GGW钛黏结瓷与钛的结合性能

背景：制作成本较高和钛瓷结合强度薄弱使纯钛烤瓷的使用受到限制。钛黏结瓷是钛瓷系统中基本组成成分,对钛/瓷结合强度的提高起着至关重要的作用。 目的：评估自制GGW钛黏结瓷与纯钛的结合强度及性能。 方法：采用3点弯曲的测试方法分别对GGW钛黏结实验瓷与钛的结合强度以及则武黏结钛瓷与钛的结合强度进行测试,并对瓷剥脱后钛表面进行扫描电镜观察和X射线衍射分析。 结果与结论：GGW钛黏结实验瓷组的钛/瓷结合强度明显高于则武瓷组的钛/瓷结合强度(P < 0.01)。GGW钛黏结实验瓷与钛发生了化学反应,形成了大量的由平行排列的层状亚结构组成的断裂能较高的晶相组织。钛/瓷断裂发生在这些晶体结构层,断裂方式表现为沿晶与穿晶的混合形态。提示GGW钛实验黏结瓷与钛的结合强度和性能优异。     

自制钴铬烤瓷合金的金瓷结合性能

背景：在非贵金属烤瓷合金中,钴铬烤瓷合金在生物相容性、耐腐蚀性以及金属稳定性方面都优于镍铬烤瓷合金和含钛烤瓷合金,被广泛的应用于临床。 目的：通过与德国BEGO钴铬合金对比,评价自制钴铬烤瓷合金的金瓷结合性能。 方法：制作25 mm×3 mm×0.5 mm规格的德国BEGO钴铬合金与自制钴铬烤瓷合金两种合金的金属试条,分别熔附8 mm× 3 mm×1 mm的VITA MK 95瓷粉,采用三点弯曲的方法测试金瓷结合力,利用扫描电镜观察金属氧化界面。 结果与结论：加力后国产和德国BEGO钴铬合金样本随着力量的增加瓷层开裂同时完全脱落,表面成灰黑色氧化膜,无明显瓷残余;自制钴铬烤瓷合金与德国BEGO钴铬合金的金瓷结合力差异无显著性意义[(41.26±2.68), (41.35±2.59) MPa,   P > 0.05]。说明自制钴铬烤瓷合金的金瓷结合强度高于ISO所要求的基本值25 MPa,且与德国BEGO钴铬合金相比无差异,可满足临床要求。     

氮化钛涂层和黏结瓷对钛瓷结合强度的影响

背景：氮化钛涂层与黏结瓷均可改善钛瓷结合强度。 目的：观察氮化钛涂层和Noritake Ti-22黏结瓷对钛瓷结合强度的影响。 方法：将32个纯钛铸件表面喷砂后分为4组：纯钛组、氮化钛涂层组、黏结瓷涂布组、氮化钛涂层联合黏结瓷涂布组。将处理后各组试件中间部分烤瓷,运用三点弯曲方法测试各组金瓷结合强度。 结果与结论：纯钛组钛瓷结合力低于氮化钛涂层组、黏结瓷涂布组、氮化钛涂层联合黏结瓷涂布组(P < 0.05),后3组组间结合强度差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。氮化钛涂层组、黏结瓷涂布组、氮化钛涂层联合黏结瓷涂布组钛瓷界面结合紧密,无明显孔隙和气泡;纯钛组钛瓷结合界面有明显孔隙。说明氮化钛涂层和黏结瓷的应用有利于提高钛瓷结合强度,单两种处理方法同时作用并不能更好地提高钛瓷结合强度。     

The effect of Pt and Pd alloying additions on the corrosion behavior of titanium in fluoride-containing environments

In this study, we examined the corrosion behaviors of pure titanium, the alloys Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb, and the new experimental alloys Ti-Pt and Ti-Pd using anodic polarization and corrosion potential measurements in an environment containing fluoride. Before and after immersion in the test solutions, we made observations using a scanning electron microscope. The test solutions included an artificial saliva containing 0.2% NaF (corresponding to 905 ppm F) and an artificial saliva with a low concentration of oxygen. Although the surfaces of the Ti-Pt and Ti-Pd alloys were not affected by an acidic environment containing fluoride, the surfaces of the pure titanium, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy were markedly roughened by corrosion. The surfaces of the pure titanium, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy were microscopically damaged by corrosion when they were immersed in the solution containing a low concentration of dissolved oxygen, even with a fluoride concentration included in the commercial dentifrices. In this situation, however, the surfaces of the new Ti-Pt and Ti-Pd alloys were not affected. These alloys are expected to be of use in dental work as new titanium alloys with high corrosion resistances.     

