慢性肺动脉栓塞的诊断及外科治疗

肺动脉血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism，PTE)可发展为慢性肺动脉高压。慢性肺动脉栓塞所致的肺动脉高压内科治疗不佳、预后不良。外科手术治疗已取得良好的近、远期疗效。1999年3月至2002年12月，我们共手术治疗肺动脉栓塞8例，围术期死亡1例，现报道如下。     

慢性肺动脉栓塞的外科治疗

介绍１５例慢性肺大血管血栓栓塞伴肺动脉高压（ＣＴＥＰＨ）病人动脉内膜剥脱术（ｅｎｄａｒｔｅｒｅｃ－ｔｏｍｙ）治疗的经验。在体外循环深低温停循环下，经胸骨正中切口手术。术后血流动力学参数如：平均肺动脉压、平均肺血管阻力、心脏指数等的改善均极显著（Ｐ＜０．００１），术前心功能ＩＶ级的病人，术后７８％恢复到Ｉ级。手术死亡率２７％。作者认为该手术是治疗慢性肺血栓栓塞引起肺动脉高压的有效手段。     

肺动脉栓塞外科治疗的围术期及中长期效果分析

目的探讨提高外科治疗肺动脉栓塞（pulmonary thromboembolism，PTE）的围术期和中长期疗效的方法。方法回顾性分析1994年10月至2007年10月北京安贞医院手术治疗57例PTE的临床资料，其中47例慢性PTE患者在深低温停循环（22例）或不停循环下（心脏停搏21例，心脏不停跳4例）行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术；10例急性PTE患者在中低温体外循环下行肺动脉切开取栓术。结果围术期慢性PTE患者死亡6例（12．8％），急性PTE患者死亡4例（40．0％，P=0．030）。术后发生残余肺动脉高压15例，出现重度肺组织再灌注损伤25例。41例慢性PTE患者术后72h肺动脉收缩压和肺血管阻力较术前降低（52．9±26．1mmHgvs．91．2±37．4mmHg；410．3±345．6dyn·s／cm^5vs．921．3±497．8dyn·s／cm^5）；动脉血氧饱和度和动脉血氧分压较术前增高（94．8％±2．7％vs．86．7％±4．3％；84．4±5．4mmHgvs．51．8±6．4mmHg，P〈0．05）。随访47例，随访时间44．6±39．3个月，累积随访时间为160．1人年。晚期死亡5例，其中慢性PTE4例，急性PTE1例。慢性PTE患者术后5年Kaplan—Meier生存曲线生存率为89．43％±5．80％，而急性PTE患者术后1～5年为83．33％±15．21％（Log rank=1．57，P=0．2103）。全组抗凝相关出血线性发生率为1．25％病人年，再发PTE线性发生率为0．62％病人年。中长期生存的42例患者中，心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅰ级29例、Ⅱ级10例、Ⅲ级3例。logistic回归分析发现，急性PTE（OR=3．28）、外周型PTE（OR=2．45）、未采用深低温停循环（OR=2．86）为早期死亡的危险因素；外周型PTE（OR=2．69）、术前下肢水肿（OR=2．79）为晚期死亡的危险因素。结论急性PTE患者围术期死亡率显著高于慢性PTE，两者术后均有较好的中长期生存率，差异无统计学意义。口服华法林抗凝相关的再发PTE、出血并发症线性发生率均较低，在可接受?     

内膜剥脱术治疗慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压的临床经验

肺动脉栓塞所致慢性肺动脉高压的内科治疗效果不佳.肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术（PTEAE）是治疗本病的手段之一,国内已有报道而且手术疗效满意.我们于2003年2月至2004年12月行PTEAE治疗慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压6例,现总结报道如下.     

