慢性肺动脉血栓栓塞的外科治疗

目的 探讨肺动脉切开取栓和肺动脉内膜剥脱术治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的方法、围手术期处理及外科治疗的安全性。方法 回顾性总结1999年3月至2004年3月间12例慢性肺动脉血栓栓塞症患者的诊治过程和临床经验。均在深低温低流量停循环下行肺动脉切开取栓及内膜剥脱术,术中泵入前列腺素E1或吸入一氧化氮。结果 术后即刻6例患者肺动脉压下降20—40mmHg(1mmHg=0．133kPa);术后12例患者均有肺水肿表现,其中8例较重,采用呼吸机辅助呼吸治愈,1例术后19d死于严重的肺部感染和再次肺动脉栓塞,其余11例术后随访2个月-5年,平均43．5个月,临床症状均有减轻、活动能力均有明显提高。结论 肺动脉内膜剥脱是治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的有效方法;围手术期应注意处理好肺再灌注损伤、肺水肿等并发症,术前正确的评估和适应证的选择是提高慢性肺动脉栓塞外科治疗安全性的关键。     

内膜剥脱术治疗慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压的临床经验

肺动脉栓塞所致慢性肺动脉高压的内科治疗效果不佳.肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术（PTEAE）是治疗本病的手段之一,国内已有报道而且手术疗效满意.我们于2003年2月至2004年12月行PTEAE治疗慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压6例,现总结报道如下.     

慢性肺动脉栓塞的诊断及外科治疗

肺动脉血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism，PTE)可发展为慢性肺动脉高压。慢性肺动脉栓塞所致的肺动脉高压内科治疗不佳、预后不良。外科手术治疗已取得良好的近、远期疗效。1999年3月至2002年12月，我们共手术治疗肺动脉栓塞8例，围术期死亡1例，现报道如下。     

慢性肺动脉栓塞的外科治疗

目的 总结肺动脉切开取栓和肺动脉内膜剥脱术治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的方法、围手术期处理经验，以提高慢性肺动脉栓塞外科治疗的安全性。方法 5例慢性肺动脉栓塞患者均在深低温低流量或深低温停循环下行肺动脉切开取栓及肺动脉内膜剥脱术。结果 术后即刻3例患者肺动脉压下降了20～40mmHg(1kPa=7．5mmHg)，5例均有不同程度的肺水肿，l例术后19天死于再次肺动脉栓塞，其余4例临床症状减轻，活动能力均明显提高。结论 肺动脉切开取栓和内膜剥脱术是治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的有效方法，手术结果可能受多种因素的影响，需要用规范化的评估系统进行随访、测评。     

肺动脉栓塞外科治疗54例临床分析

目的 探讨肺动脉栓塞外科治疗的疗效.方法 回顾性分析1994年10月至2007年6月54例接受手术治疗的肺动脉栓塞患者的临床资料.急性肺动脉栓塞组9例,在中低温体外循环下行肺动脉切开取栓术;慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压组45例,在深低温下行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术.结果 急性肺动脉栓塞组围手术期死亡率(44.4%)高于慢性肺动脉栓塞组(13.3%)(P＜0.05).全组患者术后残余肺动脉高压13例,重度肺组织再灌注损伤23例.术后肺动脉收缩压和肺血管阻力均较术前下降,动脉血氧分压和动脉血氧饱和度较术前改善(P＜0.05).44例围手术期生存患者平均随访(41.8±36.4)个月.晚期死亡4例.全组抗凝相关出血线性发生率为0.63%人年,再发肺动脉栓塞线性发生率为0.62%人年.术后40例长期生存患者中,心功能(NYHA)Ⅰ级28例、Ⅱ级10例、Ⅲ级2例.结论 急性肺动脉栓塞围手术期死亡率显著高于慢性肺动脉栓塞.肺动脉栓塞外科治疗术后有较好的中长期生存率,抗凝相关的出血并发症及再发肺动脉栓塞的发生率较低.     

肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术手术配合

肺栓塞是指内源性或外源性栓子堵塞了肺动脉或其分支引起肺循环受阻的临床和病理生理综合征。肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱治疗慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压,是当前临床采取的一种外科手术治疗方法,特别是对慢性肺动脉栓塞所致的肺动脉高压内科药物治疗效果不佳者,更是一种行之有效的治疗手段。我院1997年3月至2001年12月完成肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术15例。术后随访,病人心功能得到明显改善,现将手术配合报告如下。     

慢性肺动脉栓塞的外科治疗

介绍１５例慢性肺大血管血栓栓塞伴肺动脉高压（ＣＴＥＰＨ）病人动脉内膜剥脱术（ｅｎｄａｒｔｅｒｅｃ－ｔｏｍｙ）治疗的经验。在体外循环深低温停循环下，经胸骨正中切口手术。术后血流动力学参数如：平均肺动脉压、平均肺血管阻力、心脏指数等的改善均极显著（Ｐ＜０．００１），术前心功能ＩＶ级的病人，术后７８％恢复到Ｉ级。手术死亡率２７％。作者认为该手术是治疗慢性肺血栓栓塞引起肺动脉高压的有效手段。     