Effects of airborne-particle abrasion, sodium hydroxide anodization, and electrical discharge machining on porcelain adherence to cast commercially pure titanium

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of airborne-particle abrasion (APA), sodium hydroxide anodization (SHA), and electrical discharge machining (EDM) on cast titanium surfaces and titanium-porcelain adhesion. Ninety titanium specimens were cast with pure titanium and the alpha-case layer was removed. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups. Ten specimens from each group were subjected to APA. SHA was applied to the second subgroups, and the remaining specimens were subjected to the EDM. For the control group, 10 specimens were cast using NiCr alloy and subjected to only APA. Surfaces were examined by using scanning electron microscope and a surface profilometer. Three titanium porcelains were fused on the titanium surfaces, whereas NiCr specimens were covered with conventional porcelain. Titanium-porcelain adhesion was characterized by a 3-point bending test. Statistical analysis showed that the porcelain-metal bond strength of the control group was higher than that of the titanium-porcelain system (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the bond strengths of titanium groups (p 0.05), except the bond strengths of Noritake Super Porcelain TI-22 groups on which APA and SHA were applied (p < 0.05). SHA and EDM as surface treatment did not improve titanium-porcelain adhesion when compared to APA.     

Titanium-porcelain system. Part III: effects of surface modification on bond strengths

During its development, titanium was found to be incompatible with conventional dental porcelains due to weak bond strength brought about by titanium's high yet oxidative nature. In spite of the development of new low-fusing porcelains designed for titanium application, previous studies have shown that sandblasting pre-treatment prior to porcelain application led to weakening of the metal-ceramic bonding. The aim of this study is to search for an effective alternative to sandblasting for the surface treatment of the titanium substrate in the titanium-porcelain system. The research evaluated the bond strength of 165 samples of titanium-porcelain systems divided into 11 groups. A three-point flexural bend test was conducted to measure the force required to fracture the porcelain on the titanium substrate. A correlation between the type of surface treatment and the bond strengths of each group was evaluated if it resulted to significant differences. The study found significantly differences in the energy-to-break of titanium-porcelain systems treated with hydrochloric acid and sandblasting compared with the control group. The bonds strength achieved by the titanium-porcelain system when treated with hydrochloric acid is comparable to that of conventional metal-ceramic alloy system. Hydrochloric acid treatment of the titanium substrate is a promising alternative to sandblasting for the surface treatment of the titanium substrate in the titanium-porcelain system.     

Structure and properties of cast binary Ti-Mo alloys.

Structure and properties of a series of binary Ti-Mo alloys with molybdenum contents ranging from 6 to 20 wt% have been investigated. Experimental results indicated that crystal structure and morphology of the cast alloys were sensitive to their molybdenum contents. The hexagonal alpha' phase c.p. Ti exhibited a feather-like morphology. When Mo content was 6 wt%, a fine, acicular martensitic structure of orthorhombic alpha" phase was observed. When Mo content was 7.5 wt%, the entire alloy was dominated by the martensitic alpha" structure. When Mo content was increased to 10 wt% or higher, the retained beta phase became the only dominant phase. Among all Ti-Mo alloys, the alpha" phase Ti-7.5Mo alloy had the lowest hardness. The bending strength of Ti-7.5Mo was similar to that of Ti-15Mo and Ti-13Nb-13Zr, and higher than c.p. Ti by nearly 60%. The bending modulus of the alpha"-dominated Ti-7.5Mo alloy was lower than that of Ti-15Mo by 22%, of Ti-6A1-4V by 47%, of Ti-13Nb-13Zr by 17%, and of c.p. Ti by 40%.     

