右心室条束的形态学观察

本文用78例成人心脏和35例小儿心脏研究了右心室条束。成人心脏中45例(58％)出现右心室条束70条,平均每例1.56±0.75条。小儿心脏中18例(51％)出现条束26条,平均每例1.44±0.70条。右心室条束位于右心室的流入道和心尖处,多附着于室间隔与室前壁或前乳头肌之间。右心室条束可分为乳白色条束和暗红色条束,其组织结构特点也有所不同。     

左室假腱索的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的　为临床提供有关左室假腱索的解剖学基础。方法　采用 44例成人心脏标本 ,观察左室假腱索的出现率、附着点和形态 ,并对其长度和直径进行测量。结果　 44例心脏中 33例 (75 % )出现左室假腱索共 75条 ,平均每例 2 .2 7± 1 .38条。左室假腱索多附着于室间隔和后乳头肌、乳头肌和游离室壁之间。左室假腱索的长度和直径分别为 1 4 .62± 7.2 9mm和 0 .69± 0 .64mm。结论　左室假腱索是心内正常解剖结构 ,了解其形态特征 ,有助于临床的诊断     

山羊心室条索的形态学特征

目的　观察山羊心室条索的解剖学和组织学特征。方法　对 82只成年山羊左右心室的游离条索进行解剖学观测 ,取 15例心脏的左心室 2 3条 ,右心室 17条条索 ,进行常规石蜡切片 ,HE和Masson染色 ,光镜下观察。结果　山羊左室条索的出现率为 95 12 % ,右心室出现率为 80 4 9% ,右心室条索的出现率明显低于左心室(P <0 .0 5 )。左心室条索以直条者较多 ,其次是一端和两端分叉型 ,少数呈网状。右心室条索的形态相对简单 ,网状和两端分叉型比较少见。左右心室条索直径大多小于 1mm。右室条索平均长 1 2 4± 0 5 0mm ,右心室长 0 93± 0 4 5mm ,98%的条索内含Pukinje细胞 ,2 %含心肌细胞。 结论　山羊左右心室腔内均存在游离条索 ,左心室多于右心室 ,条索内含有Pukinje细胞     

左心室条束的形态学观察

本文用78例成人心脏和35例小儿心脏研究了左心室条束的形态结构。成人心脏中55例(71%)出现左心室条束83条,平均每例出现1.51±0.78条,男性34例(76%),女性21例(64%)。35例小儿心脏中,22例(63%)出现左心室条束25条,平均每例1.14±0.35条。左心室条束多附着于室间隔和室前壁、室间隔和后乳头肌之间。暗红色条束和乳白色条束的组织结构有所不同。本文还讨论了左心室条束的临床意义。     

正常人二尖瓣装置的应用解剖研究Ⅱ腱索的形态和组织结构

作者对脑死亡2小时或25分钟以内的31例(男,20～40岁)正常新鲜心脏的二尖瓣腱索应用显微外科解剖技术、组织学或电镜等方法进行了研究。二尖瓣腱索平均18.73±4.36支,其中连于前乳头肌的平均8.56±2.55支;连于后乳头肌的9.96±3.71支。I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级腱索分别为11.24±3.12、4.48±1.67、1.88±1.09支。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级腱索的比例为1∶0.4∶0.2。连于前、后乳头肌腱索的长度分别为14.09±2.98.15.16±3.64mm。中部横径分别是0.78±0.35mm、0.67±0.28mm。HE染色的组织切片上见腱索主要由胶原纤维组成,见到核呈椭圆形的成纤维细胞和圆形的肌细胞核。VG染色的切片上见腱索内的胶原纤维束深入于乳头肌肌束之间、腱索和肌纤维外膜互相移行。在扫描电镜照片上观察了腱索内胶原、弹力、网状纤维的形态和排列。在透射电镜照片上观察了胶原纤维的形态与排列。     

牛右心室节制索及右束支的解剖观测

目的了解牛右心室节制索及右束支的形态特点及分布规律,为比较解剖学和兽医学积累解剖学资料。方法24例新鲜市售牛心,用大体解剖和墨汁灌注方法显示牛右心室传导系。肉眼观察右心室内各结构的形态和分布,用游标卡尺测量数据,SPSS统计软件处理相关数据。结果节制索多为扁圆柱状(90.5%),长(45.48±1.32)mm,长直径(3.78±1.54)mm,短直径(2.55±1.26)mm,右束支长(65.52±20.78)mm,直径(1.45±0.56)mm。发现1例双节制索。Purkinje纤维的分布第Ⅰ、Ⅱ象限最密集,第Ⅲ三象限较少分布,第Ⅳ象限分布最少。结论牛心节制索的形态与其他哺乳动物相似,其中有右束支穿行,其表面有分布不均的Purkinje纤维。     

