Plankton as an Indicator of Heavy Metal Pollution in a Freshwater Reservoir of Madhya Pradesh, India

Halali Reservoir is an important freshwater body of Madhya Pradesh. The water of the reservoir is used for drinking, irrigation and aquaculture practices. It receives untreated sewage, wastes from small scale industries and agricultural runoff from the catchment area. Various heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) levels were measured in plankton of Halali Reservoir during 2006–2007 by inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry. Mean concentration ranges for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 0.0018–0.0037, 0.0038–0.2257, 0.0013–0.0228, 0.0011–0.0086, 0.0133–0.0494 and 0.0130–0.1168 μg g^?1, respectively. Overall, mean Cr concentrations in the plankton were generally the highest of the six metals at four of the five study sites. Metal concentrations at these four sites generally followed the order: Cr > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. Mean concentrations of all metals at a fifth site were consistently lower than at the other sites. The high levels of Cr in the plankton are in agreement with high Cr levels that have been reported in fish from this reservoir, indicating that plankton may serve as a useful indicator of metal pollution in fish.     

Heavy-Metal Fractionation in Surface Sediments of the Cauvery River Estuarine Region, Southeastern Coast of India

Geochemical fractionation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) were determined using five-stage sequential extraction in sediments collected from estuarine stretches of Cauvery River delta on the eastern coast of India with emphasis on seasonal variation. Abundance of metals in terms of sum of total fractionations varied in the following order: Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb. Exchangeable fraction, believed to be bioavailable, showed differential abundances during the dry and wet seasons in the following order: Pb > Zn > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cr > Fe and Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Mn > Pb > Fe, respectively, indicating the possibility of anthropogenic influence. Among nonlithogenic fraction, organic matter–bound fraction is the second largest and a key scavenger for all of the heavy metals studied except Fe and Mn. A significant portion of Cu-associated organic matter fraction shows strong association of Cu with organic matter at most of the sampling sites. Environmental risk of metals evaluated using risk-assessment code and mobility factor showed low to high risk for Pb, Zn, and Cu. The results of the present study also hint at notable enrichment of heavy metals in the certain pockets of the Cauvery Estuary.     

Spatial-Based Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils Surrounding a Non-ferrous Metal Smelting Zone

This work aimed to assess the degree of anthropogenic influence and severity of heavy metal from a non-ferrous metal smelting industrial zone. The results suggested that anthropogenic inputs played a dominant role in the enrichment of Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb and Cd. These metals showed similar spatial distribution patterns. Multivariate analysis showed strongly significant relationships between Cu–Zn,Cd–Zn, Cd–Sb, Sb, Sb, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Strong relationship was found between Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb and organic matter in soil. Risk evaluation results within the soil investigated profile was in the following order: Cd > Sb > Cu > Zn > Pb. Nemerow’s synthetical contamination index revealed that there is substantial ecotoxicological risk among the sampling sites with 8 of 9 of these locations exceeding the Nemerow criteria for seriously impacted sites and another site was close to moderately polluted domain.     

Assessing of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Tissues of Rutilus rutilus caspicus and Neogobius gorlap from Miankaleh International Wetland

The concentrations of four heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr) were measured in tissues of pelagic (Rutilus caspicus) and benthic (Neogobius gorlap) fishes from the Miankaleh international wetland. The maximum concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr (2.06, 1.20, 1.14 and 0.70 μg g^?1, respectively) were measured in the liver of N. gorlap, while the lowest concentrations were measured in muscle tissue collected from R. caspicus (Pb 0.67; Cd 0.25; Ni 0.21 and Cr 0.08 μg g^?1). The mean concentrations of metals in liver of R. caspicus and N. gorlap followed a trend where Pb > Cd > Ni > Cr, whereas in R. caspicus and N. gorlap gills and N. gorlap muscle the following trend was observed Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr. The data of presented study show that the liver and gill tissues have higher metal concentrations than muscle and also the metal concentrations in tissues of N. gorlap (benthic) were higher in comparison with R. caspicus (pelagic).     

