Whole grain intake: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Our objective was to identify major dietary sources of whole grains and to describe the construction of a database of whole grain content of foods. Dietary information was collected with 7-d food records from men and women in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, mean age 62.1 ± 16.0 years, who participated in the dietary assessment portion of the study (n = 1516), and estimates of whole grain intake were obtained from a newly developed database. The Pyramid Servings database and 1994–1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) recipe ingredients database were then used to calculate both servings and gram weights of whole grain intakes. Mean intakes of whole grains, refined grains, and total grains, as well as frequency of intake for major whole grain food groups and whole grain content for each group, were calculated. Top contributors of whole grains were ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (made with whole grain as well as bran), hot breakfast cereals (made with whole grain), multi-grain bread, and whole wheat bread. While more research is needed to better understand the benefits of whole grains, the development of research tools, including databases to accurately assess whole grain intake, is a critical step in completing such research.     

Childhood obesity in Asian Indians: a burgeoning cause of insulin resistance, diabetes and sub-clinical inflammation

Recent data indicate a rise in obesity both in children and adolescents in developing countries. The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity in urban children in New Delhi has shown an increase from 16% in 2002 to about 24% in 2006-2007. Our recent data show that the prevalence among adolescent children was 29% in private schools and 11.3% in government funded schools. While India already has highest number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) globally, rapid rise of obesity in children is the prime reason for increasing insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome and raised levels of C-reactive protein. Excess body fat, thick truncal subcutaneous fat, and abdominal adiposity are important predisposing factors for development of insulin resistance in Asian Indian children. As compared to other ethnic groups, children with ancestral origin in South Asia manifest adiposity, insulin resistance and metabolic perturbations earlier in life and these derangements are of higher magnitude than white Caucasian children. Since the metabolic syndrome and obesity track into adulthood, these clinical entities need to be recognized early for effective prevention of T2DM and coronary heart disease. Therapeutic lifestyle changes, maintenance of high levels of physical activity and normal weight are most important prevention strategies. Both high-risk surveillance and cost-effective population intervention programs are urgently needed. In this context, we have launched one of the largest program ("MARG", The Path) to curb childhood obesity in India.     

Strawberry anthocyanin and its association with postprandial inflammation and insulin

The present study investigates the effect of strawberry antioxidants in beverage form on meal-induced postprandial inflammatory and insulin responses in human subjects. Overweight adults (n 24) consumed a high-carbohydrate, moderate-fat meal (HCFM) accompanied by either a strawberry or a placebo beverage in a cross-over design. Postprandial changes in plasma anthocyanins, their metabolites, insulin, glucose and inflammatory markers were assessed for 6?h. The postprandial concentrations of pelargonidin sulfate and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside were significantly increased when the strawberry beverage was consumed concurrently with the HCFM compared with the placebo beverage (P?相似文献   

The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity,insulin resistance and inflammation

Dietary fat and its relation to obesity has been a controversial issue for several years. In this review, several kinds of data relating to this issue are presented. There are epidemiological cross-country data and data within countries showing an effect. However, in the United States, the intake of fat appears to be declining, whereas the prevalence of obesity rises-the American Paradox. Clinical studies show that trans fatty acids can increase insulin resistance and that exercise can enhance the rate of adaptation to a high fat diet by increasing the rate of fat oxidation. The differences in response of inflammatory signals and of insulin resistance to different fatty acids indicate that not all fatty acids are the same. There are also experimental data showing that most, but not all, animals consuming a high fat diet will become obese. A number of mechanisms have been postulated for this difference, including differential sensitivities to neurotransmitters, to the intestinal peptide, enterostatin, and to individual fatty acids. One important conclusion from this review is that both total fat and individual fatty acids have to be considered when reaching conclusions about dietary fat and obesity.     

Whole grain intake is associated with lower body mass and greater insulin sensitivity among adolescents

The authors tested the hypothesis that consumption of whole grain is associated with greater insulin sensitivity and lower body mass index (BMI) (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) in adolescents and that this association is stronger among the heaviest adolescents. Two 127-item food frequency questionnaires were administered at the mean ages of 13 years (standard deviation 1.2) and 15 years (standard deviation 1.3) to 285 Minnesota adolescents who underwent two euglycemic insulin clamp studies 2 years apart as part of a protocol evaluating the influence of insulin resistance on development of adverse cardiovascular disease risk factors. Intake of whole grain was examined for associations with BMI and insulin sensitivity (measured as milligrams of glucose uptake per kilogram of lean body mass (M(lbm)) per minute). After adjustment for age, gender, race, Tanner stage, and energy intake, mean BMI was 23.6 for adolescents consuming less than serving/day of whole-grain foods, 22.6 for -1 servings/day, and 21.9 for more than 1 servings/day (p = 0.05). After adjustment for age, gender, race, Tanner stage, energy intake, BMI, and physical activity, M(lbm) was 11.6, 12.3, and 13.2 mg/kg/minute, respectively, in the three whole grain intake groups (p = 0.02). This relation was stronger among adolescents with higher BMIs (p = 0.001). Whole grain intake was associated with greater insulin sensitivity and lower BMI in adolescents, especially among the heaviest persons.     