Wear resistance of experimental Ti-Cu alloys

After using cast titanium prostheses in clinical dental practice, severe wear of titanium teeth has been observed. This in vitro study evaluated the wear behavior of teeth made with several cast titanium alloys containing copper (CP Ti+3.0 wt% Cu; CP Ti+5.0 wt% Cu; Ti-6Al-4V +1.0 wt% Cu; Ti-6Al-4V+4.0 wt% Cu) and compared the results with those for commercially pure (CP) titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, and gold alloy. Wear testing was performed by repeatedly grinding upper and lower teeth under flowing water in an experimental testing apparatus. Wear resistance was assessed as volume loss (mm(3)) at 5kgf (grinding force) after 50,000 strokes. Greater wear was found for the six types of titanium than for the gold alloy. The wear resistance of the experimental CP Ti+Cu and Ti-6Al-4V+Cu alloys was better than that of CP titanium and Ti-6Al-4V, respectively. Although the gold alloy had the best wear property, the 4% Cu in Ti-6Al-4V alloy exhibited the best results among the titanium metals. Alloying with copper, which introduced the alpha Ti/Ti(2)Cu eutectoid, seemed to improve the wear resistance.     

Mold filling of titanium alloys in two different wedge-shaped molds

Pure titanium and titanium alloys are potential materials for the fabrication of cast dental appliances. One important factor in producing sound castings is the capacity of the metal to fill the mold. This study used a wedge-shaped mold to compare the mold filling of titanium with that of conventional dental casting alloys. The metals used were CP Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb, Ti-6Al-4V, Ti with 1 and 4wt% Cu and ADA Type III gold alloy and an Ni-Cr alloy. The castings were cut into four pieces parallel to the triangular surface. Mold filling was evaluated as the distance between the tip of the cast wedge and theoretical tip of the triangle. The mold filling of the gold alloy was superior compared to all the metals tested, while the mold filling of the Ni-Cr alloy was the worst. There were no statistical differences at the 30 degrees marginal angle for all the cast titanium metals. At the sharper 15 degrees angle, CP Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb was superior to both the Ti-Cu alloys. Although the mold filling of titanium was inferior compared to the gold alloy, the data justify the use of titanium for the production of dental appliances.     

Characteristics and porcelain bond strength of (Ti,Al)N coating on dental alloys

The effect of a novel titanium-aluminum nitride film, or (Ti,Al)N film, on the bond strength between a dental porcelain and two nickel-based dental alloy substrates was investigated. A thin layer of (Ti,Al)N film was deposited on flat metal samples using a reactive radio-frequency sputtering method. A uniform thickness of porcelain was applied to the film- coated metal samples. Metal-ceramic specimens were subjected to three-point bending, and failure loads were recorded. Bond strengths between the porcelain and (Ti,Al)N-coated metal alloys ranged from 159.0 +/- 11.7 N to 278.0 +/- 12.3 N. These values were significantly greater (p< 0.05) than bond strengths recorded for control samples that did not incorporate the (Ti,Al)N film. An electron probe microanalyzer with a line profile mode was used to characterize the interface between the (Ti,Al)N film and the porcelain. Results of this investigation suggest that the (Ti,Al)N film (1) increases the flexural bond strength between dental porcelain and nickel-based alloy substrates by permitting elemental diffusion, (2) interferes with the surface oxide formation that characteristically originates from the nickel-based metal alloy substrate, and (3) provides an appropriate oxide layer for porcelain application.     