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压患者球囊肺血管成形术的护理

目的总结球囊肺血管成形术(BPA)的围术期护理经验。方法对10例慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压患者行球囊肺血管成形术治疗,做好术前准备、术中配合,术后加强体位、饮食护理及并发症观察处置等专科护理措施。结果 10例患者无手术相关死亡病例,9例手术顺利,术后肺灌注流量3级。1例直径2 mm肺动脉经球囊扩张后破裂出血约50 mL,行血管栓塞术、止血治疗5 d后好转。10例均于术后1～5 d病情好转出院,出院3个月后随访患者心肺功能均明显好转。结论严格落实围术期专科护理措施,护士掌握并发症急救与处理流程,有助于提高慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压患者球囊肺血管成形术的治疗效果,确保患者安全。     

体外循环下肺动脉栓塞的外科治疗

目的 探讨体外循环下肺动脉切开取栓和肺动脉内膜剥脱术治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的方法、围术期处理经验，以提高慢性肺动脉栓塞外科治疗的安全性。方法 全组12例慢性肺动脉栓塞患者均在浅低温体外循环心跳中切开肺动脉取栓及肺动脉内膜剥脱术。结果 全组12例无一例近期死亡，其中1例活检为平滑肌肉瘤，术后化疗，2年后复查元复发，其余11例均为血栓，术后临床症状减轻，活动能力明显提高。结论 体外循环下肺动脉切开取栓和内膜剥脱术是治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞的安全、有效的方法。     

肺动脉切开取栓治疗急性巨块性肺动脉栓塞

目的探讨急性巨块性肺动脉栓塞的外科治疗。方法对3例经多排螺旋CT确诊、保守治疗无效并发呼吸衰竭及右心功能不全的急性肺动脉栓塞患者行肺动脉切开取栓术,术后早期应用肝素,后期应用华法林抗凝治疗。结果3例患者术后均存活,术后心功能由Ⅳ级改善为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,出院后随访6-24个月未发生再栓塞。结论多排螺旋CT可作为确立急性肺动脉栓塞诊断的依据;适时的手术决策是提高手术疗效的关键。     

Two cases of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism saved by postoperative use of a percutaneous cardiopulmonary support device

We performed pulmonary thromboendarterectomy under deep hypothermic intermittent circulatory arrest in 18 patients with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism from August 2001 to January 2004. In some of these cases, reperfusion pulmonary edema prevented a satisfactory improvement in hemodynamic data soon after the surgery. Here we report two cases of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism in which we successfully prevented postoperative persistent pulmonary hypertension and hypoxia caused by severe reperfusion pulmonary edema by the use of a percutaneous cardiopulmonary support device.     

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic obstruction of the pulmonary artery in piglets.

OBJECTIVE: The 2 main causes of death after thromboendarterectomy for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism are incomplete repermeabilization responsible for persistent pulmonary hypertension and acute high-permeability pulmonary edema. We wish to establish an experimental model of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism to replicate the conditions encountered during and after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. METHODS: Multiple-curled coils and tissue adhesive were embolized in 6 piglets to induce complete obstruction of the left pulmonary artery, documented by angiography. After 5 weeks, the main pulmonary artery was repermeabilized by thromboendarterectomy during circulatory arrest. The left lung was reperfused ex vivo with autologous blood at constant flow, and patency of the pulmonary artery was evaluated on a barium angiogram. The endarterectomy-reperfusion procedure was also done in 6 nonembolized piglets that served as the controls. The severity of lung injury induced by 60 minutes of reperfusion was assessed on the basis of measurements of the lung filtration coefficient and of lung myeloperoxidase activity. RESULTS: Marked hypertrophy of the bronchial circulation was seen in the chronic pulmonary thromboembolism group. Thromboendarterectomy removed the organized obstructing thrombus that was incorporated into the arterial wall and restored patency of the pulmonary artery. Acute lung inflammation and high-permeability edema occurred after reperfusion, as indicated by a 1.5-fold increases in both lung filtration coefficient and lung myeloperoxidase values in the chronic pulmonary thromboembolism group; these 2 variables being correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Our model replicated the perioperative conditions of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, suggesting that it may prove useful for improving the repermeabilization technique and for investigating the mechanisms and prevention of reperfusion injury.     

Reperfusion pulmonary edema after pulmonary endarterectomy

Pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy is a potentially curative procedure in chronic, major vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. However, persistent pulmonary hypertension and unrelenting reperfusion edema have serious complications, often requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. A 50-year-old man who was diagnosed with a thromboembolism in both pulmonary arteries underwent a bilateral pulmonary endarterectomy. He received O2-isoflurane-fentanyl anesthesia. When the lungs were reperfused with CPB weaning, massive hemorrhage occurred in the left lung. After the operation, the patient was taken to the intensive care unit. Mechanical ventilation was performed immediately and then both inhaled NO and i.v. furosemide therapies were administered. The patient was discharged from ICU 15 days postoperation.     

