康的防护研究提供相关的参考信息.     

佛山市顺德区职业健康监护现状

目的 通过总结顺德区职业健康监护档案资料，了解该地区职业人群的健康状况和确定职业危害因素的防治重点。方法 收集2004年该地区职业健康监护档案资料，对其进行定性和定量统计分析。结果 职业中毒的发病率较高，该地区职业病危害因素主要集中在家具厂、鞋厂、PVC管材制造厂、蓄电池制造行业、家电制造行业、陶瓷厂、铸造厂和其他生产行业。结论 应进一步加强顺德区接触职业病危害的作业人员上岗前、在岗期间、离岗时的职业健康检查，进一步完善在岗人员的个人防护。     

放射作业人员晶状体混浊情况监测结果

为了解金华市放射作业人员职业健康状况,建立健全职业健康档案。2005年10月—2010年10月金华市疾病预防控制中心对金华市850名(1700眼)医用X线人员和工业探伤人员进行职业健康     

个体社会经济指标和自觉健康状况之间关系分析

为了探究个体社会经济指标和人群自我健康状况之间的关系。我们对成都市1996年3620份行为危险因素监测（BRFSS）资料进行了分析,结果表明,男、女性之间自觉健康状况有显著性差异（P＜0．01）,女性自觉健康状况较男性差;且随着年龄的增长,自觉健康状况逐渐变差,通过对民族、婚姻、文化程度、职业、月收入等个体社会经济指标与自觉健康状况之间的关系分析,发现个人月收入与自觉健康状况存在统计学联系（OR＝1．1970,P＜0．05）,而其他指标未发现显著性意义。     

大棚蔬菜种植者的职业安全卫生研究

2000年10月5日,国际劳工组织(ILO)公布了职业安全卫生管理体系指南(草案)[1],职业安全卫生(OSH)已越来越受到重视.随着农业科学技术的不断发展,各种各样的反季节蔬菜在大棚中栽培成功,增加了蔬菜种植者的经济收入,同时也给他们带来了一系列的职业安全卫生问题.大棚蔬菜种植者属于传统农业转型的农业劳动者,他们在大棚特殊的生产环境中从事蔬菜种植,将面临着更多的职业安全卫生问题.因此,对大棚蔬菜种植者职业安全卫生研究的开展,提出指导性的建议势在必行.     

温室大棚对健康影响的研究进展

目前从事温室大棚作业的菜农患病率逐年增加,这与温室环境中多种因素密切相关.该文主要概述了温室大棚的环境因素(微小气候、作物种类)、生物因素、化学因素(农药、棚膜、肥料)及其他因素(大棚内外环境、菜农自身情况)等与大棚相关不适症状和疾病的关系.     

湖州市职业健康监护现况分析

目的　通过总结湖州市健康监护档案信息,了解该地区职业人群的健康状况和确定职业危害因素的防治重点。方法　收集2003年本地区有害作业人群的体检资料,对其结果进行定性与定量统计分析。结果　该地区建材、化工、蓄电池生产行业的从业人员,主要表现为血液、呼吸系统受损。在职业病的发生方面,尘肺病和职业中毒的发病率较高。结论　湖州市职业人员上岗前、在岗期间的健康监护及个人防护措施应该进一步加强和完善。     

Pesticide use and poisoning among farmers from the county of Paty do Alferes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This survey is part of a more comprehensive study on the health consequences of pesticide exposure. In the county (municipality) of Paty do Alferes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 55 agricultural workers were interviewed on the use of pesticides, use of personal protective equipment, data on health status, and symptoms related to pesticide exposure, disposal of agrochemical containers, and technical assistance. The most widely used pesticides were insecticides such as abamectin, organophosphate compounds, and pyrethroids, and fungicides such as mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and copper products. As a rule, pesticides are handled carelessly, and 92% of workers involved in the mixing, loading, and spraying of insecticides and fungicides used no protective clothing or equipment whatsoever. Some 62% of workers reported at least one illness associated with mixing or spraying pesticides. The most frequently reported symptoms were headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, skin irritation, and blurred vision, and 21% of affected workers required medical care. In more than half (51%) of the cases, workers reported using organophosphate insecticides from toxicological class I when they felt sick.     

Exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and health conditions in agricultural and non-agricultural workers from Maule,Chile

The objective was to evaluate the characteristics of exposure to OP pesticides and health status in Chilean farm workers from the Maule Region. An occupational health questionnaire was administered in 207 agricultural and non-agricultural workers. For the group of agricultural workers, we asked about specific occupational exposure history and symptoms of OP pesticide poisoning. The main health problem of the exposed group was previous OP pesticide poisoning (p < 0.001). Fifty-six percent of agricultural workers reported symptoms consistent with acute OP pesticide poisoning. The use of respiratory personal protective equipment and younger age were protective against these symptoms, and number of years of OP pesticide exposure was positively associated with reporting symptoms of poisoning. Of the pesticide applicators 47 % reported using chlorpyrifos. The regulations regarding use and application of pesticides should be strengthened, as should training and intervention with workers to improve the use of personal protective equipment.     