Shear bond strength between titanium alloys and composite resin: sandblasting versus fluoride-gel treatment

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fluoride gel treatment on the bond strength between titanium alloys and composite resin, and the effect of NaF solution on the bond strength of titanium alloys. Five titanium alloys and one Co-Cr-Mo alloy were tested. Surface of the alloys were treated with three different methods; SiC polishing paper (No. 2000), sandblasting (50-microm Al2O3), and commercially available acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (F-=1.23%, pH 3.0). After treatment, surfaces of alloy were analyzed by SEM/EDXA. A cylindrical gelatin capsule was filled with a light-curable composite resin. The composite resin capsule was placed on the alloy surface after the application of bonding agent, and the composite resin was light cured for 30 s in four different directions. Shear bond strength was measured with the use of an Instron. Fluoride gel did not affect the surface properties of Co-Cr-Mo alloy and Ni-Ti alloy, but other titanium alloys were strongly affected. Alloys treated with the fluoride gel showed similar bond strengths to the alloys treated with sandblasting. Shear bond strength did not show a significant difference (p<0.05) regardless of treatment time (5, 10, and 20 min) of fluoride gel. After the ultrasonic cleaning subsequent to the fluoride-gel treatment, residues of fluoride ion or any other titanium-fluoride complexes were not detected. NaF solution did not reduce the shear bond strength of titanium alloys. To enhance the bond strength of composite resin to titanium alloys, fluoride-gel treatment may be used as an alternative technique to the sandblasting treatment.     

Beta type Ti-Mo alloys with changeable Young's modulus for spinal fixation applications

To develop a novel biomedical titanium alloy with a changeable Young's modulus via deformation-induced ω phase transformation for the spinal rods in spinal fixation devices, a series of metastable β type binary Ti-(15-18)Mo alloys were prepared. In this study, the microstructures, Young's moduli and tensile properties of the alloys were systemically examined to investigate the effects of deformation-induced ω phase transformation on their mechanical properties. The springback of the optimal alloy was also examined. Ti-(15-18)Mo alloys subjected to solution treatment comprise a β phase and a small amount of athermal ω phase, and they have low Young's moduli. All the alloys investigated in this study show an increase in the Young's modulus owing to deformation-induced ω phase transformation during cold rolling. The deformation-induced ω phase transformation is accompanied with {332}(β) mechanical twinning. This resulted in the maintenance of acceptable ductility with relatively high strength. Among the examined alloys, the Ti-17Mo alloy shows the lowest Young's modulus and the largest increase in the Young's modulus. This alloy exhibits small springback and could be easily bent to the required shape during operation. Thus, Ti-17Mo alloy is considered to be a potential candidate for the spinal rods in spinal fixation devices.     

Cement bond strengths of titanium plates

The success of the oral rehabilitation of implant patients depends not only on the osseointegration of implant fixtures but also on maintaining the integrity of the connection of prosthetic superstructures to these fixtures. It was an objective of the present study to evaluate and compare cement bond strengths among rolled (R), cast (C) and metal-injection-molded (M) commercially pure titanium plates which were bonded with Panavia 21 (Kuraray) and Imperva (Shofu) cements. Two plates (15x5x1 mm) of each R, C, and M were lap-jointed (lap length: 5 mm). The joints were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for 24 h, followed by tensile tests with an INSTRON system under 1 mm/min crosshead speed. It was found that the bond strength of R with Panavia 21 (PAN) was 5.31 (SD:1.5) MPa and 2.30 (0.83) MPa with Imperva (IMP) cement. These were improved by applying an alloy primer to 7.08 (1.31) MPa and 6.72 (1.63) MPa, respectively. Using PAN with primer application, C and M samples showed bond strengths of 7.99 (1.31) and 7.20 (2.50) MPa, while they were 5.83 (2.15) and 6.79 (2.09) MPa using IMP with primer. There was a significant difference (p<0.01) between PAN and IMP cements for C samples. Additionally, samples were pre-oxidized at 100 degrees C in air for 10 min. Bond strengths of PAN with the primer were 5.69 (2.25), 9.14 (1.28), and 5.60 (3.13) MPa for R, C, and M sample groups. If the cement with the primer was applied immediately after the polishing (instead of pre-oxidized surfaces), bond strengths were improved to 9.14 (1.78) for R, 9.29 (1.85) for C, and 9.36 (1.81) MPa for M sample group. At p<0.05 level, there was a significant difference between surface pre-condition of R and M, but no significance with C.     