中央型与外周型慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压外科治疗的对比分析

目的分析不同临床病理分型的慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)患者应用肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术(PTE)治疗后中长期效果之间的差异。方法回顾性分析2002年3月至2009年3月在北京安贞医院心外科手术治疗70例CTEPH患者的临床资料,将70例患者(男44例,女26例;年龄17～72岁,平均年龄46.2岁)按临床病理分型不同分为中央型组(51例),外周型组(19例),对两组患者的一般临床资料、血流动力学、血气分析等指标进行比较分析。结果围术期全组无死亡,外周型组患者体外循环时间(189.5±41.5minvs.155.5±39.5min,P=0.003)、主动脉阻断时间(91.3±27.8minvs.67.2±27.8min,P=0.002)、深低温停循环时间(41.7±14.6minvs.25.7±11.6min,P=0.000)均显著长于中央型组;围术期外周型组患者肺动脉高压危象发生率显著高于中央型组(42.1%vs.13.7%,P=0.013),而中央型组患者肺再灌注损伤发生率显著高于外周型组(41.2%vs.10.5%,P=0.021)。两组患者术后72hSwan-Ganz导管及血气分析指标均较术前显著改善;但外周型组肺动脉收缩压(67.8±21.3mmHgvs.45.5±17.4mmHg,P=0.000),肺循环阻力[52.8±32.1kPa/(L.s)vs.37.9±20.7kPa/(L.s),P=0.024]显著高于中央型组;动脉血氧分压显著低于中央型组(76.7±8.7mmHgvs.88.8±9.3mmHg,P=0.000)。术后随访70例,随访时间2～81个月(32.7±19.6个月),累积随访时间为191.8人年,随访期间无死亡。术后3个月47例患者复查同位素通气血流灌注扫描、肺动脉CT造影结果显示:外周型组残余肺动脉栓塞段显著多于中央型组(同位素通气血流灌注扫描:4.7±2.1段vs.2.2±1.1段,P=0.000;肺动脉CT造影:4.9±2.0段vs.3.5±1.4段,P=0.009)。外周型组心功能分级(NYHA,2.3±0.4级vs.1.7±0.5级,P=0.000)及6min步行距离(6MWD,438.6±39.5mvs.479.2±51.2m,P=0.003)显著差于中央型组。有2例再发双下肢静脉栓塞。Kaplan-Meier曲线显示,所有患者术后3年免除再次栓塞率为96.7%±2.8%;3例发生出血并发症,所有患者抗凝相关出血线性发生率为2.47%患者年。结论 PTE治疗CTEPH患者术后有较好的中长期生存率,中央型CTEPH术后肺动脉血流动力学、心功能状态及6MWD等指标的恢复明显优于外周型CTEPH。中央型CTEPH患者术后仅需口服抗凝药物治疗,而外周型CTEPH患者则在抗凝治疗的基础上需要加用强心、利尿和降肺动脉压的药物治疗。     

慢性肺血栓栓塞的外科治疗（1例病例报告和文献复习）

１例主诉活动后气短３年的病人经核素扫描和肺动脉造影，诊断为慢性肺血栓栓塞，在体外循环下进行血栓肺动脉内膜剥脱术，术中取出高度机化的血栓，病理检查证实了上述诊断，术后病人症状明显减轻，６个月随访显示心功能由术前的ＩＶ级（ＮＹＨＡ分级标准）改善到ＩＩ级，结合此病例回顾了有关文献，对慢性肺血栓栓塞的治疗作了较为系统的阐述。     

慢性肺动脉血栓栓塞的外科治疗

目的 探讨肺动脉切开取栓和肺动脉内膜剥脱术治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的方法、围手术期处理及外科治疗的安全性。方法 回顾性总结1999年3月至2004年3月间12例慢性肺动脉血栓栓塞症患者的诊治过程和临床经验。均在深低温低流量停循环下行肺动脉切开取栓及内膜剥脱术,术中泵入前列腺素E1或吸入一氧化氮。结果 术后即刻6例患者肺动脉压下降20—40mmHg(1mmHg=0．133kPa);术后12例患者均有肺水肿表现,其中8例较重,采用呼吸机辅助呼吸治愈,1例术后19d死于严重的肺部感染和再次肺动脉栓塞,其余11例术后随访2个月-5年,平均43．5个月,临床症状均有减轻、活动能力均有明显提高。结论 肺动脉内膜剥脱是治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的有效方法;围手术期应注意处理好肺再灌注损伤、肺水肿等并发症,术前正确的评估和适应证的选择是提高慢性肺动脉栓塞外科治疗安全性的关键。     

慢性肺动脉栓塞的外科治疗

目的 总结肺动脉切开取栓和肺动脉内膜剥脱术治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的方法、围手术期处理经验，以提高慢性肺动脉栓塞外科治疗的安全性。方法 5例慢性肺动脉栓塞患者均在深低温低流量或深低温停循环下行肺动脉切开取栓及肺动脉内膜剥脱术。结果 术后即刻3例患者肺动脉压下降了20～40mmHg(1kPa=7．5mmHg)，5例均有不同程度的肺水肿，l例术后19天死于再次肺动脉栓塞，其余4例临床症状减轻，活动能力均明显提高。结论 肺动脉切开取栓和内膜剥脱术是治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的有效方法，手术结果可能受多种因素的影响，需要用规范化的评估系统进行随访、测评。     