Assessment of Genotoxic Induction and Deterioration of Fish Quality in Commercial Species Due to Heavy-Metal Exposure in an Urban Reservoir

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of heavy-metal contamination on two fish species (Channa striatus and Heteropneustes fossilis) inhabiting a small freshwater body of northern India. After being captured, each specimen was weighed, measured, and analyzed for heavy metals (chromium [Cr], nickel [Ni], and lead [Pb]). Accumulation of heavy metals was found to be significantly greater (p < 0.05) in different tissues (gill, liver, kidney, and muscle) of fishes captured from the reservoir than from the reference site. Levels of heavy-metal contamination in Shah jamal water was Cr (1.51 mg/l) > Ni (1.22 mg/l) > Pb (0.38 mg/l), which is significantly greater than World Health Organization standards. Bioaccumulation factor was calculated, and it was observed that Pb was most detrimental heavy metal. Condition factor was also influenced. Micronucleus test of fish erythrocytes and comet assay of liver cells confirmed genotoxicity induced by heavy-metal contamination in fishes. Heavy metals (Cr, Ni, and Pb) were increased in both fish species as determined using recommended values of Federal Environmental Protection Agency for edible fishes. This raises a serious concern because these fishes are consumed by the local populations and hence would ultimately affect human health.     

Trace Element Accumulation in Bivalve Mussels Anodonta woodiana from Taihu Lake, China

Data are presented for 13 trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, and Pb) in 38 bivalve mussels Anodonta woodiana from four separate sites (Huzhou, Dapu, Sansandao, and Manshan) around the Taihu Lake of China. All elemental concentrations generally ranked in decreasing order, Mn > Fe > Zn > As ≈ Cu ≈ Cd ≈ Se > Pb > Mo ≈ Ag, except that Cr, Co, and Ni were not detected. Anodonta woodiana was able to bioaccumulate essential Mn and toxic Cd to the extremely high level of 19,240 and 53 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Geographical differences in the concentrations of trace elements were usually significant between sampling sites except for As and Pb, and the mussels from Sanshandao site had mostly accumulated or were contaminated with essential and toxic elements. The residue level of Cd in A. woodiana from the Sanshandao and Manshan sites appeared to be even higher than those of the essential elements Cu and Se, and exceeded the corresponding maximum residue limits of China. The present study provides the most recent information on trace element bioaccumulation or contamination in Taihu Lake and, further, suggests that A. woodiana can be used as a suitable bioindicator for inland water environmental monitoring.     

Heavy metals in sediment and their accumulation in commonly consumed fish species in Bangladesh

Six heavy metals (chromium [Cr], nickel [Ni], copper [Cu], arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], and lead [Pb]) were measured in sediments and soft tissues of eleven commonly consumed fish species collected from an urban river in the northern part of Bangladesh. The abundance of heavy metals in sediments varied in the decreasing order of Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Cd. The ranges of mean metal concentrations in fish species, in mg/kg wet weight (ww), were as follows: Cr, 0.11–0.46; Ni, 0.77–2.6; Cu, 0.57–2.1; As, 0.43–1.7; Cd, 0.020–0.23; and Pb, 0.15–1.1. Target hazard quotients (THQs) and target carcinogenic risk (TR) showed the intake of As and Pb through fish consumption were higher than the recommended values, indicating the consumption of these fish species is associated with noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks.     

Transfer of Heavy Metals Through Three Components: Sediments,Plants and Fish in the Area with Previous Mining Activity

This study aims to evaluate the ecological risk and distribution of heavy metals in sediment, plants and fish in a seriously polluted water reservoir in Krompachy, Slovakia. Special attention was given to the different food web positions of individual fish species (predators, omnivores) and their size. The degree of heavy metal contamination in sediments decreased in the order Cu > Pb > Cr > Hg > Cd, and their mutual proportion was largely consistent with concentrations found in aquatic plants, i.e. water sedges (Carex acutiformis). Of the seven fish species investigated, piscivorous perch (Perca fluviatilis) accumulated higher quantities of metal than fish situated at lower trophic levels. Interestingly, co-equal levels of heavy metals to those found in perch (P. fluviatilis) also occurred in rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus). The Hg values in some fish muscles exceeded the maximum permissible limits suggesting a persistent problem of old environmental burden from former mining activities.