Shear bond strength of a hot pressed Au-Pd-Pt alloy-porcelain dental composite

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hot pressing on the shear bond strength of a Au-Pt-Pd alloy-porcelain composite. Methods: Several metal-porcelain composites specimens were produced by two different routes: conventional porcelain fused to metal (PFM) and hot pressing. In the latter case, porcelain was hot pressed onto a polished surface (PPPS) as well as a roughened one (PPRS). Bond strength of all metal-porcelain composites were assessed by the means of a shear test performed in a universal test machine (crosshead speed: 0.5?mm/min) until fracture. Interfaces of fractured specimens as well as undestroyed interface specimens were examined with optical microscope, stereomicroscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tuckey's test (p<0.05). Results: Shear bond strength of conventional PFM specimens were in line with the upper range of literature data (83±14?MPa). Hot pressing proved to significantly increase bond strength between metal and porcelain (p<0.05). For both polished and roughened surface the shear bond strength values for hot pressed specimens were 120±16?MPa and 129±5?MPa, respectively, which represents an improvement of more than 50% relatively to a conventional PFM. Roughened surface did not have a significant effect on bond strength of hot pressed specimens (p>0.05). Significance: This study shows that it is possible to significantly improve metal-porcelain bond strength by applying an overpressure during porcelain firing.     

Structure and properties of Ti-7.5Mo-xFe alloys

The present work is a study of a series of Ti-7.5Mo-xFe alloys, with the focus on the effect of iron addition on the structure and mechanical properties of the alloys. Experimental results indicate that alpha" phase-dominated binary Ti-7.5Mo alloy exhibited a fine, acicular martensitic structure. When 1 wt% or more iron was added, the entire alloy became equi-axed beta phase structure with a grain size decreasing with increasing iron content. A thermal omega phase was formed in the alloys containing iron of roughly between 0.5 and 3 wt%. The largest quantity of omega phase and highest microhardness were found in Ti-7.5Mo-1Fe alloy. The binary Ti 7.5Mo alloy had a lower microhardness, bending strength and modulus than all iron-containing alloys. The largest bending strength was found in Ti-7.5Mo-2Fe alloy. The present alloys with iron contents of about 2-5 wt% seem to have a great potential for use as an implant material.     

Mechanical properties of cast Ti-Hf alloys

This study examined the mechanical properties of a series of Ti-Hf alloys. Titanium alloys with 10 to 40 mass % Hf were made with titanium and hafnium sponge in an argon-arc melting furnace. Specimens cast into magnesia-based investment molds were tested for yield strength, tensile strength, percentage elongation, and modulus of elasticity. Vickers microhardness was determined at 25 to 600 microm from the cast surface. X-ray diffractometry was also performed. Commercially pure Ti (CP Ti) and pure Ti prepared from titanium sponge were used as controls. The data (n = 5) were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (alpha = 0.05). The diffraction peaks of all the metals matched those for alpha Ti; no beta phase peaks were found. Alloys with Hf > or = 25% had significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield and tensile strength compared to the CP Ti and pure Ti. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in elongation among all the Ti-Hf alloys and CP Ti, whereas the elongation of alloys with Hf > or = 30% was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of the pure Ti. The cast Ti-Hf alloys tested can be considered viable alternatives to CP Ti because they were stronger than CP Ti and had similar elongation.     

Titanium metals form direct bonding to bone after alkali and heat treatments

In this article we evaluated the bone-bonding strengths of titanium and titanium alloy implants with and without alkali and heat treatments using the conventional canine femur push-out model. Four kinds of smooth cylindrical implants, made of pure titanium or three titanium alloys, were prepared with and without alkali and heat treatments. The implants were inserted hemitranscortically into canine femora. The bone-bonding shear strengths of the implants were measured using push-out test. At 4 weeks all types of the alkali- and heat-treated implants showed significantly higher bonding strength (2.4-4.5 MPa) than their untreated counterparts (0.3-0.6 MPa). At 12 weeks the bonding strengths of the treated implants showed no further increase, while those of the untreated implants had increased to 0.6-1.2MPa. Histologically, alkali- and heat-treated implants showed direct bonding to bony tissue without intervening fibrous tissue. On the other hand, untreated implants usually had intervening fibrous tissue at the interface between bone and the implant. The early and strong bonding to bone of alkali- and heat-treated titanium and its alloys without intervening fibrous tissue may be useful in establishing cementless stable fixation of orthopedic implants.     