山羊心脏三尖瓣复合体的解剖学特征

目的　观测山羊心脏三尖瓣复合体形态特征 ,为心脏研究和比较解剖学积累资料。方法　 1 0 %甲醛固定的山羊心脏 1 0 5例 ,解剖并观测三尖瓣复合体 ,保留隔缘肉柱和羊心腔特有结构。结果　山羊心脏三尖瓣复合体前瓣、后瓣 ,隔侧瓣的高度分别为 :8 4 3± 2 0 0mm、8 1 3± 1 90mm、7 6 8± 2 .1 0mm ;宽度分别为 :1 4 0 3± 3 1 6mm、1 4 35± 2 70mm、1 6 78± 3 4 6mm。前乳头肌腱索总条数为 :7 79± 1 72。后群乳头肌腱索条数为 :7 4 2± 2 1 7,后群乳头肌的个数为 2 36± 0 92。隔侧群乳头肌腱索总条数为 :1 0 4 2± 2 4 9,隔侧群乳头肌的个数为 4 0 5± 1 4 4。隔缘肉柱的长度为 9 5 3± 3 4 6mm。结论　山羊心脏三尖瓣复合体和人类心相似 ,但其心腔结构有其特异性     

经皮穿刺封堵室间隔膜部缺损的应用解剖

目的:为经皮穿刺室间隔膜部缺损的封堵术提供应用解剖学基础。方法:解剖测量38例(男25.女13)正常成年人的心标本的室间隔膜部及周围结构。结果:室间隔膜部的形态可分为三角型、圆型和椭圆型;各型的出现率分别为58％(22例)、23.7％(9例)和18.3％(7例)。室间隔膜部在左室面的高度为(8.79±2.27)mm。右室面高度为(6.43±1.43)mm。室间隔膜部的长度为(9.37±2.52)mm。室间隔膜部上、下、前、后方和中点的厚度分别为(0.80±0.19)mm、(0.70±0.16)mm、(0.78±0.28)mm、(0.75±0.1 5)mm和(0.52±0.13)mm。结论:室间隔膜部以三角型为主,多位于室上嵴的后缘,膜部的左室面高于右室而和靠近右室面,建议封堵器的左室面的面积应大于右室面。     

耻骨上支逆行拉力螺钉内固定的应用解剖学研究

目的:为耻骨上支逆行拉力螺钉内固定提供解剖学基础。方法:取半骨盆标本30个,选取耻骨上支有代表性的两个截面,第1截面距髂耻隆起1.5cm,第2截面位于耻骨上支远端,采用圆盘法确定截面的圆心及直径,将一斯氏针经2截面的圆心顺行穿出耻骨上支,其出针点P1即为逆行拉力螺钉的入针点。两截面的最小直径即为逆行拉力螺钉的最大直径。将两截面解剖复位,将斯氏针逆行打入,其在耻骨上支内的长度即为逆行拉力螺钉的最大长度,该斯氏针即为耻骨上支的轴心。结果:第1截面呈棱形,直径为(6.8±0.9)mm,第2截面呈扁平状,直径为(5.3±0.3)mm,斯氏针于耻骨上支前端的出针点P1位于耻骨嵴中点下方(7.5±0.5)mm处,斯氏针平行于耻骨梳,斯氏针在耻骨上支内的最大长度为(61.1±9.7)mm。结论:耻骨上支逆行拉力螺钉入钉点位于耻骨嵴中点下方(7.5±0.5)mm,其方向平行于耻骨梳,最大直径为(5.3±0.3)mm,最大长度为(61.1±9.7)mm。     

大脑镰和小脑幕的形态学调查

测量3250例成尸的大脑镰和小脑幕.结果:大脑镰前端最窄处平均为1.56±0.26cm;中间最宽处平均为5.53±0.98cm;前半部平均厚度为0.21±0.04mm;后半部平均厚度为0.32±0.05mm;上缘长度平均为29.06±8.82cm;下游离缘平均为16.05±4.61cm;自然缺口占33%.大脑镰的小静脉分别注入上、下矢状窦;后部有粗大的交通支.约占9.6%.小脑幕最宽处(横径)平均为9.57±2.10cm:前后径平均为4.80±1.21cm:厚度平均为0.35±0.02mm;自然缺口少见.小脑幕的静脉细小,多位于前内侧区;小脑幕窦直径在2～10mm之间,其出现率占侧别的58%,小脑幕外侧半血管分布较少,可视为经小脑幕手术切口的“相对安全区”.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.