     

Evaluation of Sediment Contamination by Heavy Metals, Organochlorinated Pesticides, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Berre Coastal Lagoon (Southeast France)

During the last decades, the Berre lagoon, located in southeastern France, has been deeply affected by strong contaminant inputs. Surveys of surface sediment contamination have been sparsely performed since 1964 with data often disconnected with regard to time and space. To contribute to filling this gap, this study examined the pollution status of the lagoon during a 2012 sampling. Concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) (cadmium [Cd], chromium [Cr], copper [Cu], lead [Pb], and zinc [Zn]), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were examined. The available seawater metal fraction was also investigated. Water from the Vaine basin (VB; stations 1 through 6) exhibited the lowest oxygen concentration (mean O₂ % saturation 38.9 %). HM loads were in the order of Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd with overall concentration ranges of 0.20–1.40 mg kg^?1 for Cd, 17.1–119 mg kg^?1 for Cr, 7.0–60.7 g^?1 for Cu, 12.0–104 mg kg^?1 for Pb, and 56.5–215 mg kg^?1 for Zn. Although HMs accumulated at levels largely exceeding their relative natural background level of 11-fold for Pb and 80-fold for Zn, their mean concentrations decreased largely to below the acceptable legal limits. HM loads were 20 to threefold the relative corresponding value of the threshold effect level benchmark of potential biological risk. Metals were only scantly released by sediments with mean percentage release of 0.99 % for Cd and 40.2 % for Cr with a peak for this latter element of 99 % in the VB sector. In the case of OCPs, sediments appeared to be significantly polluted, especially in the VB area, with a mean lindane concentration of 0.05 mg kg^?1, which is ≤fivefold the legal threshold. Among PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene exceeded the permitted limit of 0.1 mg kg^?1 mainly in the VB sector.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Metals in Transplanted Lichen (Pseudovernia furfuracea) at Sites Adjacent to a Solid-waste Landfill in Central Italy

The aim of the study was to evaluate the airborne contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some heavy metals (arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], chromium [Cr], copper [Cu], nickel [Ni], lead [Pb], and zinc [Zn]) of different pollution scenarios around a solid-waste landfill in central Italy using the lichen Pseudovernia furfuracea as a monitoring tool. For this purpose, eight stations around a landfill characterized by different air pollution sources (industrial, agricultural, residential areas, and roads with different traffic intensities), together with three stations far from the landfill (control areas), were monitored using a set of 22 lichen samples (11 samples analysed for PAHs and metals after 4 months, and 11 samples analysed for metals after 8 months). After 4 months of exposure, the lichen content of all of the analysed elements was greater than that in the pre-exposed lichens. In addition, the Cu and Pb concentration after 8 months was greater than the level after 4 months. The order of metal concentration was Zn > Pb > Cu (or Cu > Pb) > Cr > Ni > As > Cd in all cases. The range of ∑11PAHs concentration was 634–1,371 ng/g dw (three to seven times greater than the amount in the pre-exposed lichens). The ∑11PAHs were dominated (>70 %) by compounds with three aromatic rings. The comparison of the levels of air pollutants among the monitored stations shows nonrelevant spatial patterns between the landfill stations and the control areas; the levels of PAHs and metals found in the lichen samples around the landfill seemed to be more related to the general diffusion of these pollutants in that area.     

Monitoring Water Pollution Levels in Wadi Hanifa,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and its Public Health Implications

This study was performed to evaluate the levels of metals in the fish caught from Wadi Hanifa’s main basin over four seasons, determine the potential fitness of the fish for human consumption, and evaluate the overall water quality after enforcement of local standards. The physical and chemical parameters from a total of 192 water samples were tested using standard methods. Additionally, a total of 48 fish samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. Mean values for basic water quality parameters of COD, PO₄ ^?3, NH₃ ^?-N, and NO₃ ^?-N exceeded Saudi standards in all seasons. Mean metal concentrations in water were consistently at their highest concentrations in samples collected during the summer, and the lowest in samples collected during the winter. Mean metal concentrations in fish muscle tissue exceeded Saudi standards for As and Cd, and United Nations FAO standards for Cr, Ni, Zn, Fe and Mn. Statistical analysis showed highly significant positive correlations between metal concentrations in water and metal concentrations in fish muscle for As–Fe, Pb–Cr, Pb–Ni, Cr–Cu, and Cu–Fe. This study highlights the urgent need for monitoring and controlling wastewater discharge in Wadi Hanifa to ensure public safety.     