Titanium-porcelain system. Part IV: some mechanistic considerations on porcelain bond strengths

The titanium-porcelain system can be considered as a double-layered structure, comprising of at least titanium substrate and porcelain body including bonding agent. Stress distribution pattern of such a double-layered structure is not necessarily same as that of a single beam under the 3-point bending testing mode. Previously tested porcelain-fired commercially pure titanium samples (n = 285) were re-evaluated. All obtained data on bond strengths and bond toughness (energy-to-break) were re-grouped in terms of c/t ratio, where c is the distance from the maximum compressive side of the beam to the calculated neutral axis and t is the thickness of titanium substrate plate thickness. It was found that (1) when the double-layered structure falls in the c < t situation, both bond strength and bond toughness are in a lower zone, which is slightly lower than the cohesive tensile strength of the porcelain, (2) when the c > t situation (with relatively thick porcelain application) is established, both bond strength and toughness are in higher zone than the porcelain itself, and (3) there is a transition zone between the above.     

Initial cytotoxicity of novel titanium alloys

We assessed the biological response to several novel titanium alloys that have promising physical properties for biomedical applications. Four commercial titanium alloys [Super-TIX(R) 800, Super-TIX(R) 51AF, TIMETAL(R) 21SRx, and Ti-6Al-4V (ASTM grade 5)] and three experimental titanium alloys [Ti-13Cr-3Cu, Ti-1.5Si and Ti-1.5Si-5Cu] were tested. Specimens (n = 6; 5.0 x 5.0 x 3.0 mm(3)) were cast in a centrifugal casting machine using a MgO-based investment and polished to 600 grit, removing 250 mum from each surface. Commercially pure titanium (CP Ti: ASTM grade 2) and Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) were used as positive controls. The specimens were cleaned and disinfected, and then each cleaned specimen was placed in direct contact with Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts for 72 h. The cytotoxicity [succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity] of the extracts was assessed using the MTT method. Cytotoxicity of the metals tested was not statistically different compared to the CP Ti and Teflon controls (p > 0.05). These novel titanium alloys pose cytotoxic risks no greater than many other commonly used alloys, including commercially pure titanium. The promising short-term biocompatibility of these Ti alloys is probably due to their excellent corrosion resistance under static conditions, even in biological environments.     

The bone tissue compatibility of a new Ti-Nb-Sn alloy with a low Young's modulus

A Ti-Nb-Sn alloy was developed as a new β-type titanium alloy which had a low Young's modulus and high strength. The Young's modulus of the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy was reduced to about 45 GPa by cold rolling, much closer to human cortical bone (10-30 GPa) than that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy (110 GPa) and other β-type titanium alloys developed for biomedical applications. The tensile strength of the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy was increased to a level greater than that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by heat treatment after severe cold rolling. In this study the cytotoxicity of Ti-25Nb-11Sn alloy was evaluated in direct contact cell culture tests using metal disks and the bone tissue compatibility - examined using metal rods inserted into the medullary canal of rabbit femurs. The remarkable findings were that: (1) there were no significant differences in the relative growth ratio and relative absorbance ratio between cells grown with the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and CP-Ti in direct contact cell culture tests; (2) there were no significant differences in the load at failure between the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in pull-out metal rods tests; (3) there were no significant differences in new bone formation around metal rods between the Ti-Nb-Sn alloy and Ti-6Al-4V alloy in histological evaluations. The new Ti-Nb-Sn alloy with an elasticity closer to that of human bone is thus considered to be bioinert while also having a high degree of bone compatibility similar to that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.