氨酚待因片（Ⅱ）处方工艺研究及溶出度考察

目的：筛选优化氨酚待因片（Ⅱ）的处方工艺。方法：通过处方设计筛选填充剂、粘合剂和崩解剂,以湿法制粒制备氨酚待因片（Ⅱ）,以市售制剂在不同介质中的溶出曲线为指标,确定处方工艺。结果：采用优化处方工艺制备的氨酚待因片（Ⅱ）的溶出行为与市售制剂基本一致。结论：处方工艺合理,达到设计要求。     

阿莫西林克拉维酸钾（7：1）片处方、工艺研究及溶出度考察

目的：研究阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片处方及工艺，并考察其溶出度。方法：通过吸湿性试验、处方及工艺优化确定制备工艺．制备了阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片，用高效液相色谱法测定其溶出度并与进口薄膜衣片进行比较。结果：本制剂必须采用干法制粒压片工艺，制备环境湿度控制在33％以下，自制片与进口片溶出相当。结论：阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片处方工艺合理。     

甲苯磺酸索拉非尼片的制备以及体外溶出行为考察

目的：制备甲苯磺酸索拉非尼片并考察其体外溶出行为。方法：以交联羧甲基纤维素钠为崩解剂,微晶纤维素为填充剂,十二烷基硫酸钠为增溶剂,制备本片。以f2值为考察指标,采用正交设计法筛选最优处方。结果：在不同溶出介质中,自制制剂的溶出曲线和进口制剂的体外溶出特征相似。结论：按优化的处方工艺制备的本片符合规定,可操作性强;溶出动力学特征符合一级方程。     

阿莫西林克拉维酸钾(7∶1)片处方、工艺研究及溶出度考察

目的:研究阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片处方及工艺,并考察其溶出度.方法:通过吸湿性试验、处方及工艺优化确定制备工艺,制备了阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片,用高效液相色谱法测定其溶出度并与进口薄膜衣片进行比较.结果:本制剂必须采用干法制粒压片工艺,制备环境湿度控制在33%以下,自制片与进口片溶出相当.结论:阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片处方工艺合理.     

多条溶出曲线评价盐酸二甲双胍片的溶出行为

目的：比较7个厂家盐酸二甲双胍片在4种溶出介质中的溶出曲线,评价进口制剂与仿制制剂的溶出行为。方法：采用篮法,转速为100 r·min-1,分别以pH 1.0盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸盐缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液、水为溶出介质,以紫外分光光度法测定溶出曲线,采用f2因子对溶出曲线的相似度进行评价。结果：在4种不同溶出介质中,仅有1个厂家盐酸二甲双胍片的4条溶出曲线与进口制剂相似,还有4家制剂的4条溶出曲线与进口制剂均不相似。结论：多数仿制制剂的溶出曲线与参比制剂不相似,建议改进制剂处方与工艺。     

左卡尼汀片在4种不同介质中的溶出行为比较

目的：比较左卡尼汀片在4种不同介质中的溶出行为。方法采用桨法进行左卡尼汀片的溶出试验,采用高效液相色谱法测定药物浓度。结果左卡尼汀片在4种溶出介质中均有较好的溶出。结论左卡尼汀片对任何体质患者均有一定的疗效。     

左卡尼汀片制备工艺研究

目的：通过设计不同处方确定左卡尼汀片的最佳制备工艺。方法：通过辅料的选择、处方设计与筛选,确定最佳处方。结果：选择的处方工艺所制片剂的质量稳定性、外观、溶出度、片重差异、含量等实验均符合要求。结论：该制剂适用于工业生产,具有临床应用价值。     

阿伐那非片的制备及其体外溶出度研究

目的优选阿伐那非的最优处方制备片剂,以国外原研的阿伐那非片为参比制剂,对自制片进行体外溶出度研究。方法以溶出度为指标,采用正交实验设计进行处方优化,建立体外溶出方法,测定阿伐那非片在4种溶出介质中的体外溶出度,采用f2相似因子法评价阿伐那非自制片与原研片溶出曲线的相似性。结果最优处方中的L-HPC、轻质碳酸钙和富马酸的用量比为6∶1∶15时,所得阿伐那非自制片与原研片在4种溶出介质中的f2相似因子均大于50%。结论优选的阿伐那非片的处方工艺合理,得到的自制片的体外溶出度好,说明本工艺适用于阿伐那非片的制备。     

非那雄胺片制剂的处方及工艺研究

目的：对非那雄胺片（1mg）的处方工艺进行研究。方法：参照国外英文说明书中制剂所用的辅料,通过测定在四种不同溶出介质中的溶出曲线,使之达到与原研市售品溶出曲线相似,判断增溶剂、崩解剂、填充剂的用量及工艺进行考察,并对确定处方及制备工艺中试三批,测定在四种溶出介质中的溶出曲线、含量均匀度和有关物质等指标。结果：用非那雄胺为主药,以乳糖、微晶纤维素和预胶化淀粉为填充剂,以泊洛沙姆188为增溶剂,以羧甲淀粉钠为崩解剂,以硬脂酸镁为润滑剂,以胃溶型薄膜包衣预混剂为包衣材料,制得非那雄胺片。结论：本制剂工艺稳定,各种辅料均有合法来源,制得非那雄胺片（1mg）与原研市售品溶出行为相似。     

左卡尼汀注射液的制备及质量控制

目的：制备左卡尼汀注射液,并对该制剂进行质量控制。方法：拟定处方组成与制备工艺,进行性状、鉴别、pH、含量测定等质量研究,加速试验考察其稳定性。结果:按照优化的处方工艺,制备三批中试样品样品,并对质量进行检测,结果均合格;三批样品经6个月加速试验考察,该方法制备的左卡尼汀质量无明显变化。结论：本品处方设计合理,工艺可行,质量稳定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.