苏南农村地区土壤、大米和井水重金属污染现状

摘要:目的 了解苏南农村地区土壤、大米等重金属污染情况。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,在苏南农村东、南、西、北、中5个方位及市区采集环境及食物样品,用ICP-MS检测其中重金属含量。结果 18份土壤样品重金属Cd、As、Pb平均含量为（1.150±0.860）mg/kg,（46.232±40.313）mg/kg,（55.855±32.690）mg/kg,超标率分别达77.78%、38.89%和27.78%,Cr、Hg含量均低于限值;内梅罗污染指数评价显示,苏南农村土壤整体达轻度污染,其中2、5号点土壤达重污染,1号点达中污染,其余各点土壤重金属污染已处警戒范围。井水、大米中重金属低于GB5749-2006和GB2715-2005标准限量。结论 苏南农村地区井水、大米尚未受Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Hg 5种重金属污染,但土壤已不同程度受到Cd、As、Pb污染,Cd＞As＞Pb,应引起重视。     

Contamination of Metals in Tissues of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ctenopharyngodon idella</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perca fluviatilis</Emphasis>, from Anzali Wetland,Iran

The objective of the present study was to investigate the levels of metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cr) in muscle, gill, liver, kidney and intestine of two freshwater fish, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Perca fluviatilis, in Anzali Wetland, Iran. The concentrations were different between the fish species as well as among the tissues of fish. Results showed that the metal concentrations in both fish species were in descending order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd. Results also showed that the Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations in the muscle of both fish from Anzali Wetland are below levels of concern for human consumption.     

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Marine Fishes Collected from Fish Culture Sites in Hong Kong

The levels of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in different tissues of three species of cultured marine fishes (Epinephelus areolatus, Lutjanus russelli, and Sparus sarba) collected from three fish culture sites in Hong Kong were evaluated. Metal pollution problems in the fish culture sites were serious, as reflected by the high metal concentrations recorded in sea water, sediments, and the biomonitor Perna viridis. In general, tissues of all three species contained high concentrations of Zn and Cu, but much lower concentrations of Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr. Similar pattern of heavy metal concentrations was observed in sea water, sediment, and P. viridis. Metal concentrations in various tissues varied greatly among species and among fish culture sites. Different tissues showed different capacity for accumulating heavy metals. Gonad of all three species contained high concentrations of Zn. On the other hand, liver seemed to be the primary organ for Cu accumulation. Overall, metal concentrations in the tissues of culture marine fishes were much lower than those in P. viridis. Despite high metal levels in sea water and sediments, concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb in edible tissues, including muscle and skin, did not exceed permissible levels recommended by the Hong Kong Government for human consumption. Received: 3 December 1999/Accepted: 13 June 2000     

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Different Body Tissues of Atlantic Salmon,Salmo salar L., Exposed to a Model Mixture (Cu,Zn, Ni,Cr, Pb,Cd) and Singly to Nickel,Chromium, and Lead

One-year-old Atlantic salmon smolts were exposed for 2 weeks either to six priority heavy metal mixture or to Ni, Pb, and Cr singly at a concentration corresponding to Lithuanian inland water standards: Cu – 0.01, Zn – 0.1, Ni – 0.01, Cr – 0.01, Cd – 0.005 and Pb – 0.005 mg/L, respectively under semi-static conditions. The presence of metal mixture in the water only partly (by 50 %) affected the accumulation of single metals in body tissues (muscle, gills, liver and kidneys) probably due to the synergistic interactions among metals. Although metal concentrations increased in most cases, only Pb exceeded recommended level for human consumption (0.2 Pb mg/L) by 1.1-fold to 2.1-fold.     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Lake Sediments, Fish (Oreochromis niloticus and Serranochromis thumbergi), and Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in Lake Itezhi-tezhi and Lake Kariba, Zambia

We measured the level of heavy metal accumulation in lake sediments, herbivorous (Oreochromis niloticus) and carnivorous (Serranochromis thumbergi) fish, and crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) from Lake Itezhi-tezhi (ITT) and Lake Kariba. We used atomic absorption spectrophotometry to quantify the levels of seven heavy metals (Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni). The sediment and the herbivorous fish O. niloticus accumulated a very high concentration of Cu in Lake ITT, most likely due to the discharge of Cu waste from a mining area 450 km upstream. The aquatic species we sampled in Lake Kariba had higher concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Pb relative to those in Lake ITT. This is most likely due to anthropogenic activities, such as the use of leaded petrol and antifouling agents in marine paints. Interestingly, we observed a negative correlation between the coefficient of condition (K) and Ni concentration in the crayfish hepatopancreas. Both O. niloticus and the crayfish had much higher biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) for Cu, Zn, and Cd relative to Cr, Co, Pb, and Ni. The rank of BSAF values for O. niloticus (Cu > Cd > Zn) and C. quadricarinatus (Zn > Cd > Cu) differed from the expected ranks based on the general order of affinity of metals (Cd >> Zn > Cu).     