Pesticide use among farmers in the Amazon basin of Ecuador

Pesticide use is one of the most significant occupational exposures for agricultural workers in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. A structured questionnaire was developed focusing on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and experience of adverse health effects related to pesticide use, details of work practices, and an inventory of pesticides used on the farm. Of the 112 farmers interviewed, 111 (99.1%) used pesticides. Paraquat was most commonly used (77.4%), followed by glyphosate (65.7%). Respondents had good knowledge about the acute health effects of pesticides and their exposure routes. Risk behaviors were identified as frequent pesticide use, washing pesticide equipment in water sources used by humans, inadequate disposal of empty pesticide containers, eating and drinking during pesticide application, and using inadequate protective clothing. Training and educational campaigns on pesticide use should be encouraged for this cohort, along with suggestions for alternative methods of pest control.     

Neuropsychologic effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the French Phytoner study

The Phytoner study investigated a possible association between neuropsychologic performances and long-term exposure to pesticides in Bordeaux vineyard workers, most of whom use fungicides. Among the 917 subjects interviewed from February 1997 to August 1998, 528 were directly exposed to pesticides through mixing and/or spraying (mean exposure duration: 22 years), 173 were indirectly exposed through contact with treated plants, and 216 were never exposed. All subjects performed neuropsychologic tests administered at home by trained psychologists. The risk of scoring a low performance on the tests was constantly higher in exposed subjects. When taking into account educational level, age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, environmental exposures, and depressive symptoms and when restricting analysis to subgroups, results remained significant for most tests, with odds ratios (OR) exceeding 2. These results point to long-term cognitive effects of low-level exposure to pesticides in occupational conditions. Given the frequency of pesticide use and the potential disabilities resulting from cognitive impairments, further toxicologic and epidemiologic research is needed to confirm these results and assess the impact on public health.     

Hematological biomarkers in farm workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides in the Gaza Strip

To assess serum cholinesterase levels and symptoms among farm workers who used mainly organophosphorus pesticides in the Gaza Strip, the authors took blood samples from and administered symptom questionnaires to an occupational cohort of 48 field workers. The authors tested the workers for serum acetylcholinesterase and serum butyrylcholinesterase (SBuChE) levels at the beginning and end of each work day. The authors took 20 employees as referents. The mean activity of SBuChE of the farm workers at the end of the spraying day (X = 3.28+/-0.12 kU/l) was lower by 13.2% than that of the referents at the end of the follow-up day (3.78+/-0.20 kU/l). Many symptoms were self-reported by farm workers. Certain symptoms, such as itching, skin irritation, and a burning sensation in eyes or face, were significantly associated with cholinesterase inhibition. A greater end-of-day reduction in SBuChE activity occurred in younger workers, those workers mixing pesticides, and with day of direct re-entry to the workplace. The authors detected alterations in some blood indexes. The study confirmed the finding that illness in pesticide workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides can occur with trivial reductions in cholinesterase.     

Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators

Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production to prevent or control pests, diseases, weeds, and other plant pathogens in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses and maintain high product quality. Although pesticides are developed through very strict regulation processes to function with reasonable certainty and minimal impact on human health and the environment, serious concerns have been raised about health risks resulting from occupational exposure and from residues in food and drinking water. Occupational exposure to pesticides often occurs in the case of agricultural workers in open fields and greenhouses, workers in the pesticide industry, and exterminators of house pests. Exposure of the general population to pesticides occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues, whereas substantial exposure can also occur in or around the home. Regarding the adverse effects on the environment (water, soil and air contamination from leaching, runoff, and spray drift, as well as the detrimental effects on wildlife, fish, plants, and other non-target organisms), many of these effects depend on the toxicity of the pesticide, the measures taken during its application, the dosage applied, the adsorption on soil colloids, the weather conditions prevailing after application, and how long the pesticide persists in the environment. Therefore, the risk assessment of the impact of pesticides either on human health or on the environment is not an easy and particularly accurate process because of differences in the periods and levels of exposure, the types of pesticides used (regarding toxicity and persistence), and the environmental characteristics of the areas where pesticides are usually applied. Also, the number of the criteria used and the method of their implementation to assess the adverse effects of pesticides on human health could affect risk assessment and would possibly affect the characterization of the already approved pesticides and the approval of the new compounds in the near future. Thus, new tools or techniques with greater reliability than those already existing are needed to predict the potential hazards of pesticides and thus contribute to reduction of the adverse effects on human health and the environment. On the other hand, the implementation of alternative cropping systems that are less dependent on pesticides, the development of new pesticides with novel modes of action and improved safety profiles, and the improvement of the already used pesticide formulations towards safer formulations (e.g., microcapsule suspensions) could reduce the adverse effects of farming and particularly the toxic effects of pesticides. In addition, the use of appropriate and well-maintained spraying equipment along with taking all precautions that are required in all stages of pesticide handling could minimize human exposure to pesticides and their potential adverse effects on the environment.     