体外循环下肺动脉栓塞的外科治疗

目的 探讨体外循环下肺动脉切开取栓和肺动脉内膜剥脱术治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的方法、围术期处理经验，以提高慢性肺动脉栓塞外科治疗的安全性。方法 全组12例慢性肺动脉栓塞患者均在浅低温体外循环心跳中切开肺动脉取栓及肺动脉内膜剥脱术。结果 全组12例无一例近期死亡，其中1例活检为平滑肌肉瘤，术后化疗，2年后复查元复发，其余11例均为血栓，术后临床症状减轻，活动能力明显提高。结论 体外循环下肺动脉切开取栓和内膜剥脱术是治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的安全、有效的方法。     

《肺动脉栓塞和肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术》一书已出版

由首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心外科甘辉立教授编著的《PULMONARY EMBOLISM AND PULMONARYTHROMBOENDARTERECTOMY》(ISBN978-1-61122-289-0)已由纽约NOVA出版公司出版。该书为全英文著作,为目前全世界第一本有关慢     

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism in protein C deficiency

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy was performed on a patient with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism showing thrombophilia. The patient was a 56-year-old female with the above condition complicated by congenital protein C deficiency. She was admitted to our hospital with severe dyspnea accompanied by right ventricular failure. A pulmonary arteriogram showed occlusion and stenosis from lobar to segmental arteries Cardiac catheterization showed marked pulmonary hypertension. A lung perfusion scintigram revealed multiple defects in the right and left lungs. After the insertion of an inferior vena cava filter, she was operated on Following a median sternotomy, thromboendarterectomy of the bilateral pulmonary arteries was performed using deep hypothermia and intermittent circulatory arrest. Circulatory arrest was employed in three periods totaling up to 36 minutes. After surgery, she had improvements in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular resistance. She maintained improved lung functions, and remained in the New York Heart Association functional class I for more than two years and eight months after surgery.     

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy – risk factors for early survival and hemodynamic improvement

Objective: Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is a challenging procedure with a considerable mortality. The aim of this investigation was to identify risk factors influencing mortality and operative results. Methods: Between October 1995 and August 2000, 69 patients (age 54 years; 34 women; mean New York Heart Association (NYHA) stage 3.4) underwent PTE. The preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was 988±554 dynes×s×cm⁻⁵, mean pulmonary artery pressure 50±12 mmHg, right atrial pressure (RAP) 11.5±4 mmHg. Hospital mortality was 10.1% (n=7/69). Mean postoperative PVR on the 2nd day was 324±188 dynes×s×cm⁻⁵. Pulmonary angiography was reviewed for number of involved segments (mean 9.3±2) and bronchial arteries diameter (BAD; mean 4.6±1.6 mm). A univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to determine preoperative risk factors for hospital death and inadequate hemodynamic improvement. Results: By univariate analysis, mortality was influenced by age (P=0.04), right atrial pressure (P=0.009), NYHA (P=0.02) and the number of angiographically involved segments (P=0.02). Sex, left ventricular function, presence of coronary artery disease and bronchial artery diameter did not show correlation with mortality. Inadequate hemodynamic improvement in a dichotomized analysis (PVR≥500 dynes×s×cm⁻⁵, n=11, and PVR <500 dynes×s×cm⁻⁵, n=58), assessed by univariate analysis, was significantly influenced by age (P=0.02), preoperative PVR (P=0.01), NYHA (P=0.002), RAP (P=0.02) and female sex (P=0.02). Multivariate analysis identified age (P=0.1), RAP (P=0.002) and female sex (P=0.007) as risk factors for inferior hemodynamic improvement. Conclusions: Preoperative parameters can be utilized to assess postoperative mortality and hemodynamic improvement after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Patient age and clinical deterioration of pulmonary hypertension are considerable preoperative factors influencing hospital mortality. Inadequate postoperative hemodynamic improvement is affected by severity of disease and female sex.     

