经额侧脑室联合翼点入路显微切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤

目的探讨经额侧脑室联合翼点入路显微切除鞍上突入第三脑室的内外型颅咽管瘤的手术适应证、疗效及并发症的防治。方法18例第三脑室内外型颅咽管瘤首先采用经额皮质造瘘,侧脑室室间孔入路切除侧脑室、第三脑室内肿瘤,然后应用翼点入路切除鞍上及鞍旁残余肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除3例。患者术后视力改善率75．0％（24／32）,视野改善率76．5％（26／34）;术后16例患者出现不同程度尿崩,3例出现癫痫症状。结论对脑室内外型颅咽管瘤,经额皮质造瘘侧脑室室间孔入路联合翼点入路,充分暴露第三脑室底部、下丘脑、鞍区各脑池及其穿通血管等结构,可提高肿瘤的全切率,减少手术并发症。     

儿童颅咽管瘤手术治疗和长期随访

目的探求在保护下丘脑功能的条件下，安全地伞切或近全切儿童颅咽管瘤。并长期随访术后病儿的生存情况。方法手术切除儿童颅咽管瘤202例。采用经胼胝体一透明隔间隙一穹隆问入路、经额部纵裂入路等八种入路切除鞍区和第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤。术前和术后采取积极措施预防和治疗下丘脑功能紊乱。并对其中的105例进行了12个月到6年的长期随访。结果全切＋近全切184例（91．1％），死亡2例（0．9％）。术后主要并发症为：尿崩症发生率80．7％，长期尿崩症率11．4％；血电解质紊乱74．8％；癫痫9．4％。术后第1年和第4年是死亡高峰。手术后5年生存率68．2％。结论选择合适的手术入路在直视下尽可能全切除颅咽管瘤，并保护第三脑室前下外侧壁（下丘脑）。术后积极防治血钠紊乱和癫痫是确保手术安全的重要措施。术后放疗可明显降低颅咽管瘤的复发率。     

经皮质-侧室入路切除三脑室颅咽管瘤(附38例报告)

作者2000年1月至2004年4月期间采取经皮质-侧室入路切除三脑室颅咽管瘤患者38例，均经病理组织学证实。现就其临床特点、治疗结果、随访情况介绍如下。     

经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除突入第三脑室内颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨切除鞍上突入第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的显微手术人路及疗效.方法 经胼胝体-穹隆间入路显微手术切除46例突入第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤.结果 肿瘤全切33例,近全切10例,部分切除3例;随访46例,随访时间3个月-15年,其中39例术后恢复正常工作和生活,8例术后复发.结论 经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤疗效显著.此入路能最大限度地保护正常脑组织,并在明显提高肿瘤全切率的同时做到较少的术后并发症.     

经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路显微手术切除第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路显微手术切除第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2011年2月至2017年9月经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路显微手术切除的17例第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的临床资料,术前均行对侧侧脑室外引流术。结果 肿瘤全切除14例 ,次全切除2例,部分切除1例。术后出现尿崩症8例,电解质紊乱14例,癫痫1例,高热1例,短期记忆力减退4例。术后长期昏迷1例,死亡1例;15例康复出院。13例术后随访3个月~6年,肿瘤复发2例。结论 经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路为切除第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的有效途径;术前行脑室外引流术有助于减轻脑积水及减少术后并发症。     

经额下—第三脑室联合入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤与颅咽管瘤24例报告

目的 介绍经额下-第三脑室联合入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤及颅咽管瘤的途径、体会及疗效。方法 额部开颅,先经侧脑室-室间孔达第三脑室,切除第三脑室肿瘤,此时因侧脑室及第三脑室已经开放,颅内压明显降低,可以很容易地抬起额叶,显露并切除鞍上及鞍内肿瘤。结果 4例全切除,20例次全切除,无死亡病例。24例术前均有不同程度视觉障碍,其中10例在住院期间视力视野已有改善,8例术后出现尿崩,经治疗1～2周好转。结论 当垂体瘤或颅咽管瘤长入第三脑室时,经额下-第三脑室入路是较理想的手术入路。     