Metal Contamination and Their Distribution in Different Grain Size Fractions of Sediments in an Industrial Development Area

Assessment of metal contamination and their distribution in different grain size fractions of the surface sediments of a lake in Kazipalli industrial development area has been investigated. Since the persistent toxic metals pose serious health risks, this research concentrated on investigating the concentrations and spatial distribution of metals in and around the Kazipalli Lake. Ten sampling points were selected and approximately 500 g of surface sediments were obtained from 1ft depth. Samples were sieved and four grain size fractions (>250, 110–250, 61–110, <61 μm) from each sample were selected for the analysis of metals. The average concentration of ten points for individual metals (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) revealed data ranging from 9.6 to 131.4 mg/kg for As, 3.0–20.8 mg/kg for Co, 15.3–196 mg/kg for Cr, 13–40 mg/kg for Cu, 18–74 mg/kg for Ni, 51–328 mg/kg for Pb and 27–335.1 mg/kg for Zn. Enrichment factor and correlation analysis were also applied to the data set. The overall results indicate that sediment grain size played important role in controlling the distribution of heavy metals in surficial sediments of Kazipalli Lake.     

The Relationship Between Heavy Metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Pb) Levels and the Size of Benthic, Benthopelagic and Pelagic Fish Species, Persian Gulf

The concentration of heavy metals was determined in tissues of sole (Euryglossa orientalis), mullet (Liza abu) and croacker fish (Johnius belangerii) from Musa estuary. Generally, the highest concentration of the studied metals in the three species was found in the liver tissue. The levels of Cd and Cu in fish liver were J. belangerii = E. orientalis > L. abu and E. orientalis > L. abu > J. belangerii respectively. The concentrations of Cd and Cu in fish gills were E. orientalis > L. abu = J. belangerii and E. orientalis > L. abu > J. belangerii, respectively, and the level of Cu in muscle was E. orientalis > L. abu = J. belangerii. The results of linear regression analysis indicated that highly significant (p < 0.001) negative relationships were found between fish size and Cd concentrations in the liver of L. abu and Pb in the gills of J. belangerii.     

Using Grouper Fish as Bio-indicator of Cd, Cu, Pb and V in the Vicinity of a Single Buoy Mooring (SBM3) at Mina Al Fahal in the Sultanate of Oman

This paper investigated metal contamination in muscle tissue of the grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in the vicinity of a single buoy mooring (SBM3) at the Sultanate of Oman. The fish samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and vanadium (V). The mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and V in the fish samples were 0.05 ± 0.004, 0.34 ± 0.013, 0.20 ± 0.018 and 0.03 ± 0.006 mg/kg, respectively. The results were compared with the corresponding permissible concentration limits according to the Sultanate of Oman (0.05, 3.28, 0.3 and 1.4 mg/kg for Cd, Cu, Pb and V, respectively) and the European Commission (0.05 mg/kg for Cd and 0.3 mg/kg for Pb). It was found that none of the overall mean metal concentrations exceeded the corresponding Omani legislation or European Commission limits. However, the overall mean concentration of Cd was identical to the maximum permissible limit of 0.05 mg/kg that has been established by both Commissions, and the limits were exceeded for mean Cd levels in fish at two of the six sampling stations at SBM3. In general, this study indicated that the fishes at SBM3 were not highly contaminated with these metals.     

Monitoring Trace Metal Contaminants in Green Mussel, Perna viridis from the Coastal Waters of Karnataka, Southwest Coast of India

The green mussel (Perna viridis) is widely distributed in the coastal waters of Asia and is used in mussel watch programmes for monitoring environmental contaminants throughout the region. Green mussels representing different size groups and habitats were sampled from their natural beds at 28 locations in the inshore waters of Karnataka (southwest coast of India) to analyze the tissue concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Tissue concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, and Pb were significantly higher in smaller mussels than in the larger size group. Significantly higher concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni were observed in mussels sampled from intertidal beds when compared to mussels from the subtidal beds. The sampling sites were categorized into industrial sites (IS), urban sites (US), and nonurban sites (NS) based on principal component analysis of metal concentrations in mussel. Spatial variations in tissue concentrations of all metals were observed except for Zn. Generally, the levels of toxic trace metals like Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr in the whole tissue of P. viridis were within safe limits throughout the coast of Karnataka. However, relatively high concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb were observed in the whole tissue of green mussels collected from the industrial sites (IS), which may be derived from a variety of anthropogenic activities.