5例肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术后神经系统障碍的临床特点及原因

目的 总结5例肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术治疗慢性肺动脉血栓栓寨症术后神经系统障碍的患者的临床表现特点,并尝试分析其原因.方法 回顾2002年至2010年,26例因慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压症行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术的患者围手术期资料.总结术后生存患者中5例出现神经功能障碍并发症者的临床与影像学特点,分析其与无并发症患者的手术前、手术中的资料,寻找可能的影响因素.结果 26例中围手术期死亡4例,22例生存者心功能改善,生活质量明显提高.5例围手术期出现神经系统障碍表现者中,3例表现为嗜睡、谵妄、记忆力障碍,颅脑CT未见异常发现,治疗后症状1周内消失,2周内完全恢复;另2例患者除上述症状外,还表现为共济失调、步态不稳、舞蹈样动作,症状持续时间长,其中1例经高压氧治疗后1个月症状好转,颅脑CT未见异常发现,颅脑MRI显示双侧中脑,基底节区异常信号,治疗8周症状基本好转出院,6个月症状完全消失,复查颅脑MRI异常信号消失;1例颅脑CT未见异常发现,12周出院,恢复较差,生活部分自理.术后出现神经系统障碍患者Jamieson手术分型Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型比例较多(P=0.024),手术中停循环时间较长(P=0.034).结论 肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术后早期神经系统障碍多表现为弥漫性脑皮层与对称性基底节区神经功能障碍,颅脑MRI相应区域异常信号,多数患者症状在2-8周内消失,6个月内颅腩MRI异常信号可以消失.出现神经系统功能障碍的患者多手术操作难度大,停循环时间较长,推测考虑与术中脑缺血缺氧有关.

Abstract：

Objective Investigate the clinical features of the neurological disorders in patients after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism , analyze the factorial. Methods A retrospective study was made of 26 patients who underwent PTE between 2002 and 2010 in Beijing Chao-Yang hospital. The symptom of neurological system disorders occurred in the survivors were been investigate. The preoperative conditions and the perioperative conditions of all survivors were investigated. Compared the differences between the groups with neurological system disorders and the groups without. Results There were 22 patients of 26 survived after the surgery. Cardiac function of the survivors improved, and the quality of life improved significantly. 5 cases of the 22 survivors had symptoms of neurological system disorders. 3 patients showed lethargy, delirium, memory disorders, brain CT found no abnormal, symptoms recovered within 2 weeks. The fourth patient showed ataxia, unsteady gait, dance-like movements symmetry, in addition to the above symptoms, brain CT no abnormal showed,brain MRI showed bilateral abnormal signal in the midbrain, basal ganglia, symptoms improved and discharged after 8 weeks, the symptoms completely disappeared 6 months, and the abnormal signals in brain in MRI disappeared. The fifth patient with similar symptoms to the fourth, brain CT no abnormal found, be discharged 10 weeks after the operation, recovery is poor, living part of themselves. The postoperative neurological disorders occurred in the patients of Jamieson surgery type Ⅲ type, Ⅳ type of larger proportion, (P = 0.024), longer circulatory arrest surgery (P = 0.034). Conclusion The neurological disorders postoperative PTE often showed diffuse symmetric cerebral cortex and basal ganglia nerve dysfunction, brain MRI showed abnormal signal corresponding region, the majority of symptoms disappeared in 2 - 8 weeks, abnormal signal in brain MRI could disappeared after 6 months. Neurological dysfunction occurs in patients with more difficult surgical procedure, longer circulatory arrest, suggesting that with the surgery cerebral ischemia and hypoxia related.     

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: hemodynamic characteristics and changes