颅咽管瘤的显微手术治疗及随访

目的探讨翼点入路为基础的颅咽管瘤全切除方法，并通过长期随访了解患者生存状态。方法根据肿瘤影像学表现的生长部位及扩展方向将翼点入路进行改良，对121例颅咽管瘤患者进行手术治疗，并对其中83例进行12-84个月的随访。结果本组全切除、近全切率分别为79．3％、19．0％，术后最常见的肿瘤残留部位位于肿瘤与第三脑室底部前端连续处。术后最常见的下丘脑反应为尿崩症（86、8％）及低钠、高钠血症（68、6％），其中高钠血症预示严重的下丘脑反应，但经过处理术后反应多可良好控制。围手术期死亡3例（2．5％）。11例随访期内复发，复发率13％。随访期患者复发最常见于术后2年内。结论根据肿瘤生长方向及大小，选择各种改良翼点入路进行积极的全切除，多数颅咽管瘤可以得到良好的长期控制和生存质量。     

经终板入路显微外科手术切除视交叉后颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨经终板入路显微外科手术切除视交叉后累及第三脑室颅咽管瘤的可行性、手术技巧及疗效.方法 回顾性分析34例位于视交叉后累及第三脑室颅咽管瘤病人的临床资料,均采用经终板入路显微手术切除肿瘤.结果 肿瘤全切除30例,次全切除4例.本组死亡1例.术后出现尿崩症、电解质紊乱、垂体前叶功能低下等并发症.术前症状多数不同程度好转.23例随访3～7年,次全切除的病人中术后行伽玛刀治疗3例,随访期间未复发;拒绝放疗1例,术后16个月MRI示肿瘤复发.另19例肿瘤全切除病人随访期间均未复发.结论 经终板入路切除视交叉后累及第三脑室的颅咽管瘤,可取得较好的疗效;精湛的显微外科技巧可避免或减少发生术后并发症.     

儿童第三脑室室内型颅咽管瘤的显微手术治疗及术后并发症的防治

目的 探讨儿童第三脑室室内型颅咽管瘤显微手术治疗方法及术后并发症的防治方法. 方法 自2005年7月至2011年5月云南省第一人民医院神经外科共收治儿童第三脑室室内型颅咽管瘤患者18例,均采用胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路进行手术切除,现回顾性分析该18例患儿临床资料、治疗效果及术后并发症的防治过程. 结果 肿瘤全切13例,近全切除3例,大部分切除2例.患者症状和体征均得到不同程度的改善.术后主要并发症为:尿崩(15/18)、血电解质紊乱(12/18)、中枢性高热(5/18)和癫痫(4/18),经积极防治后均得到控制,总体治疗效果良好. 结论 经胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路是切除儿童第三脑室室内型颅咽管瘤的理想路径,积极防治术后并发症对改善患者预后意义重大.     

经额下终板入路显微切除颅咽管瘤

目的探讨手术全切除颅咽管瘤的有效方法。方法10例视交叉前置型或突入三脑室前部的颅咽管瘤,采用经终板入路,术中在显微镜下切除肿瘤,并注意保护下丘脑神经结构和防止穿通动脉的损伤。结果9例患者达到肿瘤全切除,1例次全切除。术后9例正常生活,1例患者术后生活自理。随访14个月至5年未见肿瘤复发,视力视野都有不同程度的改善。结论经额下终板入路显微切除视交叉前置型或突入三脑室前部的颅咽管瘤,术中注意保护下丘脑结构和穿支动脉,术后可以取得满意疗效。     

经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除第三脑室肿瘤

目的 探讨经胼胝体-穹隆间入路显微手术切除第三脑室肿瘤的经验.方法 经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除第三脑室肿瘤24例,其中第三脑室前部肿瘤10例,中部12例,后部2例.结果 肿瘤全切20例,近全切除3例,大部分切除1例.病理结果示:颅咽管瘤9例,胶样囊肿7例,星形细胞瘤4例,室管膜瘤2例,胶质母细胞瘤1例,畸胎瘤1例.术后并发症:近记忆力障碍6例,2个月内均有所恢复;短暂性尿崩5例,治疗1～2周后恢复;缄默症2例,1个月内恢复;脑积水4例,其中3例行脑室-腹腔分流术后恢复良好,另1例术前昏迷者,术后意识状态无改善,放弃治疗.结论 经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除第三脑室前、中部肿瘤是较理想的手术入路,肿瘤切除率高,病人术后合并症少、病死率低.     