Pesticide application practices in agricultural workers

OBJECTIVE: We describe the sociodemographic characteristics and determinants of pesticide exposure in agricultural workers applying pesticides. METHODS: The workers selected were included in a case-control study carried out in the Autonomous Community of Valencia in Spain. Contact was made by telephone and individuals who had been involved in agricultural work during the relevant period of exposure were interviewed face-to-face to gain information on the following determinants of pesticide exposure: crops and periods worked, mixing of products, treatment equipment, participation in the washing of equipment, use of personal protection during the treatments and knowledge of the risks of pesticide exposure. RESULTS: Eighty-nine workers, aged between 16 and 46 years old, were included. Most of the interviewees had primary education or less. Pesticide treatments were mostly applied on high crops (82%), with manual equipment (61%) and throughout the year (45%). Workers frequently performed tasks involving additional exposure to pesticides (mixing chemicals, 66%, or washing equipment, 60%). Sixty-five percent of the workers used no personal protection or used it defectively. No differences were found in personal protection use according to age, family income or education. Most of the workers (90%) reported knowledge of the health risks of pesticide exposure and 21% of them rated the risk as null. CONCLUSIONS: Workers involved in pesticide application use personal protection measures very defectively. There is a clear need to develop specific prevention programs for these workers. The determinants of pesticide exposure in agricultural workers described in this study should be properly assessed in epidemiological studies of the health effects of pesticides on agricultural workers.     

银川市郊蔬菜大棚种植者农药的知信行调查

目的了解银川市大棚种植者农药使用知识、态度和行为,为指导其安全、合理、有效用药提供依据。方法选择银川市郊在本地居住5年以上的非流动人口。采用整群抽样的方法,抽取某镇2个村的全部大棚种植者为调查对象,对其进行问卷调查。内容包括人员基本信息和大棚蔬菜种植者的一般资料、农药的知信行、自我症状报告3方面的情况。结果共收集到有效问卷192份,显示大棚种植者初中以下文化程度占93.8%;对国家禁用的农药知晓率仅为41.6%;喷洒农药时有53.7%的人群不采取任何措施;在对农药知识的了解和正确使用等方面都存在很大的问题。结论银川市郊大棚蔬菜种植者对于有关农药知识的知信行情况不容乐观。应开展多层次农药安全使用技术培训,进一步加强农村大棚种植者的素质,提高有关农药使用方面的知识水平。     

A genetic toxicological study of pesticide workers

Epidemiological surveys and cytogenetic screening were carried out in agricultural workers using pesticides in open fields and in closed spaces respectively in four agricultural counties of Hungary. Some data of the chromosome analyses show the probability of mutagenic effects caused by pesticides. Chromosome aberrations were significantly more frequent in pesticide workers already in the first year of work. Significantly more aberrations were found in those workers having an inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity at the time of the chromosome test. In 14 persons using benomyl, numerical chromosome defects increased significantly in 48 h following spraying, as compared to controls. One year later, the pre‐spraying state was found again. Chromosome mutations were significantly more abundant also in tractor drivers and spray mixers working in orchards and plough‐lands. These finding emphasize the necessity of a strict observance of preventive measures in occupational, food and environmental hygiene.     

Identification of determinants of pesticide exposure among Kenyan agricultural workers using empirical modelling

The influence of factors such as type of pesticides used, use of personal protective devices and hygienic behaviour on acetylcholinesterase inhibition and activity levels in red blood cells of agricultural workers was studied in four areas in Kenya. Empirical modelling techniques were used to identify and quantify factors affecting acetylcholinesterase inhibition and activity. Use of personal protective devices was almost non-existent in areas 3 and 4 where mainly subsistence farmers were studied. Differences in hygienic behaviour between areas were relative small. WHO Class I pesticides were mostly found in area 1 (mainly large farms growing flowers) which also had highest amounts of pesticide use and highest frequency of pesticide spraying. Despite widespread use of protective devices in this area significant inhibition occurred. It became unclear whether acetylcholinesterase inhibition occurred as a result of protective clothing soaked with pesticides, thereby increasing dermal exposure, or because of other (unmeasured) factors. Inhibition, however, could have been much worse without protective devices. In area 1, most workers wore boots, which were found to be protective only when combined with an overall; wearing boots alone led to increased inhibition. Access to a washing facility or bathing facility had a positive effect on acetylcholinesterase levels. However, washing of hands and bathing immediately after spraying seemed reactive behaviour rather than proactive behaviour. Spraying was found to lead to more profound acetylcholinesterase inhibition than mixing. Workers who sprayed WHO Class III pesticides had less acetylcholinesterase inhibition than workers spraying more toxic pesticides.