Sex differences in the association between dietary restraint,insulin resistance and obesity

Background & aimsRestrained food consumption may alter metabolic function and contribute to eventual weight gain; however, sex differences in these relationships have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between restrained eating and insulin resistance and the influence of body mass index and sex on this relationship in a large community sample of both men and women. We hypothesized that restrained eating would be related to insulin resistance and this relationship would be influenced by sex and body mass index.MethodsIn this cross-sectional, observational study, we studied 487 individuals from the community (men N = 222, women N = 265), who ranged from lean (body mass index 18.5–24.9 kg/m², N = 173), overweight (body mass index 25–29.9 kg/m², N = 159) to obese (body mass index > 30 kg/m², N = 155) weight categories. We assessed restrained eating using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and obtained fasting morning plasma insulin and glucose on all subjects.ResultsIn men, but not in women, restrained eating was related to homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, HOMA-IR was significantly higher in men who were high- versus low-restrained eaters (p = 0.0006).ConclusionsThis study is the first to report sex differences with regard to the relationship between restrained eating and insulin resistance. Our results suggest that high restrained eating is associated with insulin resistance in men but not in women.     

Serum retinol-binding protein: a link between obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes

Insulin resistance occurs under conditions of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. It was found to be accompanied by down-regulation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4. Decreased adipocyte GLUT4 caused secretion by adipocytes of the serum retinol-binding protein RBP4. Enhanced levels of serum RBP4 appeared to be the signal for the development of systemic insulin resistance both in experimental animals and in humans. In mice, increased levels of serum RBP4 led to impaired glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and increased glucose production by liver, whereas lowered serum RBP4 levels greatly enhanced insulin sensitivity. Thus, a link has been established between obesity and insulin resistance: RBP4, the vitamin A-transport protein secreted into the circulation by adipocytes.     

Over-indebtedness as a marker of socioeconomic status and its association with obesity: a cross-sectional study

Background  

The recent credit crunch will have implications for private households. Low socioeconomic status is associated to various diseases. While income, education and occupational status is frequently used in definitions of socioeconomic status, over-indebtedness of private households is usually not considered. Over-indebtedness is currently increasing in high-income countries. However, its association with health – particularly with obesity – remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess an association between over-indebtedness and overweight or obesity.     

Intestinal FABP2 A54T polymorphism: association with insulin resistance and obesity in women

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between the Ala54Thr genetic polymorphism of the fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) gene with insulin resistance and obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: According to a sampling scheme based on BMI, 33 adult obese women (BMI > or = 30) and 30 adult normal-weight women (BMI > 18.5 and < 25 kg/m(2)) were recruited for this study. Women with chronic inflammatory diseases or acute pathology were excluded. Glucose, insulin, leptin, lipids, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) were measured in fasting plasma samples. Insulin resistance was estimated through the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance method. The Ala54Thr allelic variant was determined by polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: The Thr54 allele was more frequent in obese than in nonobese women (47.0% vs. 31.7; p = 0.08). Among obese women, higher TNF alpha concentrations were found when comparing the Thr54/Thr54 genotype (30.0 +/- 7.1 pg/mL) with either the Ala54/Thr54 genotype (21.2 +/- 8.4 pg/mL) or the Ala54/Ala44 genotype (20.1 +/- 7.0 pg/mL) (p < 0.05). In addition, higher fasting plasma insulin and leptin levels were found among Thr54/Thr54 homozygotes compared with the other genotypes (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that the Ala54Thr polymorphism of the FABP2 gene is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The effect of this polymorphism might be mediated by elevated production of TNF alpha.     

Exercise in aging: its important role in mortality, obesity and insulin resistance

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased dramatically over the last several decades. Obesity and physical inactivity increase the risk for cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and certain cancers. Obesity and low levels of physical fitness are also associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Central and total obesity, insulin resistance and inactivity increase with age. Exercise training and increased fitness promote positive changes in body composition and improve insulin sensitivity. This article will describe the effects of exercise training, both aerobic and resistive, on body composition and obesity as well as review studies investigating the effects of exercise training on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in older adults. Adopting a physically active lifestyle should be emphasized in overweight and obese individuals with insulin resistance to reduce the risk for cardiovascular events in the aging population.     

Whole grain intake and incident endometrial cancer: the Iowa Women's Health Study.