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism in protein C deficiency

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy was performed on a patient with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism showing thrombophilia. The patient was a 56-year-old female with the above condition complicated by congenital protein C deficiency. She was admitted to our hospital with severe dyspnea accompanied by right ventricular failure. A pulmonary arteriogram showed occlusion and stenosis from lobar to segmental arteries Cardiac catheterization showed marked pulmonary hypertension. A lung perfusion scintigram revealed multiple defects in the right and left lungs. After the insertion of an inferior vena cava filter, she was operated on Following a median sternotomy, thromboendarterectomy of the bilateral pulmonary arteries was performed using deep hypothermia and intermittent circulatory arrest. Circulatory arrest was employed in three periods totaling up to 36 minutes. After surgery, she had improvements in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular resistance. She maintained improved lung functions, and remained in the New York Heart Association functional class I for more than two years and eight months after surgery.     

Surgical treatment for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism in a patient with protein C deficiency

Medical therapy for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism is limited, and surgical treatment has become more frequent recently. We have performed pulmonary thromboendarterectomy on a patient with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism accompanied by protein C deficiency. The patient was a woman aged 68 years who had protein C deficiency. The preoperative condition was New York Heart Association functional class IV. Hypoxemia, marked pulmonary hypertension, and low cardiac output were observed. After a median sternotomy, moderate hypothermia was induced using a cardiopulmonary bypass, and thromboendarterectomy in the pulmonary artery was performed. The arterial blood oxygen concentration improved, and the mean pulmonary pressure decreased. The cardiac output also increased, and New York Heart Association functional class improved to I. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy under cardiopulmonary bypass was effective for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism accompanied by protein C deficiency.     

Operation for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism accompanied by thrombophilia in 8 patients

Background. Medical therapy for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism is limited, and surgical treatment has become more frequent recently. We have performed pulmonary thromboendarterectomy on 8 patients with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism accompanied by thrombophilia.

Methods. The patients were 6 men and 2 women aged 21 to 56 years (mean, 35 years). Five patients had antiphospholipid syndrome, 2 had protein C deficiency, and 1 had congenital antithrombin III deficiency. The preoperative condition was New York Heart Association functional class III in 5 and class IV in 3. Hypoxemia, marked pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure, 47 ± 6.7 mm Hg), and low cardiac output were observed in all patients. After a median sternotomy, deep hypothermia was induced using a cardiopulmonary bypass, and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in the bilateral pulmonary arteries was performed under intermittent circulatory arrest.

Results. There were no operative deaths. Long-term respiratory management was needed postoperatively by 3 patients. In the remaining 5 patients, no reperfusion injury was observed. The arterial blood oxygen concentration improved, and the mean pulmonary pressure decreased to 16 ± 5.5 mm Hg. The cardiac output also increased, and New York Heart Association functional class improved to I in 4 and II in 4 patients.

Conclusions. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy under deep hypothermic intermittent circulatory arrest was effective for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism accompanied by thrombophilia for which medical treatment is of limited value.     

A successful case of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with a thrombus in the right ventricle

Chronic thromboembolism is a frequent cause of progressive hypertension and carries a poor prognosis. Medical treatment is not effective and surgery provides the only potential for a cure at present. We herein report a successful case of thromboendarterectomy treated via a median sternotomy with intermittent circulatory arrest. A 43-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of progressive dyspnea, edema of the lower extremities, and a fever with an unknown origin. A subsequent definitive evaluation showed him to be suffering from surgically accessible chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with a thrombus in the right ventricle. He underwent a pulmonary thromboen-darterectomy and thrombectomy via a median sternotomy with intermittent circulatory arrest on November 24, 1994. Postoperatively he showed a marked improvement in his hemodynamic status and blood gas analysis. He has also returned to work with no trouble. Deep vein thrombosis appeared to be the pathogenesis of this case, but we could not find the origin of his unknown fever. He is currently being controlled by treatment with methylprednisolone as before.     

Surgical Treatment for Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism Under Cardiopulmonary Bypass with Selective Cerebral Perfusion

The median sternotomy approach for the treatment of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism was recently improved by Daily, Jamieson, and coworkers who adopted it for use under cardiopulmonary bypass with intermittent circulatory arrest; however, we have sometimes found that the circulatory arrest time was too short to complete thromboendarterectomy. Therefore, we attempted to perform a selective cerebral perfusion technique to extend the endarterectomy time. Although we noted slight back-bleeding from the bronchial arteries, we were able to extend the endarterectomy time without causing any postoperative delirium. We conclude that the median sternotomy approach using cardiopulmonary bypass with selective cerebral perfusion may be the best option for extending the thromboendarterectomy time. Received: August 13, 1999 / Accepted: September 26, 2000