A型肉毒毒素对大鼠唾液腺及22RV1荷瘤鼠瘤体摄取68Ga-PSMA-11的影响

目的观察A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)对大鼠唾液腺及22RV1荷瘤鼠瘤体摄取⁶⁸Ga-前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)-11的影响。方法将20只SD大鼠随机分为实验组大鼠(n=10)和对照组大鼠(n=10)。对实验组大鼠唾液腺注射BTX-A,对照组注射等量生理盐水(NS);分别于注射第1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、12及16周后行⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 micro PET/CT显像,计算2组靶/非靶比值(T/NT),即唾液腺最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)与大脑SUV_max比值。将10只22RV1荷瘤鼠随机分为实验组裸鼠(n=5)和对照组裸鼠(n=5),对实验组裸鼠唾液腺注射BTX-A,对照组裸鼠注射等量NS;分别于注射第1、2、3、4、5及6天后行⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 micro PET/CT显像,计算T/NT,即瘤体SUV_max与本底SUV_max比值。结果实验组大鼠双侧唾液腺摄取程度先逐渐下降,后逐渐增加;对照组大鼠双侧唾液腺摄取程度未见明显变化。注射后4~12周,实验组大鼠唾液腺T/NT均显著低于对照组大鼠(P均<0.05);注射16周后,病理学结果显示,2组唾液腺腺体结构清楚,小叶间导管与血管结构清晰,纤维结缔组织间隔均匀分布,腺泡细胞排列紧密、胞浆丰富、细胞核深染、无皱缩。而实验组裸鼠及对照组裸鼠显像剂摄取程度均先逐渐增加,于注射第3~4天达峰,之后呈下降趋势;不同时间段组间T/NT差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论BTX-A可有效减少大鼠唾液腺PSMA放射性配体聚集,避免影响荷瘤鼠瘤体特异性浓聚,提示其或有助于在PSMA放射性配体治疗过程中保护唾液腺。     

弥散加权磁共振成像评价鼻咽癌患者调强放疗前、后唾液腺功能的变化

目的评价DWI检测调强放疗(IMRT)对鼻咽癌(NPC)患者唾液腺功能影响的临床价值。方法对23例NPC患者行IMRT,并于放疗前、后行唾液腺静息状态DWI和酸刺激条件下重复DWI。计算双侧腮腺及颌下腺ADC值,并进行统计学分析。结果放疗前,静息状态腮腺平均ADC值明显低于颌下腺(P<0.05),酸刺激后腮腺及颌下腺ADC值表现出先降后升的变化趋势,最小值、最大值与静息状态相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。放疗后,静息态腮腺及颌下腺平均ADC值显著高于放疗前(P<0.05),酸刺激条件下失去先降后升的变化趋势。结论 MR DWI可无创观察腮腺及颌下腺功能,较好地评价放疗后患者腮腺和颌下腺功能的变化。     

唾液腺显像诊断干燥综合征

目的 探讨唾液腺显像诊断干燥综合征的价值。方法 回顾性分析44例临床怀疑干燥综合征（SS）患者的唾液腺显像资料,在双侧腮腺、颌下腺勾画ROI获得时间-放射性曲线（TAC）,对曲线进行定量分析获得唾液腺摄取指数（UI）和排泌分数（EF）,分析UI和EF与唾液腺显像定性分级诊断结果的相关性,并比较其诊断SS的效能。结果 与非SS患者相比较,SS患者唾液腺UI和EF均明显减低（P均<0.05）。定性诊断评价唾液腺功能受损程度分为0~3级,双侧颌下腺、腮腺UI与定性诊断分级呈负相关（P均<0.001）;除右侧颌下腺EF与唾液腺显像定性分级呈负相关外（r=-0.312,P=0.039）,其余腺体EF与定性诊断分级无相关性（P均>0.05）。UI的综合诊断效能均高于定性诊断,但是其ROC曲线下面积与定性诊断比较差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 唾液腺显像定量分析可准确评价唾液腺功能,对诊断SS具有重要价值。     

Sonographic appearances of malignant lymphoma of the salivary glands.