We examined whether there is an association between whole grain intake and incident endometrial cancer and whether the association varied by use of hormone replacement therapy. The study included 23,014 Iowa women, aged 55-69 years in 1986. A mailed food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate grain intake, hormone replacement therapy use, and other cancer risk factors. Cancer incidence from 1986 to 1998 was also collected. In analyses stratified by hormone replacement therapy use, an inverse association between whole grain intake and endometrial cancer was observed among never-users of hormone replacement therapy (p for trend = 0.05). Never-users in the highest quintile of whole grain intake were 0.63 times as likely to develop endometrial cancer as those in the lowest quintile of whole grain intake (95% confidence interval = 0.39-1.01). Among hormone replacement therapy users, no association between whole grain intake and endometrial cancer was evident. There was no statistically significant association between whole grain intake and incident endometrial cancer when users of hormone replacement therapy and nonusers were analyzed together. There also was no association between refined grain intake and endometrial cancer. Whole grain intake may protect against endometrial cancer among never-users of hormone replacement therapy.     

Calcium intake and its relationship with adiposity and insulin resistance in post-pubertal adolescents

Background Dietary calcium intake has been described as being a negative contributor to adiposity. In adolescents, this relationship is not well established. The objectives of the present study were to compare the calcium intake of normal‐weight and obese adolescents and to evaluate its relationship with adiposity and insulin resistance. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis of 96 post‐pubertal adolescents; 47 normal weight and 49 obese, mean age 16.6 (SD ± 1.3) years. Body composition was assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Dietary intake was evaluated using a 3‐day dietary record. The biochemical evaluation comprised the measurements of serum lipids, lipoproteins, glucose and insulin. Insulin resistance was calculated using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). Results The mean calcium intake, adjusted for energy, was lower in obese adolescents, 585.2 (±249.9) mg, than in normal weight adolescents, 692.1 (±199.5) mg. Only 4% of adolescents had an adequate intake of calcium. Calcium intake was inversely associated with body trunk fat, insulin and HOMA‐IR in the obese group. The quartile analysis of calcium intake provided evidence that girls in the highest quartile had decreased adiposity and insulin resistance. Conclusions This study showed a negative relationship between calcium intake and body fat and insulin resistance, mainly in obese girls, and demonstrates the importance of an increased dietary calcium intake.     

Endothelial dysfunction in obesity and insulin resistance: a road to diabetes and heart disease

Obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction closely coexist throughout the natural history of type 2 diabetes. They all can be identified not only in people with type 2 diabetes, but also in various groups at risk for the disease, such as individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, family history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prior gestational diabetes, or polycystic ovary syndrome. Whereas their evident association cannot fully establish a cause-effect relationship, fascinating mechanisms that bring them closer together than ever before are rapidly emerging. Central or abdominal obesity leads to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction through fat-derived metabolic products, hormones, and cytokines. Insulin resistance leads to endothelial dysfunction through the frequent association with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and through some more direct novel mechanisms. Some specific and shared insulin signaling abnormalities in muscle, fat, and endothelial cells, as well as some new genetic and nontraditional factors, may contribute to this interesting association. Some recent clinical studies demonstrate that nonpharmacological and pharmacological strategies targeting obesity and/or insulin resistance ameliorate endothelial function and low-grade inflammation. All these findings have added a new dimension to the association of obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction that may become a key target in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.     

Plant and animal protein intake and its association with overweight and obesity among the Belgian population

The objective of the present study was to assess animal and plant protein intakes in the Belgian population and to examine their relationship with overweight and obesity (OB). The subjects participated in the Belgian National Food Consumption Survey conducted in 2004. Food consumption was assessed by using two non-consecutive 24?h dietary recalls. About 3083 participants (?≥?15 years of age; 1546 males, 1537 females) provided completed dietary information. Animal protein intake (47?g/d) contributed more to total protein intakes of 72?g/d than plant protein intake, which accounted for 25?g/d. Meat and meat products were the main contributors to total animal protein intakes (53?%), whereas cereals and cereal products contributed most to plant protein intake (54?%). Males had higher animal and plant protein intakes than females (P?相似文献   

The role of resistance training in influencing insulin resistance among adults living with obesity/overweight without diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the independent effect of resistance training (RT) on markers of insulin resistance (IR) (fasting insulin and HOMA-IR) among individuals with overweight/obesity without diabetes. PubMed, SPORTdiscus, SCOPUS, Prospero, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched through December 19, 2022. Article screening was conducted in three phases: title screen (n = 5020), abstract screen (n = 202), and full text screen (n = 73). A total of 27 studies with 402 individual data points were used for the meta-analysis. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 3.0 was used to interpret pre- and post-IR measurements with a random-effects model. Exploratory sub-analyses were conducted on studies for only females, only males, and age (< 40 and ≥ 40 years). RT had a significant effect on fasting insulin (− 1.03, 95 % CI − 1.03, − 0.75 p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (− 1.05, 95 % CI − 1.33, − 0.76, p < 0.001). Sub-analyses revealed that males had a more pronounced effect compared to females and those < 40 years of age had a more pronounced effect compared to those ≥ 40 years. The results of this meta-analysis illustrate that RT plays an independent role in improving IR among adults with overweight/obesity. RT should continue to be recommended as part of preventive measures among these populations. Future studies examining the effect of RT on IR should consider dose centered on the current U.S. physical activity guidelines.