胼胝体-穹窿间入路显微手术切除第三脑室肿瘤

目的探讨经胼胝体-穹窿间入路显微手术切除第三脑室肿瘤的方法及疗效。方法胼胝体-穹窿间入路显微手术切除第三脑室肿瘤6例，其中突入第三脑室颅咽管瘤2例，丘脑胶质瘤1例，下丘脑错构瘤1例，畸胎瘤1例，松果体区生殖细胞瘤1例。结果本组4例肿瘤镜下全切，2例次全切除，无死亡病例。术后出现多饮、多尿、电解质紊乱3例，中枢性高热1例，嗜睡2例，经处理后1-2周消失；1例上视不能，3月后恢复；硬膜下积液3例，3月后自行吸收。结论胼胝体-穹窿间入路按生理间隙进入，直视下操作，对周围重要结构损伤很小，可切除第三脑室前、中、后各部位肿瘤，肿瘤全切除率高，并发症少。     

大型颅咽管瘤的显微手术治疗

目的:结合颅底手术入路提高鞍上、三脑室、脚间池大型颅咽管瘤的手术全切除率,提高疗效。方法:采用不同颅底手术入路显微手术切除37例鞍上、三脑室、脚间池大型颅咽管瘤。结果:肿瘤全切除35例,次全切除2例。术中解剖保留垂体柄31例,所有患者术后伴有不同程度一过性尿崩、动眼神经麻痹10例。全部病例平均随访3年,复发1例。结论:对位于鞍上、三脑室和脚间池的大型颅咽管瘤应根据肿瘤的不同生长方向采用相应的手术入路,充分暴露鞍区各脑池、视神经、前循环及其穿通支和三脑室底部等结构,对脑组织和脑神经牵拉小,术后并发症少且易控制,可取得较好的手术治疗效果。     

Comparison of hypothalamopituitary axis dysfunction of intrasellar and third ventricular craniopharyngiomas in children

In this study, we attempted to determine if different locations of a tumor influence the hypothalamopituitary axis function and outcomes with childhood craniopharyngiomas. The preoperative, postoperative, and long-term follow-up endocrinological disturbances of 66 children with a craniopharyngioma were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the location of the tumor (intrasellar and third ventricle floor). The mean age at onset was 8.02 (range, 1.42-17.58)years. These patients were followed-up for a median duration of 7.2 (range, 2-22)years. Vision problems as the first symptom were more common in Group One (with intrasellar tumors) compared to Group Two (55.6% vs 15.4%; p=0.001; Fisher's exact test). Increased intracranial pressure was the most common initial symptom in patients in Group Two (51.3%) and the second most common symptom in Group One (37%). The majority of patients in both Group One and Group Two required some forms of pituitary hormone supplements (96% vs 84%). At the last follow-up, more patients with intrasellar craniopharyngiomas needed cortisone supplements (79.2% in Group One vs 45.9% in Group Two; p=0.016; Fisher's exact test); however, children with third ventricle floor tumors had more prevalent weight gain (4.2% in Group One vs 27.0% in Group Two; p=0.038; Fisher's exact test). There were different initial presentations and endocrinological outcomes between children with intrasellar and third ventricle floor craniopharyngiomas. The intrasellar tumors had greater pituitary hormone disturbance. However, at the long-term follow-up, children with third ventricle floor tumors had a greater prevalence of being overweight and obese, which was associated with hypothalamic dysfunction.     

Outcomes of the endoscopic endonasal approach for tumors in the third ventricle or invading the third ventricle