PURPOSE: We undertook this retrospective study to describe the sonographic findings in patients with malignant lymphoma of the major salivary glands. METHODS: We reviewed the sonograms and medical records of 7 patients with histologically proven lymphoma of the parotid (3 patients) or submandibular glands (4 patients). RESULTS: Primary lymphoma was found in 1 parotid gland and 2 submandibular glands. The remaining 4 cases were secondary lymphomas. One patient had been diagnosed with Sj?gren's syndrome and had been followed up with sonography. In parotid glands, both parenchymal and intraparotid nodal lymphomas were found. All submandibular gland tumors were parenchymal. Intraparotid nodal involvement appeared as multiple small nodules with relatively smooth margins, whereas the parenchymal parotid and submandibular gland lymphomas were larger (25 to 45 mm in longitudinal diameter) and showed various degrees of margin irregularity. All tumors were hypoechoic relative to the normal parenchyma. The primary parotid lymphoma and intraparotid nodal lymphomas had a homogeneous echotexture; the secondary parotid lymphomas and submandibular gland lymphomas were heterogeneous. One submandibular gland lymphoma showed intratumoral echogenic stripes. Neither calcification nor cystic degeneration was observed within the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphomas of the salivary glands present a variety of sonographic appearances, ranging from multiple small, hypoechoic nodules to an irregularly shaped heterogeneous mass without cystic areas or calcifications.     

Role of positron emission tomography in primary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the bronchus: A case report

BACKGROUNDPrimary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma arising from the tracheobronchial system is rarely reported.CASE SUMMARYWe present a patient with primary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the bronchus and review the associated literature for further comparison, including age, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic process. This patient had no history of neoplasms of the salivary gland.CONCLUSIONPositron emission tomography played an important role in the staging work-up of primary carcinoma of ex pleomorphic adenoma. Long-term follow-up was necessary for further prognosis analysis.     

成人肾上腺术中超声表现

目的 观察成人肾上腺术中超声（IOUS）表现。方法 收集71例因肝脏、胆道或胰腺病变而接受外科手术治疗患者,观察肾上腺IOUS表现,并与CT/MRI双侧肾上腺显示率和厚度测值进行比较。结果 成人肾上腺IOUS表现为边界清晰、形态不规则的双侧弱回声结构。CT/MRI肾上腺显示率为97.18%（138/142）。IOUS肾上腺显示率为95.07%（135/142）,右侧92.96%（66/71）、左侧97.18%（69/71）,且可见4侧CT/MRI未能显示的肾上腺;IOUS所测肾上腺厚度均大于CT/MRI（P均<0.05）。结论 IOUS中,成人肾上腺表现为边界清晰、形态不规则的双侧弱回声,左侧显示率高于右侧。     

涎腺区肿块的CT诊断

目的 探讨涎腺肿瘤的CT表现，了解其影像特点。方法 分析经手术及病理证实的涎腺肿瘤16例．包括涎腺良性肿瘤6例，恶性肿瘤5例，涎腺外肿块4例(神经鞘瘤2例，淋巴结转移2例)，另有慢性腮腺炎1例。结果 6例涎腺良性肿瘤中5例呈圆形或椭圆形，1例呈多结节分叶，增强后均匀强化。6例肿物较边缘清楚．密度较均匀。5例涎腺恶性肿瘤轮廓不规则，边界不清楚并伴有不同程度的周围结构受侵，密度不均匀，增强后明显强化。结论 涎腺区肿块的部位、边界、包膜、密度及茎突移位情况是鉴别肿瘤良恶性的主要依据，认为CT对肿瘤与其他疾病的鉴别及涎腺内外肿瘤的鉴别具有重要临床价值。     

Rare submandibular gland metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma: case report and review of the literature

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary hepatic tumor, metastasizes in more than 50% of cases. However, metastasis of HCC to the submandibular glands is very rare. HCC rarely metastasizes to the salivary glands; only six cases of metastasis to the parotid gland have been reported in the English-language literature. Moreover, only one case of metastasis of HCC to the submandibular glands has been reported to date, and the affected patient died of hepatic failure. This clinical report describes a 55-year-old man who had undergone two surgeries for liver cancer and subsequently presented with a 2-week history of a right submandibular mass. We performed dissection of the right submandibular triangle, and metastatic HCC of the submandibular gland was diagnosed. Although HCC metastases to the oral cavity have been reported, this is only the second case of HCC metastasis to the submandibular gland. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is recognized as a simple, direct approach for morphologic diagnosis of salivary gland lesions; however, histological and immunohistochemical examination of the surgical specimen remains necessary.     