Objective: To see whether degree of pulmonary hypertension or severity of cardiac failure affect the success of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Methods: From May 1996 to June 1999, 33 patients, all in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 3 or 4 were treated with PTE. Preoperative hemodynamic values were: central venous pressure (CVP) 8±6 (1–23), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) 50±10 (30–69), cardiac output (CO) 3.3±0.9 (1.8–5.2), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) 1056±344 (523–1659), and right ventricle ejection fraction (RVEF) 12±5 (5–21). To establish whether some hemodynamic or cardiac variables correlate with surgical failure (early death or functional non-success), these patients were divided into a low risk or a high risk group for each variable: CVP (<9 or ≥9), mPAP (<50 or ≥50), CO (≥3.5 or <3.5), PVR (≥1100 or <1100), and RVEF (≥10 or <10). The duration of 3–4 NYHA class period (<24 or ≥24 months) was also included in the study. Results: Three patients (9.1%) died in hospital, one (3.0%) underwent lung transplant shortly after PTE, and in five cases (15.2%) mPAP and PVR at the 3-month follow-up examination corresponded with our definition of functional nonsuccess (mPAP and PVR decreased by less than 40% of preoperative values). One of the five functional nonsuccess patients underwent lung transplant 3 months after the operation and another died 17 months after the operation from a non-related cause. Thus PTE was successful in 24 patients and unsuccessful in nine. None of the hemodynamic variables considered was found to be associated with the disparate outcomes. At the 3-month examination, all surviving patients were in NYHA class 1 or 2 except for three in NYHA class 3. At 2 years, hemodynamic values were: CVP 2±2 (0–4), mPAP 16±3 (12–21), CO 5.0±1.0 (3.4–6.5), PVR 182±51 (112–282), and RVEF 35±5 (26–40). All differences were significant with respect to baseline values (P<0.001). Preoperative mPAP and RVEF values had a strict linear correlation (R=0.45; P=0.014). Conclusions: None of the variables considered was correlated with early death or functional nonsuccess. Neither preoperative severity of pulmonary hypertension nor degree of cardiac failure influenced the outcome of the operation. PTE leads to hemodynamic recovery even in very compromised patients.     

Surgical Treatment for Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism Under Cardiopulmonary Bypass with Selective Cerebral Perfusion

The median sternotomy approach for the treatment of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism was recently improved by Daily, Jamieson, and coworkers who adopted it for use under cardiopulmonary bypass with intermittent circulatory arrest; however, we have sometimes found that the circulatory arrest time was too short to complete thromboendarterectomy. Therefore, we attempted to perform a selective cerebral perfusion technique to extend the endarterectomy time. Although we noted slight back-bleeding from the bronchial arteries, we were able to extend the endarterectomy time without causing any postoperative delirium. We conclude that the median sternotomy approach using cardiopulmonary bypass with selective cerebral perfusion may be the best option for extending the thromboendarterectomy time. Received: August 13, 1999 / Accepted: September 26, 2000     

A successful case of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with a thrombus in the right ventricle

Chronic thromboembolism is a frequent cause of progressive hypertension and carries a poor prognosis. Medical treatment is not effective and surgery provides the only potential for a cure at present. We herein report a successful case of thromboendarterectomy treated via a median sternotomy with intermittent circulatory arrest. A 43-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of progressive dyspnea, edema of the lower extremities, and a fever with an unknown origin. A subsequent definitive evaluation showed him to be suffering from surgically accessible chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with a thrombus in the right ventricle. He underwent a pulmonary thromboen-darterectomy and thrombectomy via a median sternotomy with intermittent circulatory arrest on November 24, 1994. Postoperatively he showed a marked improvement in his hemodynamic status and blood gas analysis. He has also returned to work with no trouble. Deep vein thrombosis appeared to be the pathogenesis of this case, but we could not find the origin of his unknown fever. He is currently being controlled by treatment with methylprednisolone as before.     

Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to and support for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in misdiagnosed chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Diagnostic delay in patients suffering massive pulmonary embolism (PE) on chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) has inevitably fatal consequences. Indications to pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are limited by severe comorbid conditions, some of which, as neurologic disease, absolutely contraindicate these procedures. We reported the clinical course of a severely diseased patient with a history of meningitis, psychosis and epilepsy, experiencing acute massive pulmonary embolism complicated by acute respiratory failure, successfully treated by ECMO and PTE. A 51-year-old woman with massive PE complicating a misdiagnosed CTEPH needed mechanical ventilation because of acute respiratory insufficiency. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated PE, and brain CT showed multiple cerebral and cerebellar ischemic lesions. Veno-venous ECMO assistance was instituted despite CT imaging. She recovered from acute respiratory insufficiency by means of veno-venous ECMO. Weaning from ECMO was however impossible until surgical exploration demonstrated an underlying chronic CTEPH, which was successfully addressed by PTE, switching the ECMO system to a standard cardiopulmonary bypass. Postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged home in healthy condition. Despite the fact that the cost-effective ratio should always be considered in advanced life support, expanding the commonly accepted selection criteria for expensive procedures might be advisable in selected acute life-threatening cases, in view of the possibility to unexpectedly save lives.