We aimed to retrospectively analyze the surgical and clinical outcomes of the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for tumors in the third ventricle or invading the third ventricle. In total, 82 patients who had undergone surgical treatment using the EEA for tumors involving the third ventricle were enrolled in this study. This cohort study comprised 46 male and 36 female patients. The median age was 37 years (range, 5–76), and the median follow-up duration was 56.5 months (range, 6–117). Seventy-six patients had craniopharyngiomas, and 6 had gangliocytomas, gangliogliomas, astrocytomas, diffuse midline gliomas and lymphomas. Gross total removal was performed in 71 (86.5%) of the 82 patients, subtotal tumor removal in 7 patients and partial removal or biopsy in 4 patients. The pituitary stalk was preserved in 20 cases. Visual function improved in 40 (81.6%) of 49 patients. Endocrine function worsened in 41 (50%) of 82 patients. Hypothalamic function improved in 16 (72.7%) of 22 cases. Postoperative obesity occurred in 3 (20.0%) of 15 children and 11 (23.9%) of 46 adult patients. The postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage rate was 3.6%. Postoperative meningitis occurred in 18 (21.9%) cases. Permanent diabetes insipidus was identified in 73 (89.0%) of 82 patients. Tumor recurrence was observed in 10 patients (12%). The EEA appears to be a safe and effective treatment modality for tumors in the third ventricle or involving the third ventricle. However, more cases and long-term follow-up outcomes are required to confirm the clinical efficacy of the EEA.     

Intracranial metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma mimicking colloid cyst of the third ventricle.

A patient with intracranial lung adenocarcinoma metastasis mimicking a colloid cyst of the third ventricle is reported. These tumours may be associated with excessive bleeding and may infiltrate into surrounding structures. Open microsurgery rather than endoscopic surgery should be considered for these cases, particularly a transcortical-transventricular or transcallosal approach, in order to avoid serious complications.     

儿童颅咽管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨儿童颅咽管瘤显微外科治疗的手术方法、手术入路和治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析33例儿章颅咽管瘤患者显微外科治疗的临床资料。结果 33例中肿瘤全切除30例，近全切除3例，无手术死亡及严重并发症，近全切者术后辅助立体定向放射治疗。31例获随访17月～8．1年，平均4．8年。效果良好者28例，需生活照顾者3例，MRI／CT复查未见肿瘤复发。结论 显微手术切除肿瘤是儿童颅咽管瘤有效的治疗措施；额颞-眶入路能明显缩短到达肿瘤的距离，能显著提高颅咽管瘤手术切除效果。     

导航引导下内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除鞍上区和第三脑室内颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨导航引导下完全内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路切除位于鞍上区和第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的可行性和有效性.方法 采用内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路、术中导航引导下切除3例位于鞍上区和第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤.结果 3例颅咽管瘤全切,手术效果好.术后随访10-14个月,患者生活正常,需要激素替代治疗.结论 内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路可以安全有效地切除位于鞍上区、第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤,这种手术方式不需要牵拉脑组织,并能完全暴露视交叉后、下方区域,在直视下操作,有利于对下丘脑、垂体柄及其他重要结构的保护.对于选择性的颅咽管瘤病例,内镜扩大经鼻蝶窦入路是切除肿瘤的一种新型微创手术入路.神经导航可以验证解剖标记点,引导手术方向,增加手术安全性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of image -guided extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach(EEETA) for the removal of craniopharyngiomas in the suprasellar region and third ventricle. Method A pure EEETA with image -guided system was used. Three patients with a craniopharyngioma involving the suprasellar region and third ventricle were treated. Results Total craniopharyngioma removal was achieved in three cases. All the patients recovered uneventfully. The follow - up study was carried out for 10 to 14 months with good outcomes. Compensatory endocrine substitution therapy was needed in all of them. Conclusions The EEETA for removal of craniopharyngiomas in the suprasellar region and third ventricle is feasible and effective. It has the advantages of no needing for brain retraction,offering panoramic view of retrochiasmatic and infrachiasmatic regions,manipulating under direct vision and protecting hypothalamus,pituitary stalk and other vital structures. The EEETA is a novel and minimally invasive approach for selected cases of craniopharyngioma. Neuronavigation plays an important role in identifying anatomic landmarks,guiding surgical direction and increasing safety of the operations.     

经额底纵裂终板入路切除鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤

目的总结经额底纵裂终板入路切除鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析32例鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤病人的临床资料,其中颅咽管瘤28例,生殖细胞瘤1例,垂体瘤3例。均经额底纵裂终板入路切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切除21例,次全切除6例,大部分切除5例;双侧嗅神经均保留29例,垂体柄保留24例。随访30例,时间2个月～2年,仅2例肿瘤大部分切除病人复发再次手术。结论经额底纵裂终板入路适合于切除向鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部生长的肿瘤,术野显露充分,便于保留下丘脑、垂体柄等重要结构,肿瘤全切率高,并发症少,疗效好。