干燥综合征患者涎腺的超声表现

目的 探讨干燥综合征患者涎腺的超声表现。方法对15例确诊为干燥综合征的患者，利用高频超声观察其涎腺(主要是腮腺和颌下腺)的超声声像图特征并进行总结。结果 15例患者的腺体均有不同程度的超声改变。根据声像图特点将其主要分为4种类型：不均匀型、结节型、纤维化型和混合型。结论干 燥综合征患者的涎腺改变具有一定的超声特征，这对我们评价干燥综合征患者涎腺受累的程度有一定的临床价值。     

Vascular endothelium and lymphocyte adhesion molecules in minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome.

The aim of this study was to examine the distribution and types of adhesion molecules expressed over endothelial cells and the ligands present on lymphocytes which infiltrate exocrine glands in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Minor salivary gland biopsies were examined from twelve patients with Sjogren's syndrome and eight normal subjects for the presence of adhesion molecules using monoclonal antibodies and an Indirect Immunoperoxidase technique. There was an increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) on endothelial cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and salivary gland epithelial cells. In addition we documented the expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) on endothelial cells in salivary glands from patients but not the controls. Many of the endothelial cells expressing these adhesion molecules in patients with Sjogren's syndrome had the morphological appearance of high endothelial venules. V-CAM-1 was shown to be present in some of the salivary biopsies from patients with Sjogren's syndrome. Lymphocytes infiltrating salivary glands strongly express LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) molecules. Some infiltrating lymphocytes, and most monocytes, expressed C3bi-R (CD11b/CD18) and the p150.95 (CD11c/CD18) antigens on their cell surface. The results of this study reveal the enhanced expression of vascular endothelial and lymphocyte adhesion molecules on the minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome. The presence of such receptors and their putative ligands indicate an important role for these molecules in the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome.     

Identification and molecular characterization of a novel protein Saglin as a target of monoclonal antibodies affecting salivary gland infectivity of Plasmodium sporozoites

Molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between malarial sporozoites and putative receptor(s) on the salivary glands of Anopheles gambiae remain largely unknown. In previous studies, a salivary gland protein of ~100 kDa was identified as a putative target based on recognition of the protein by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2A3 that caused a >/= 70% reduction in the average number of sporozoites per infected salivary gland when fed to mosquitoes. Using affinity purification we purified the target of this mAb from extracts of female A. gambiae salivary glands and it was found to be a novel protein by tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the 100 kDa protein showed that this molecule, designated Saglin, exists as a disulphide-bonded homodimer of 50 kDa subunits. The ability to form homodimers was retained even in the recombinant Saglin expressed in mammalian cells (HEK293). The amino acid sequence of Saglin contains a signal peptide suggesting that Saglin is a secreted protein. If Saglin is indeed involved in the process of invasion of A. gambiae salivary glands by sporozoites of Plasmodium, it could provide a novel target for future investigations aimed at interruption of malaria transmission.     

OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands

Outer surface protein C (OspC) is a differentially expressed major surface lipoprotein of Borrelia burgdorferi. ospC is swiftly upregulated when spirochetes leave the Ixodes scapularis tick gut, migrate to the salivary gland, and exit the arthropod vector. Here we show that OspC strongly binds to the tick salivary gland, suggesting a role for OspC in spirochete adherence to this tissue. In vivo studies using a murine model of Lyme borreliosis showed that while OspC F(ab)(2) fragments did not influence either the viability of spirochetes or ospC gene expression, they did interfere with B. burgdorferi invasion of tick salivary glands. We then generated ospC knockout spirochetes in an infectious clone of B. burgdorferi and examined them within the vector. OspC-deficient or wild-type spirochetes persisted equally within the gut of unfed ticks and multiplied during the tick engorgement; however, unlike wild-type B. burgdorferi, the mutants were unable to invade salivary glands. Salivary gland colonization of OspC-deficient spirochetes was completely restored when this mutant was complemented in trans with a plasmid harboring the wild-type ospC gene. These studies conclusively demonstrate the importance of OspC in the invasion of tick salivary glands by B. burgdorferi, a critical step in the transmission of spirochetes from the arthropod vector to the mammalian host.     

Antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxidation in salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

BACKGROUND: There is evidence suggesting an unbalance between oxidant and antioxidant status associated with diabetes. Considering that salivary function is essential for the maintenance of oral and systemic health, this study was designed to examine the levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, in salivary gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: The content of malondialdehyde was determined in the blood and in the salivary glands. The antioxidant status was investigated in the submandibular and parotid salivary glands. RESULTS: Diabetic rats showed an increase in the content of malonaldehyde in the blood and in the submandibular salivary gland, but not in the parotid gland. Both forms, reduced and oxidized glutathione content present higher values in the diabetic submandibular gland compared with controls. No difference in the activity of superoxide dismutase between the diabetic and control glands was observed in either gland. Catalase showed higher specific activity in the parotid gland of the diabetic rats than control; however, in the submandibular gland, only when expressed as unit per gland was it higher than control. The specific activity of glutathione peroxidase was higher in the diabetic parotid gland than control; however, in the submandibular gland, its activity per gland was lower than controls. CONCLUSION: The streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats caused different results comparing the submandibular and parotid salivary glands.     

Comparison of the sonographic features of acalculous and calculous submandibular sialadenitis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the sonographic features of acalculous and calculous sialadenitis of the submandibular gland. METHODS: A retrospective review of sonograms of the neck was performed in 25 patients with submandibular sialadenitis: 8 with acalculous and 17 with calculous disease. The submandibular glands were assessed for size, shape, border, and echogenicity; presence of dilated ducts or other intraglandular lesions; inflammatory changes in adjacent tissues; lymphadenopathy; and involvement of other salivary glands. RESULTS: In the group with acalculous sialadenitis, 4 (50%) of the 8 patients had unilateral disease, and 11 (92%) of 12 glands were rounded. In all cases (100%), multiple hypoechoic lesions were diffusely distributed throughout the submandibular glands against a heterogeneous parenchymal background. The lesions ranged from 3 to 15 mm and were oval or round. Confluent lesions were noted in 2 glands (17%). There was no sonographic evidence of duct dilatation, calculi, or abnormal lymph nodes. All patients with calculous sialadenitis had unilateral disease; 9 had a main duct calculus (53%), 7 had intraglandular calculi (41%), and 1 had both (6%). In 14 (82%) of 17 glands, normal shape was maintained, and 11 (65%) of 17 had duct dilatation. CONCLUSIONS: Acalculous submandibular sialadenitis differs from the calculous form of the disease. The former has characteristic sonographic features, including a round gland with numerous hypoechoic lesions in a heterogeneous parenchymal background. Sonographic imaging in conjunction with fine-needle aspiration is useful for detection of this disorder.     

Robust salivary gland-specific transgene expression in Anopheles stephensi mosquito

Malaria sporozoites invade the mosquito salivary glands and wait in the salivary duct until the next blood feeding. The mechanisms of the process and molecules involved in the salivary gland invasion remain largely unknown. To establish a robust salivary gland-specific transgene expression in Anopheles stephensi, we obtained a salivary gland-specific promoter for a gene encoding anopheline antiplatelet protein (AAPP). The aapp promoter is a female salivary gland-specific and blood meal-inducible strong promoter. Using this promoter, we generated a transgenic An. stephensi expressing abundant Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed) in the distal-lateral lobes of the glands, where the sporozoites invade preferentially. These results open up the possibilities of elucidating salivary gland-parasite interactions and generating transgenic mosquitoes refractory to parasites.     

Zinc enhancement of nonviral salivary gland transfection

Gene transfer to exocrine glands, including the major salivary glands, presents an attractive method to deliver proteins for therapeutic applications. Previous efforts using nonviral gene delivery to these glands have resulted in limited success. In this report, zinc and other divalent transitions were coadministered with plasmid DNA in an effort to improve nonviral salivary gland transfection efficiency. The inclusion of zinc into plasmid DNA solutions resulted in a 20-fold enhancement in transgene expression without noticeable inflammation compared to a solution of plasmid DNA only. This observed enhancement in transgene expression was dependent upon the DNA dose and correlated with the accumulation of plasmid DNA by salivary gland tissues.     

小涎腺腺样囊性癌周围神经浸润MRI诊断

目的通过分析3例小涎腺腺样囊性癌,提高对小涎腺腺样囊性癌周围神经浸润的认识和MRI诊断。方法收集3例病理证实的小涎腺腺样囊性癌病例资料,回顾性分析其MRI表现。结果 2例发生于口腔的小涎腺,1例起源于颌下腺间隙。3例均以周围神经病变为主要临床表现。MRI上表现为神经根、干、海绵窦结节样增粗,异常强化。结论 MRI可显示小涎腺腺样囊性癌沿神经周围扩散转移,有助于术前诊断。